广元恐龙化石埋藏地沙溪庙组地球化学特征及对物源区和古风化作用的指示

广元恐龙化石埋藏地是四川盆地中侏罗世重要的恐龙化石点,恐龙化石埋藏于中侏罗统沙溪庙组之中。笔者对该恐龙化石埋藏地沙溪庙组泥质岩的常量元素、微量元素和稀土元素特征进行了研究,并根据泥质岩的地球化学特征讨论了物源区性质、构造背景以及物源区的风化特征。主量元素和稀土元素表明其物源区以长英质岩石为主,构造背景为被动大陆边缘:指示化学风化程度的CIA指数及成分成熟度的ICV指数,表明物源区经历了中等的化学风化作用,反映了中侏罗世恐龙生活在半干旱的古气候环境之中。     

射洪硅化木埋藏地地球化学特征及构造背景的指示

对该硅化木化石埋藏地泥质岩的常量元素、微量元素和稀土元素特征进行了研究,并根据其地球化学特征讨论了物源区性质、物源区的风化特征以及构造背景。常量元素和稀土元素表明其物源区以长英质岩石为主;反映化学风化程度的CIA指数及成分成熟度的ICV指数都较低,表明物源区经历了弱化学风化作用,反映了晚侏罗世四川盆地北西部龙门山处于快速隆升阶段,构造活动较强烈。     

自贡沙溪庙组地球化学特征及其对物源区和古风化的指示

本文对中侏罗统沙溪庙组泥质岩的主量元素、微量元素和稀土元素特征进行了研究,并讨论了物源区性质以及风化特征。物源区以长英质岩石为主,指示化学风化程度的CIA指数及成分成熟度的ICV指数,表明经历了低-中等的化学风化作用,反映了中侏罗世的半干旱气候环境。     

准噶尔盆地南缘中-新生界粘土矿物地球化学特征及其物源分析

准噶尔盆地南缘中-新生界地层主要分布于准噶尔盆地南缘与天山耦合部位。通过X射线荧光光谱（XRF）和电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）对准噶尔盆地南缘中-新生界沉积岩样品进行了测试。本文根据样品中常量元素、微量元素及稀土元素（REE）特征以及特征元素比值等地球化学参数,探讨了准噶尔盆地南缘中-新生界物源区构造背景、物源性质及风化程度。通过常量、微量元素构造判别图（含量及比值）判断得出中-新生界沉积岩源岩以长英质岩石为主,构造背景为活动性大陆边缘。准噶尔盆地南缘中-新生界具有较低化学蚀变指数（CIA）和较高成分成熟度变化指数（ICV）的特征,分布范围分别为52～89、0.37～1.82,反映准南中-新生界物源区古风化程度低、沉积物成分成熟度低,表明物源区构造活动强烈,属于快速剥蚀和搬运的构造环境。     

贺兰山地区中奥陶统樱桃沟组物源及构造背景分析

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘贺兰山地区的樱桃沟组发育一套夹有碳酸盐滑塌重力流沉积的陆源碎屑岩。由于缺少可靠的物源数据,对早古生代鄂尔多斯盆地西缘的构造背景尚未有定论。本文对樱桃沟组碎屑岩进行了地球化学及岩石学分析,砂岩碎屑组分特征表明,该组源区大地构造背景为再旋回造山带。常量元素和微量元素地球化学特征表明樱桃沟组的物源呈现双物源的特点。更进一步,樱桃沟组的稀土元素配分模式对比表明了樱桃沟组碎屑岩的物源来自阿拉善古陆和/或北祁连造山带。综合分析砂岩的常量元素、微量元素和稀土元素的地球化学特征,经构造判别图解,认为樱桃沟组物源区主要为主动大陆边缘,也有来自被动大陆边缘的信息,表明贺兰山地区业已受到北祁连早古生代造山带的影响。樱桃沟组与研究区周缘造山带稀土元素配分模式对比研究显示,前者与其北西部阿拉善古陆和南西部北祁早古生代连造山带花岗岩露头稀土元素配分模式一致,均表现为轻稀土富集,重稀土亏损的右倾模式,具有轻微的Eu负异常和明显的Tm负异常,结合中奥陶世鄂尔多斯西缘古水流和碎屑锆石年龄分布特征,认为樱桃沟组的物源主要来自祁连造山带,部分来自阿拉善古陆。     

重庆云阳恐龙化石埋藏地沙溪庙组一段碎屑岩地球化学特征及地质意义

重庆云阳恐龙化石埋藏地是新发现的四川盆地中侏罗世重要的恐龙化石埋藏点,具有巨大的科学意义,恐龙化石埋藏于中侏罗统沙溪庙组一段及新田沟组中。沙溪庙组一段细粒碎屑岩样品地球化学特征表明,样品主量元素w(SiO_2)60.07%～66.57%,w(K_2O)2.77%～4.60%,w(Na_2O)0.73%～2.26%,w(Al_2O_3)15.68%～20.00%,w(Fe_2O_3~T)4.44%～6.74%,w(MgO)1.84%～2.61%,w(CaO)1.06%～1.44%,w(MnO)0.08%～0.12%,样品石英含量较高,成熟度低,可能含有部分重矿物;样品轻稀土元素(LREE)含量介于164.18～221.48×10~(-6),重稀土元素(HREE)含量介于15.83～24.22×10~(-6),LREE/HREE介于7.76～13.99,稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分曲线为右倾型,稀土元素上地壳标准化配分曲线为平坦型。主、微量元素特征表明该套碎屑沉积岩物源以长英质火山岩类为主并含有部分古老沉积物,源区构造背景为活动大陆边缘及大陆岛弧环境,中侏罗世沙溪庙组一段处于半潮湿—半干旱的古气候环境中。     

鸡西盆地白垩纪碎屑岩地球化学特征及其对物源的制约

鸡西盆地白垩系包括下白垩统滴道组、城子河组、穆棱组、东山组、猴石沟组及上白垩统海浪组等。白垩纪碎屑岩主量元素地球化学特征具有高SiO2、低Fe2O3、FeO、MgO的特点,说明白垩纪碎屑岩的源岩主要为长英质岩石。岩石的稀土元素具轻稀土元素富集,重稀土相对亏损,具弱的负Eu异常,其特征类似于上地壳特征。白垩纪碎屑岩微量元素的含量与上地壳微量元素的含量基本一致。综合分析砂岩的常量元素、微量元素和稀土元素的地球化学特征和构造判别图解,可以认为,城子河组砂岩主要反映被动大陆边缘的源区构造背景,穆棱组砂岩反映活动大陆边缘源区背景,猴石沟组砂岩反映的源区为大陆岛弧源区构造背景。结合古水流方向和岩屑所反映的源区岩性特点,认为小兴安岭—张广才岭造山带构造杂岩是鸡西盆地白垩纪沉积碎屑岩的主要物源。但随着物源区剥蚀深度的增加,基底古老变质岩也占有相当的比重。     

西藏羌塘盆地古近纪康托组沉积物源及构造背景分析

沉积岩中的主微量元素和稀土元素特征可以指示其物源、构造背景和沉积环境等。康托组地层沉积时代为古近纪,是青藏高原早期隆升后首先沉积的陆相碎屑岩,对该地层的物源信息及构造背景分析对于研究羌塘盆地新生代演化和高原隆升过程具有积极意义。本文对羌塘盆地半岛湖地区康托组地层进行了地层学、岩石学、元素地球化学和黏土含量分析,研究了其物源特征及构造背景。研究区康托组主要为岩屑砂岩、岩屑石英砂岩,分选性和磨圆度较差,发育平行层理。对17件样品进行元素地球化学分析测试,结果显示中等的化学蚀变指数CIA值（69.57~80.81）,较高的化学风化指数CIW值（81.07~95.02）和斜长石风化指数PIA值（77.32~93.96）,表明物源区整体经历了较强的化学风化作用。Th/U、Sc/Th、Rb/Sr等微量元素比值接近大陆上地壳值,结合稀土元素的配分模式,表明近源快速堆积的特点。根据TiO2/Zr、Co/Th、La/Sc、Th/Sc、Cr/Zr值和δEu、δCe的负异常,结合相关判别图解说明康托组物源主要来自于长英质岩石。La—Th—Sc、Th—Sc—Zr/10、TiO2—Fe2O3T+MgO、Al2O3/SiO2—Fe2O3T+MgO和主量元素双因素构造判别图解表明物源区主要为被动大陆边缘。结合构造演化分析,指示了半岛湖地区康托组形成于陆内沉积环境。     

四川珙县石碑恐龙化石埋藏地红层分子化石特征及其古环境意义

利用气相色谱-质谱仪(GC/MS)从四川珙县石碑恐龙化石埋藏地早侏罗世红层中检出了包括正构烷烃、类异戊二烯烃、长链三环萜、藿烷和甾烷等系列分子化石,这些分子化石来源于低等菌藻类生物和水生、陆生高等植物。利用这些分子化石的特征讨论了恐龙生活时代的古环境特征。姥鲛烷与植烷的比值(Pr/Ph)表明该恐龙化石埋藏地的沉积环境应为淡水、弱氧化的湖泊环境。所研究样品高碳数的正构烷烃均以与水生大型植物有关的C25为主峰,并具有来自陆生高等植物的C27～C31正构烷烃,反映出研究区湖盆水体中发育水生高等植物,周围陆地上发育木本和草本植物的古植物特征,体现了分子化石在恢复古环境研究方面的潜力。     

鄂尔多斯镇原地区下白垩统砂岩地球化学特征及其对物源区、构造背景的指示

本文通过对鄂尔多斯盆地镇原地区下白垩统砂岩进行主量元素、微量元素及稀土元素REE等地球化学分析, 就下白垩统砂岩的沉积再循坏特征、化学风化及其构造背景和物质来源等展开讨论。研究表明: ① 下白垩统洛河组、环河组和罗汉洞组的物源主体上具有相似性, 且在构造背景、物源区及物源特征上有良好的继承性。物源区总体具有富石英、富方解石胶结物、钾长石或富钾矿物较斜长石多的特点, 罗汉洞组较环河组和洛河组硅质更高、方解石胶结物更少、质更纯。稀土元素REE配分模式曲线一致, 轻重稀土分馏明显, 富集大离子亲石元素Ba、Pb、Sr和轻稀土元素, 亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、Th、Y等,自下而上随着地层变新, 沉积岩中总的稀土含量有变小的趋势, 重稀土元素分馏程度减小; ② 研究区下白垩统砂岩原始物质主要为长英质与基性岩混合岩 (如中酸性侵入岩、长英质变质岩)及部分沉积岩。研究区大部分沉积物是鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘逆冲推覆带母岩风化剥蚀的产物搬运至此沉积形成, 系首次沉积的物质, 少数沉积物 (即风成砂)为就地再次搬运堆积形成, 系再循环沉积物质; ③ 在构造背景上具有以被动大陆边缘构造环境占主要优势的特点。碎屑物主要来源于陆块源区, 其次来源于再旋回造山带和混合源区。     

准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷晚二叠世至中三叠世古气候、物源及构造背景

二叠纪-三叠纪之交重大地质转折期,海相地质记录指示全球发生了一系列显著的生物和环境事件, 但是,该时期陆相古气候、古风化作用等方面的研究还很薄弱,争议较大.为了恢复新疆准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷上二叠统乌尔禾组至中三叠统克拉玛依组的古气候、物源特征等, 本研究对玛湖凹陷钻井岩心中的泥岩样品开展了全岩主量和微量元素测试,采用多种化学风化指数判定源区风化程度及古气候条件,通过多种地球化学比值及图解来恢复源岩岩性及其构造背景.化学蚀变指数(Chemical Index of Alteration, CIA)、化学风化指数(Chemical Index of Weathering, CIW)、Parker风化指数(Weathering Index of Parker, WIP)和斜长石蚀变指数(Plagioclase Index of Alteration, PIA)等多种化学风化作用指标均指示,玛湖凹陷自晚二叠世至早三叠世发生显著的风化作用变化,由低等程度的化学风化作用转变为中等程度的化学风化作用,某些季节可能会较为温暖湿润,且在整个早三叠世保持大致稳定,在早三叠世晚期稍减弱,这与锶同位素反映的全球风化作用变化趋势一致.中三叠世时的化学风化作用与早三叠世相比,并未降低,反而稍有增加,这可能代表了地区性事件.早三叠世化学风化作用显著增强的原因可能在于全球变暖、植被破坏及季节性降雨增加等.此外,上二叠统乌尔禾组至中三叠统克拉玛依组的物源岩性主要为长英质火成岩,源岩形成时的构造背景可能为大洋岛弧环境.      

常用化学风化指标综述：应用与展望

常用化学风化指标诸如帕克风化指数（WIP）、化学蚀变指数（CIA）、成分变异指数（ICV）、CIX指数和αAlE常被用于评价源区化学风化强度,但利用以上化学风化指标评价化学风化强度时要考虑不同指标的控制因素,否则会导致风化评价结果失真。文章认为以最常用化学风化指标探究源区化学风化过程时,应在了解源区地质信息的情况下,选取合适的的细粒物质或悬浮物作为样品减弱粒度的控制作用,通过酸处理去除杂质,再利用Sc/Th-CIA 判别图反映物源信息,Th/Sc-Zr/Sc判别图进一步判别沉积分异和沉积再旋回的控制作用,进而选取ICV＞1的样品排除再旋回作用的干扰,用A-CN-K图或Panahi（2000）提出的公式进行钾交代作用的校正,最终通过CIA计算得出源岩化学风化强度。为确保准确反映源区风化情况,利用SPSS进行CIA受控因子分析,进而构建研究区的特征风化指标。     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987112000266

Major,trace and rare earth element(REE) concentrations of Late Triassic sediments(finegrained sandstones and mudstones) from Hongcan Well 1 in the NE part of the Songpan-Ganzi Basin, western China,are used to reveal weathering,provenance and tectonic setting of inferred source areas. The Chemical Index of Alteration(CIA) reflects a low to moderate degree of chemical weathering in a cool and somewhat dry climate,and an A-CN-K plot suggests an older upper continental crust provenance dominated by felsic to intermediate igneous rocks of average tonalite composition.Based on the various geochemical tectonic setting discrimination diagrams,the Late Triassic sediments are inferred to have been deposited in a back-arc basin situated between an active continental margin(the Kunlun-Qinling Fold Belt) and a continental island arc(the Yidun Island Arc).The Triassic sediments in the study area underwent a rapid erosion and burial in a proximal slope-basin environment by the petrographic data. while the published flow directions of Triassic lurbidites in the Aba-Zoige region was not supported Yidun volcanic arc source.Therefore,we suggest that the Kunlun-Qinling tcrrane is most likely to have supplied source materials to the northeast part of the Songpan-Ganzi Basin during the Late Triassic.     

Late Cretaceous redbeds from the Gan-Hang Belt in Southeast China: petrography and geochemistry implications for provenance,source weathering,and tectonic setting

ABSTRACT

The distinct basin and range tectonics in Southeast China were generated by crustal extension associated with subduction of the Palaeo-Pacific plate during the late Mesozoic. Compared with adjacent granitoids of the ranges, the redbeds of the basins have not been well characterized. In this article, provenance, source weathering, and tectonic setting of the redbeds are investigated by petrographic and geochemical studies of sandstones from the Late Cretaceous Guifeng Group in the Yongchong Basin, Southeast China. Detrital grains are subangular to subrounded, poorly sorted, and rich in lithic fragments. Variable Chemical Index of Alternation values (59.55–79.82, avg. 66.79) and high Index of Compositional Variability (ICV) values (0.67–3.08, avg. 1.40) indicate an overall low degree of chemical weathering and rapid physical erosion of source rocks. Such features are consistent with an active extension tectonic setting. Other chemical indices (e.g. Al₂O₃/TiO₂, Th/U, Cr/Th, Th/Sc, Zr/Sc) also suggest significant first-cycle sediment input to the basin and a dominant felsic source nature. Thus, the Guifeng Group possibly underwent moderate to low degrees of weathering upwards. Sandstone framework models and geochemical characteristics suggest the provenance was likely a combination of passive margin (PM) and active continental margin (ACM) with minor continental island arc (CIA) tectonic settings. Sediment derivation from Neoproterozoic metamorphic rocks and Cambrian to Triassic granitoids indicates PM provenance, whereas sediments derived from Jurassic to Cretaceous granitoids suggest ACM and CIA nature. Therefore, the Late Cretaceous redbeds were deposited in a dustpan-like half-graben basin under the back-arc extension regime when Southeast China was possibly influenced by northwestward subduction of the Palaeo-Pacific plate beneath East Asia.     

Petrography and geochemistry of the Late Cretaceous redbeds in the Gan-Hang Belt,southeast China: implications for provenance,source weathering,and tectonic setting

ABSTRACT

The distinct basin and range tectonics in southeast China were generated in a crustal extension setting during the late Mesozoic. Compared with the adjacent granitoids of the ranges, the redbeds of the basins have not been well characterized. In this article, provenance, source weathering, and tectonic setting of the redbeds are investigated by petrographic and geochemical studies of sandstone samples from the Late Cretaceous Guifeng Group of the Yongchong Basin in the Gan-Hang Belt, southeast China. Detrital grains are commonly subangular to subrounded, poorly sorted, and are rich in lithic fragments. The variable pre-metasomatic Chemical Index of Alternation (CIA* = 62–85), Chemical Index of Weathering (CIW = 70.90–98.76, avg. 85.62), Plagioclase Index of Alteration (PIA = 60.23–98.35, avg. 79.91), and high Index of Compositional Variability (ICV = 0.67–3.08, avg. 1.40) values collectively suggest an overall intermediate degree of chemical weathering and intense physical erosion of the source rocks, but a relatively decreased degree of chemical weathering during the late stage (Lianhe Formation) of the Guifeng Group is observed. Several chemical ratios (e.g. Al₂O₃/TiO₂, La/Th, Cr/Th, Th/Sc, Zr/Sc) also suggest a dominant felsic source nature, significant first-cycle sediment supply, and low sedimentary recycling. Such features are consistent with active extension tectonic setting. Sandstone framework models and geochemical characteristics suggest the provenance is related to passive margin (PM), active continental margin (ACM), and continental island arc (CIA) tectonic settings. Sediment derivation from the Neoproterozoic metamorphic rocks and Silurian–Devonian granites indicates a PM provenance, whereas sediments derived from the Early Cretaceous volcanic-intrusive complexes suggest an ACM and CIA nature. Therefore, the Late Cretaceous redbeds were deposited in a dustpan-like half-graben under the back-arc extension regime when southeast China was possibly influenced by northwestward subduction of the Palaeo-Pacific plate beneath East Asia.     

香港花岗岩风化分级化学指标体系与风化壳分带

火成岩的化学风化过程实质上就是碱、碱土金属组分水解淋失与脱硅富铁铝化的地球化学过程。不同风化程度的岩石处于整个化学风化过程的不同阶段,因而具有不同的化学成分和风化度指标。笔者在对香港九龙两个地方5个钻孔共计150件不同深度、不同风化程度的样品化学全分析结果与岩土风化程度宏观判别结果的相互对比、选择和确认的基础上,建立了香港地区花岗岩风化岩土风化程度工程分级的化学指标体系。这一研究成果的提出不仅有利于提高花岗岩风化岩土工程分类的科。学性、可靠性和实用性,而且可以为风化岩土工程特性与风化作用关系研究提供理论依据。     

基于TLS的恐龙骨骼化石风化监测研究

本文针对恐龙骨骼化石保护中化石风化状态难以监测的问题,采用地面三维激光扫描(TLS)方法获取化石表面的精细三维点云数据,通过间隔7个月前后两期三维数据对比,分析化石表面因风化作用产生的变化。选取山东诸城恐龙化石产地2处恐龙骨骼化石进行了两期数据采集并对化石表面整体及其裂缝进行分析,发现在监测周期内,监测对象整体无明显变化,局部存在斑状变化(偏差达0.7 mm),主要裂缝区域变化小于0.2 mm。实验结果表明本文采取的监测方法可以监测化石亚毫米级变化,对同类化石风化监测提供了参考。