兰州丘陵沟壑区挖方黄土高边坡面临的工程地质问题及稳定性分析

通过对兰州黄土丘陵沟壑区大量黄土挖方高边坡的实地调查发现,这些刚开挖不久的黄土边坡多数都出现了不同程度的工程地质问题,如卸荷裂隙、坡面冲沟、落水洞、局部滑塌等。通过有限元方法,对挖方过程进行数值模拟,结果显示挖方后的位移场、应力及应变场都出现了显著变化,挖方后的应力释放与局部集中、卸荷作用、风化作用及雨水冲刷等内因与外因及其相互作用是出现各种工程地质问题的根本原因,而这些问题又会导致边坡稳定性出现不同程度的降低。黄土丘陵沟壑区的自然边坡在天然状态下坡体稳定,用不同计算方法计算的安全系数达1.7左右;人工切坡以后坡度变陡,边坡整体稳定性下降,安全系数下降了约0.6;在Ⅷ度烈度地震作用下挖方边坡处于临界状态,存在失稳风险。因此,在该类场地上的建设工程项目中必须重视挖方边坡的抗震设防问题。     

地震作用下边坡稳定性研究进展

对地震作用下边坡的稳定性评价和加固措施2个安全性问题,分析总结了近年来国内外地震作用下岩土边坡稳定性的分析方法及研究成果。对各种方法的优缺点进行比较和评述,指出了当前地震边坡稳定性分析研究中存在的问题,进一步阐述今后的研究方向。     

太山龙泉寺舍利塔边坡地震稳定性研究

为了研究太原市太山龙泉寺拟建舍利塔边坡稳定性,对所在场地及外围地形地貌、地层、地质构造、水文条件进行了调查。结合7个探井,确定了塔址所在场地的土质边坡体可能失稳的模式,进行了边坡稳定性分析、计算。结果表明,场地在自然状态下边坡稳定系数为1.37,在烈度为Ⅷ、Ⅸ度地震影响下边坡稳定系数分别为1.24、1.15。根据《建筑边坡工程技术规范》（GB50330-2013）,塔址所在边坡是稳定的,不必对边坡进行处理;其次结合3个探槽揭露,发现场地北侧基岩边坡曾发生过滑动,据其滑动面倾角、滑动量及错断地层特征,认为是一种特殊边坡变形破坏-岩体错落,为崩塌与滑坡之间的中间类型,从现存的地形地貌特征分析,现阶段错落体已趋于基本稳定状态,稳定性较好;最后给出了预防边坡滑动的建议和措施,研究结果可为其他类似边坡场地地震稳定性研究提供参考借鉴。     

地震作用下边坡稳定性分析

考虑了边坡岩土体材料的动力特性以及地震特性,利用动力有限元时程分析方法对边坡在地震荷载作用下的动力特性进行了分析,采用最小平均系数对边坡稳定性进行了评价,并与拟静力法的结果进行了对比分析。对某工程实例计算结果表明该分析方法的可行性,可为地震作用下边坡工程设计工作提供一些有益的参考。     

地震与水压力耦合作用下岩质边坡倾覆解析方法

以往对平面破坏模式的岩质边坡稳定性评价,主要关注潜在滑坡体在自重、坡体内静水压力和地震荷载耦合作用下沿破坏面的抗滑稳定性,并未涉及各类外荷载作用线不通过潜在滑体重心而引起的绕坡趾倾覆稳定性。针对这一问题,提出地震与张裂缝水压耦合作用下的岩质边坡倾覆稳定性解析方法,基于力矩平衡原理推导出岩质边坡抗倾覆稳定性系数的一般表达式;通过深入的变动参数比较研究,探讨张裂缝水压和地震荷载对抗倾覆安全系数的影响,认为水压是控制岩质边坡倾覆破坏的决定性因素,而地震荷载处于次要因素,其在一定程度上增加或减小抗倾覆稳定性。在此基础上建立不同参数组合下的岩质边坡抗倾覆稳定图,为工程技术人员快速评估饱水岩质边坡地震倾覆稳定性提供直接依据。     

基于Bishop条分法的多点多向地震动作用下边坡稳定性分析

以人工合成的多点、多向地震加速度时程作为地震动输入,基于Bishop条分法推导了地震边坡稳定安全系数的表达公式。在此基础上,针对某一具体算例,分析了不同地震峰值加速度下的不同坡高边坡稳定安全系数的变化规律,并与单点、单向地震动输入的结果进行了对比。结果表明,对于本文给出的算例,在坡高与地震峰值加速度都相同的条件下,多点、多向地震作用下的边坡安全系数要大于单点、单向作用下的安全系数;当坡高小于30 m、地震峰值加速度小于0.1 g时,多点、多向地震动作用下的边坡安全系数与单点、单向相差不大;当坡高大于30 m、地震峰值加速度大于0.1 g时,多点、多向地震动作用下的边坡安全系数相对单点、单向要小36%以上,此时边坡稳定性评价必须考虑地震动的多点、多向特性。     

红沿河核电取水隧洞进水口高边坡抗震稳定分析

以红沿河核电取水隧洞进水口高边坡为背景,介绍了核电工程中边坡抗震稳定分析的原理和分析方法。依次采用滑动面法、静力有限元法和动力有限元法计算该边坡的抗震稳定性,得到其在地震作用下的安全系数及滑动面位置;根据安全系数时程曲线进一步得到边坡最小安全系数和最小平均安全系数。结果表明天然边坡安全系数不满足《核电厂抗震设计规范》的要求,必须进行削坡加固。本文的计算方法和分析成果对于类似核电工程中的高边坡抗震稳定分析具有一定的指导意义和参考价值。     

基于拟动力法的顺层岩质边坡稳定性极限分析

基于极限分析上限法的原理,结合随时间变化的拟动力法,考虑地震、水力和坡顶超载作用下建立含张拉裂缝的顺层岩质边坡极限分析模型,并推导出边坡安全系数的表达式。结构面采用合理的水压力分布形式,且强度参数采用非等比例折减,分析边坡前缘是否堵塞,水平和竖向地震系数、张裂缝积水深度和坡顶超载对边坡安全系数的影响。分析表明:边坡前缘堵塞、水平地震系数、张裂缝积水深度和坡顶超载的增加,降低边坡的稳定性;竖向地震系数的增加提高了边坡的稳定性。随着非等比例折减相关系数的增加,边坡稳定性显著提高。因此结构面参数的变化规律需要得到关注。     

基于全动力分析法的地震边坡与隧道稳定性分析

目前地震边坡和隧道稳定性分析方法尚有一些不尽如人意的地方,如地震边坡的破裂面假定为剪切破裂面,这与汶川地震边坡破坏现象不符;地震边坡稳定性分析采用时程分析法,假定在某一时刻加速度作用下,将其作为静力问题来计算边坡稳定安全系数,没有充分考虑加载的动力效应;同样,未考虑地震作用下隧洞围岩的拉破坏,对隧洞围岩破坏缺少动力稳定性标准,也不能充分考虑隧洞围岩与衬砌的动力效应。为此,基于有限元强度折减法,提出了一种完全的动力分析方法——强度折减动力分析法,计算中同时考虑剪切强度和抗拉强度参数的折减,并采用计算不收敛和位移突变综合判断边坡和隧道是否动力失稳破坏,以极限状态时的强度折减系数作为地震边坡和隧道的动力稳定系数,由此获得拉、剪组合破裂面与全动力稳定安全系数,充分考虑了动力效应。     

地震波对边坡稳定性的影响及其分析方法

介绍了目前地震作用下边坡稳定分析常用的拟静力法、时程法和边坡动力安全度法,通过对这3种方法计算结果的对比分析,表明边坡动力安全度法能更准确地判断边坡的动力稳定性;应用边坡动力安全度法分析了地震作用频率和振幅对边坡稳定性的影响,结果表明频率和振幅对边坡的稳定性有较大影响,动安全系数随着频率的增大而增大,其增幅逐渐减小;随着振幅的增大而降低,其降幅也逐渐减小.     

Analysis of a guided wave along a conducting structure in a borehole

A guided wave along a borehole is often observed in borehole radar measurements. These guided waves deform the antenna pattern and can cause artefacts in radar measurements. A water-filled borehole or a conducting logging cable can function as a waveguide for electromagnetic waves under some conditions. We describe the theoretical characteristics of such a guided wave in a borehole and compare them with our experiments. The measured signal discussed was obtained with a directional borehole radar. This radar uses a cylindrical conformal array antenna as receiver and is a model of a conducting structure in a borehole. The induced field around the borehole was compared with the theory. The most fundamental symmetrical and asymmetrical modes were TM₀₁ and HE₁₁, and they were identified in the measured signals using time–frequency distribution analysis and by observation of the azimuthal field distribution of the magnetic field.     

Steady flow to a well near a stream with a leaky bed

We present an explicit analytic solution for steady, two-dimensional ground water flow to a well near a leaky streambed that penetrates the aquifer partially. Leakage from the stream is approximated as occurring along the centerline of the stream. The problem domain is infinite and pumping on one side of the stream induces flow on the other side. The solution includes the effects of uniform flow in the far field and a sloping hydraulic head in the stream. We use the solution to investigate the interaction between ground water and surface water in the stream, the effects of pumping on the opposite side of the stream, and the effects of the leaky streambed on the capture zone envelope of the well. We develop a relationship between parameters such that the pumping well will not capture water from the stream, or from the opposite side of the stream. When the discharge of the well is large enough to capture water from the stream, the shape of the capture zone envelope depends on flow conditions on the side of the stream opposite the well.     

The safety distance of a tunnel under-traversing a slope body with a landslide-prone zone

At present, substantial scientific research achievements have been made in the research on landslide occurrence, movement mechanism, mitigation measures, and structural stability during tunnel excavation. However, the interaction mechanism of a tunnel under-traversing a slope body with potential landslides is still not well understood. Based on the field data provided by previous investigations in the study area, six sets of 1:100 laboratory experiment model tests were conducted to study the stability of the landslide-prone zone of the slope body with an under-traversing tunnel. The selected distances between the tunnel and the sliding surface are 1.5, 3, and 5 times of the tunnel diameter, respectively. The experiment results show the interaction between the landslide-prone zone and the tunnel, elucidating the effect of potential landslides during the tunnel excavation process and the reaction of the landslide slip on the tunnel structure. Several conclusions are obtained: ① During the process of tunnel excavation, the vertical displacement of the tunnel vault decreases with the increase of the buried depth. ② The vertical displacement of the sliding surface increases with the increase of the buried depth of the tunnel. The horizontal displacement of sliding surface decreases with the increase of the buried depth. ③ After the occurrence of a rainfall-induced landslide, the vertical displacement of the tunnel vault in the 1.5-diameter-distance case is 57.29% greater than that in the 3.0-dismeter-distance case.④ For a two-cave tunnel, it is suggested that the cave farther from the landslide toe should be firstly excavated since it may generate less structural deformation.     

Compared performance of a conceptual and a mechanistic hydrologic models of a green roof

In order to investigate the hydrologic response of a green roof system within the urban environment, a monitoring campaign is carried out at the green roof site of the University of Genova (Italy). Experimental data confirm that the green roof is able to significantly mitigate the generation of runoff with median values of retained volume and peak reduction, respectively, equal to 94 and 98%. A conceptual linear reservoir and a simple mechanistic (Hydrus‐1D) models are implemented to simulate the hydrologic behaviour of the system; each model is calibrated and validated based on experimental data collected at the green roof site. The hydrographs simulated with both hydrologic models reproduce with acceptable matching capabilities the experimental measurements, as confirmed by the Nash‐Sutcliffe Efficiency index generally greater than 0·60. Although the relative percentage differences evaluated for the selected hydrograph variables (the total effluent volume, the peak flow rate and the hydrograph centroid) demonstrate that the mechanistic model is more accurate, prediction errors of the conceptual model are generally limited when compared with the observed hydrologic performance. Results of the present comparison are useful in supporting conceptual model selection in case the hydrologic response is addressed for hydrologic performance assessment. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fault detection on a sewer network by a combination of a Kalman filter and a binary sequential probability ratio test

One of the aims of sewer networks is the protection of population against floods and the reduction of pollution rejected to the receiving water during rainy events. To meet these goals, managers have to equip the sewer networks with and to set up real-time control systems. Unfortunately, a component fault (leading to intolerable behaviour of the system) or sensor fault (deteriorating the process view and disturbing the local automatism) makes the sewer network supervision delicate. In order to ensure an adequate flow management during rainy events it is essential to set up procedures capable of detecting and diagnosing these anomalies.

This article introduces a real-time fault detection method, applicable to sewer networks, for the follow-up of rainy events. This method consists in comparing the sensor response with a forecast of this response. This forecast is provided by a model and more precisely by a state estimator: a Kalman filter. This Kalman filter provides not only a flow estimate but also an entity called ‘innovation’. In order to detect abnormal operations within the network, this innovation is analysed with the binary sequential probability ratio test of Wald. Moreover, by crossing available information on several nodes of the network, a diagnosis of the detected anomalies is carried out. This method provided encouraging results during the analysis of several rains, on the sewer network of Seine-Saint-Denis County, France.     

Diffraction of a compressional wave by a rigid barrier in a liquid half-space

Summary The problem of diffraction of compressional waves by a rigid barrier of finite height fixed in a liquid half space has been studied. Wiener-Hopf technique forms the basis of the methods used to solve the problem. Exact solutions have been obtained in terms of Fourier integrals whose evaluation along an appropriate contour gives the transmitted, reflected and diffracted waves. The diffracted waves decay rapidly away from the barrier.     

Choosing a specification for a field precision thermostat

Provisions are determined for matching the thermostating temperature with the heater temperature as well as for installing a sensor depending on the position of the heater. The results of theoretical analysis and comparative assessment of three specifications of thermostats intended for use in geophysical equipment are considered. It is shown that, if the outside temperature changes in a few tens of degrees, two of the three specifications are able to ensure consistent thermostating temperature with an error rate not exceeding 0.010°C. According to the experiment, a “hybrid” two-step thermostat maintains the temperature with an error rate of about 0.002°C on the condition that the outside temperature changes within 10°C.     

Evaporation from a riparian system in a semi-arid environment

Measurements of micrometeorological variables were made for a complete annual cycle using an automatic weather station and two energy budget–Bowen ratio systems at a field site adjacent to the Santa Cruz River in southern Arizona. These data were used to provide the basis of an estimate of the evaporation from a one-mile long losing reach of a riparian corridor in this semi-arid environment. A remotely sensed map of vegetation cover was used to stratify the corridor into five categories of surface cover. The total evaporation was calculated as the area-weighted average of the measured evaporation for sampled areas of the two most common covers, and appropriate estimates of evaporation for the less common covers. Measurements showed a substantial, seasonally dependent evaporation from the taller, deep-rooted riparian cover in the study reach, while the short, sparse vegetation provided little evaporation. In terms of the volume of water evaporated from the study reach, the evaporation from irrigated agriculture accounts for almost half of the total loss, while the majority of the remaining evaporation is from the taller riparian vegetation covers, with about one-quarter of the total loss estimated as coming from obligatory phreatophytes, primarily cottonwood. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Interaction of a Fresh Water Lake and a Karstic Spring via a Syncline Fold

Kaftar Lake is a high‐altitude fresh water lake located in High Zagros, south of Iran. Despite the high annual evaporation to precipitation ratio in the area, lake water electrical conductivity is usually lower than 1000 µS/cm, this may be due to high seepage from the floor of the lake. Therefore, the hypothesis of possible underground connections between Namdan Basin, where the lake is located, and the surrounding basins with lower elevation (Aspas and Dehbid Basins) was investigated. Hydrogeology, hydrochemistry, and stable isotopes data of the lake and surrounding basins along with the lake water balance study were applied to test the hypothesis. Results indicate that Kaftar Lake has no connection with Aspas Basin in south, but it is hydraulically connected to Dehbid Basin. In Dehbid Basin, “Ghasr_e_Yaghoob spring” (average discharge ?1200 L/s) emerges from a small outcrop (about 0.8 km²) of Daryan limestone Formation, where this outcrop is much smaller than the required recharge area for such average discharge rate. The study shows that this spring is recharged by Kaftar Lake and Namdan Basin aquifer, through Daryan Formation of Gandboee Syncline located to the northern part of the lake.