基于Icepack海冰柱模式的融池反照率模拟研究

基于Icepack一维海冰柱模式,以2014年中国第6次北极科学考察长期冰站ICE06的3个融池的辐射参量和气象参量的连续观测作为大气强迫数据,对融池反照率及相关参量进行了模拟。本文引入观测的融池深度及海冰厚度作为初始条件,通过考虑融池覆盖率的作用,改进了平整冰融池参数化方案中海冰干舷的计算,修正了冰上可允许的最大融池深度,成功实现了对融池参数变化的模拟;同时,还修正了入射辐射分量比例系数与对应反照率分量权重系数不一致的问题。标准试验中,模拟的3个融池的反照率与观测结果之间的平均误差分别为0.01、0.05和0.13;入射辐射比例的敏感性试验结果表明,当可见光辐射比例增大8%时,融池反照率的模拟结果增大了6%～8%;融池表面再冻结试验的结果显示,当再冻结冰层厚度小于2 cm时,模拟冰面反照率的增加不足0.006,由此引起的表面能量收支减少了约1.1 W/m2。本文研究指出,准确的入射辐射比例对于改善北极海冰反照率模拟是必要的;并指出目前模式仍存在融池表面再冻结参数化、热收支计算、表面吹雪效应等有待解决的问题。     

渤海平整海冰多角度反射光谱特征

近些年来,遥感技术在渤海海冰的监测中发挥了举足轻重的作用。海冰的反射特征是利用光学遥感监测海冰的基础。在晴空条件下,对盛冰期渤海辽东湾东部3种典型的平整海冰的半球-方向反射率因子(hemispherical directional reflectance factor,HDRF)进行了测量,并计算了相应的各向异性因子(anisotropy factor,ANIF),结果表明,只有在太阳光入射主平面内的前向反射方向附近,半球-方向反射率因子与各向异性因子才会迅速增加,而在其他方向上两者的变化不明显。平整海冰的厚度和内部结构等因素会影响HDRF和ANIF随波长变化的特征,在350~1 350 nm波段,厚度较小且表面光滑的平整海冰的HDRF值相对较小,而厚度较大的平整海冰的HDRF值相对较大。在350~950 nm波段,厚度较小且表面光滑的平整海冰ANIF相对较大,而厚度较大的平整海冰的ANIF值相对较小。以上结果充分说明海冰对太阳光入射辐射的反射是冰-气界面的反射与冰体内部的散射的综合结果。     

Contrasting patterns of river runoff and sea-ice melted water in the Canada Basin

The fractions of river runoff and sea-ice melted water in the Canada Basin in summer 2003 were determined by the salinity-18O system. The fraction of river runoff(fR) was high in the upper 50 m of the water column and decreased with depth and latitude. The signals of the river runoff were confined to water depths above 200 m. The total amount of river runoff in the Canada Basin was higher than that in other arctic seas, indicating that the Canada Basin is a main storage region for river runoff. The penetration depth of the sea-ice melted water was less than 50 m to the south of 78°N, while it was about 150 m to the north of 78°N. The total amount of sea-ice melted water was much higher to the north of 78°N than to the south of 78°N, indicating the sea-ice melted waters accumulated on the ice edge. The abundant sea-ice melted water on the ice edge was attributed to the earlier melted water in the southern Canada Basin and transported by the Beaufort Gyre or the reinforced melting of sea ice by solar radiation in the polynya.     

Optical properties and surface energy flux of spring fast ice in the Arctic

Over the past decades, sea ice in the polar regions has been significantly affecting local and even hemispheric climate through a positive ice albedo feedback mechanism. The role of fast ice, as opposed to drift ice, has not been well-studied due to its relatively small coverage over the earth. In this paper, the optical properties and surface energy balance of land fast ice in spring are studied using in situ observations in Barrow, Alaska. The results show that the albedo of the fast ice varied between 0.57 and 0.85 while the transmittance increased from 1.3×10?3 to 4.1×10?3 during the observation period. Snowfall and air temperature affected the albedo and absorbance of sea ice, but the transmittance had no obvious relationship with precipitation or snow cover. Net solar shortwave radiation contributes to the surface energy balance with a positive 99.2% of the incident flux, with sensible heat flux for the remaining 0.8%. Meanwhile, the ice surface loses energy through the net longwave radiation by 18.7% of the total emission, while the latent heat flux accounts for only 0.1%. Heat conduction is also an important factor in the overall energy budget of sea ice, contributing 81.2% of the energy loss. Results of the radiative transfer model reveal that the spectral transmittance of the fast ice is determined by the thickness of snow and sea ice as well as the amount of inclusions. As major inclusions, the ice biota and particulates have a significant influence on the magnitude and distribution of the spectral transmittance. Based on the radiative transfer model, concentrations of chlorophyll and particulate in the fast ice are estimated at 5.51 mg/m2 and 95.79 g/m2, which are typical values in the spring in Barrow.     

基于高效统计模型预测9月北极航道沿线海冰范围

The rapid decrease in Arctic sea ice cover and thickness not only has a linkage with extreme weather in the midlatitudes but also brings more opportunities for Arctic shipping routes and polar resource exploration, both of which motivate us to further understand causes of sea-ice variations and to obtain more accurate estimates of seaice cover in the future. Here, a novel data-driven method, the causal effect networks algorithm, is applied to identify the direct precursors of September sea-ice extent covering the Northern Sea Route and Transpolar Sea Route at different lead times so that statistical models can be constructed for sea-ice prediction. The whole study area was also divided into two parts: the northern region covered by multiyear ice and the southern region covered by seasonal ice. The forecast models of September sea-ice extent in the whole study area(TSIE) and southern region(SSIE) at lead times of 1–4 months can explain over 65% and 79% of the variances, respectively,but the forecast skill of sea-ice extent in the northern region(NSIE) is limited at a lead time of 1 month. At lead times of 1–4 months, local sea-ice concentration and sea-ice thickness have a larger influence on September TSIE and SSIE than other teleconnection factors. When the lead time is more than 4 months, the surface meridional wind anomaly from northern Europe in the preceding autumn or early winter is dominant for September TSIE variations but is comparable to thermodynamic factors for NSIE and SSIE. We suggest that this study provides a complementary approach for predicting regional sea ice and is helpful in evaluating and improving climate models.     

Retrieving the antarctic sea-ice concentration based on AMSR-E 89 GHz data

Sea-ice concentration is a key item in global climate change research.Recent progress in remotely sensed sea-ice concentration product has been stimulated by the use of a new sensor,advanced microwave scanning radiometer for EOS(AMSR-E),which offers a spatial resolution of 6 km×4 km at 89GHz.A new inversion algorithm named LASI(linear ASI) using AMSR-E 89GHz data was proposed and applied in the antarctic sea areas.And then comparisons between the LASI ice concentration products and those retrieved by the other two standard algorithms,ASI(arctic radiation and turbulence interaction study sea-ice algorithm) and bootstrap,were made.Both the spatial and temporal variability patterns of ice concentration differences,LASI minus ASI and LASI minus bootstrap,were investigated.Comparative data suggest a high result consistency,especially between LASI and ASI.On the other hand,in order to estimate the LASI ice concentration errors introduced by the tie-points uncertainties,a sensitivity analysis was carried out.Additionally an LASI algorithm error estimation based on the field measurements was also completed.The errors suggest that the moderate to high ice concentration areas(>70%) are less affected(never exceeding 10%) than those in the low ice concentration.LASI and ASI consume 75 and 112 s respectively when processing the same AMSR-E time series thourghout the year 2010.To conclude,by using the LASI algorithm,not only the seaice concentration can be retrieved with at least an equal quality as that of the two extensively demonstrated operational algorithms,ASI and bootstrap,but also in a more efficient way than ASI.     

Phytoplankton in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas: Distribution, dynamics, and environmental forcing

Time-series of remotely sensed distributions of phytoplankton, sea ice, surface temperature, albedo, and clouds were examined to evaluate the variability of environmental conditions and physical forcing affecting phytoplankton in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas. Large-scale distributions of these parameters were studied for the first time using weekly and monthly composites from April 1998 to September 2002. The basic data set used in this study are phytoplankton pigment concentrations derived from the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS), ice concentrations obtained from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) and surface temperature, cloud cover, and albedo derived from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR). Seasonal variation of ice cover was observed to be the dominant environmental factor as the ice-edge blooms followed the retreating marginal ice zones northward. Blooms were most prominent in the southwestern Chukchi Sea, and were especially persistent immediately north of the Bering Strait in nutrient-rich Anadyr Water and in some fronts. Chlorophyll concentrations are shown to increase from a nominal value during the onset of melt in April to a maximum value in mid-spring or summer depending on location. Large interannual variability of ice cover and phytoplankton distributions was observed with the year 1998 being uniquely associated with an early season occurrence of a massive bloom. This is postulated to be caused in part by a rapid response of phytoplankton to an early retreat of the sea-ice cover in the Beaufort Sea region. Correlation analyses showed relatively high negative correlation between chlorophyll and ice concentration with the correlation being highest in May, the correlation coefficient being −0.45. 1998 was also the warmest in the 5 years globally and the sea-ice cover was least extensive in the Beaufort/Chukchi Sea region, partly because of the 1997–1998 El Niño. Strong correlations were noted between ice extent and surface temperature, the correlation coefficient being highest at −0.79 in April, during the onset of the bloom period.     

BCC_CSM对北极海冰的模拟:CMIP5和CMIP6历史试验比较

本文利用北京气候中心气候系统模式(BCC_CSM)在最近两个耦合模式比较计划(CMIP5和CMIP6)的历史试验模拟结果，对北极海冰范围和冰厚的模拟性能进行了比较，结果表明:(1) CMIP6改善了CMIP5模拟海冰范围季节变化过大的问题，总体上更接近观测结果；(2)两个CMIP试验阶段中BCC_CSM模拟的海冰厚度都偏小，但CMIP6试验对夏季海冰厚度过薄问题有所改进。通过对影响海冰生消过程的冰面和冰底热收支的分析，我们探讨了上述模拟偏差以及CMIP6模拟结果改善的成因。分析表明，8?9月海洋热通量、向下短波辐射和反照率对模拟结果的误差影响较大，CMIP6试验在这些方面有较大改善；而12月至翌年2月，CMIP5模拟的北极海冰范围偏大主要是海洋热通量偏低所导致，CMIP6模拟的海洋热通量较CMIP5大，但北大西洋表层海流的改善才是巴芬湾附近海冰外缘线位置改善的主要原因。CMIP试验模拟的夏季海冰厚度偏薄主要是因为6?8月海洋热通量和冰面热收支都偏大，而CMIP6试验模拟的夏季海冰厚度有所改善主要是由于海洋热通量和净短波辐射的改善。海冰模拟结果的改善与CMIP6海冰模块和大气模块参数化的改进有直接和间接的关系，通过改变短波辐射、冰面反照率和海洋热通量，使BCC_CSM模式对北极海冰的模拟性能也得到有效提高。     

Sea ice characteristics between the middle Weddell Sea and the Prydz Bay, Antarctica during the austral summer of 2003

The antarctic sea ice was investigated upon five occasions between January 4 and February 15, 2003. The investigations included: (1) estimation of sea ice distribution by ship-based observations between the middle Weddell Sea and the Prydz Bay; (2) estimation of sea ice distribution by aerial photography in the Prydz Bay; (3) direct measurements of fast ice thickness and snow cover, as well as ice core sampling in Nella Fjord; (4) estimation of melting sea ice distribution near the Zhongshan Station; and (5) observation of sea ice early freeze near the Zhongshan Station. On average, sea ice covered 14.4% of the study area. The highest sea ice concentration (80%) was observed in the Weddell Sea. First-year ice was dominant (99.7%-99.8%). Sea ice distributions in the Prydz Bay were more variable due to complex inshore topography, proximity of the Larsemann Hills, and/or grounded icebergs. The average thickness of landfast ice in NeUa Fjord was 169.5 cm. Wind-blown snow redistribution plays an important role in affecting the ice thickness in Nella Fjord. Preliminary freezing of sea ice near the Zhongshan Station follows the first two phases of the pancake cycle.     

Geophysics of sea ice in the Baltic Sea: A review

With improved observation methods, increased winter navigation, and increased awareness of the climate and environmental changes, research on the Baltic Sea ice conditions has become increasingly active. Sea ice has been recognized as a sensitive indicator for changes in climate. Although the inter-annual variability in the ice conditions is large, a change towards milder ice winters has been detected from the time series of the maximum annual extent of sea ice and the length of the ice season. On the basis of the ice extent, the shift towards a warmer climate took place in the latter half of the 19th century. On the other hand, data on the ice thickness, which are mostly limited to the land-fast ice zone, basically do not show clear trends during the 20th century, except that during the last 20 years the thickness of land-fast ice has decreased. Due to difficulties in measuring the pack-ice thickness, the total mass of sea ice in the Baltic Sea is, however, still poorly known. The ice extent and length of the ice season depend on the indices of the Arctic Oscillation and North Atlantic Oscillation. Sea ice dynamics, thermodynamics, structure, and properties strongly interact with each other, as well as with the atmosphere and the sea. The surface conditions over the ice-covered Baltic Sea show high spatial variability, which cannot be described by two surface types (such as ice and open water) only. The variability is strongly reflected to the radiative and turbulent surface fluxes. The Baltic Sea has served as a testbed for several developments in the theory of sea ice dynamics. Experiences with advanced models have increased our understanding on sea ice dynamics, which depends on the ice thickness distribution, and in turn redistributes the ice thickness. During the latest decade, advance has been made in studies on sea ice structure, surface albedo, penetration of solar radiation, sub-surface melting, and formation of superimposed ice and snow ice. A high vertical resolution has been found as a prerequisite to successfully model thermodynamic processes during the spring melt period. A few observations have demonstrated how the river discharge and ice melt affect the stratification of the oceanic boundary layer below the ice and the oceanic heat flux to the ice bottom. In general, process studies on ice–ocean interaction have been rare. In the future, increasingly multidisciplinary studies are needed with close links between sea ice physics, geochemistry and biology.     

Statistical study on the spatial-temporal distribution features of the arctic sea ice extent

On the basis of the arctic monthly mean sea ice extent data set during 1953-1984, the arctic region is divided into eight subregions,and the analyses of empirical orthogonal functions, power spectrum and maximum entropy spectrum are made to indentify the major spatial and temporal features of the sea ice fluctuations within 32-year period. And then, a brief appropriate physical explanation is tentatively suggested. The results show that both seasonal and non-seasonal variations of the sea ice extent are remarkable, and iis mean annual peripheral positions as well as their interannu-al shifting amplitudes are quite different among all subregions. These features are primarily affected by solar radiation, o-cean circulation, sea surface temperature and maritime-continental contrast, while the non-seasonal variations are most possibly affected by the cosmic-geophysical factors such as earth pole shife, earth rotation oscillation and solar activity.     

Molecular genetic diversity of bacteria in the bottom section of arctic sea ice from the Canada Basin

PCR-DGGE approach was used to analyze bacterial diversity in the bottom section of seven arctic sea ice samples colleted from the Canada Basin. Thirty-two 16S rDNA sequences were obtained from prominent DGGE bands. The closest relatives of these sequences are found to be those of cultivated or uncultured bacteria from antarctic or arctic sea ice. Phylogenetic analysis clustered these sequences or phylotypes within α- proteobacteria, γ-proteobacteria and CFB (cytophaga-flexibacter-bacteroides) group. Sequences belonging to γ-proteobacteria were dominant and members of the CFB group were highly abundant. It was suggested that the CFB group was the representative of the bottom section of sea ice samples.     

辽东湾冰季太阳辐射分析

利用渤海辽东湾ＪＺ２０－２石油平台上的气象和海冰观测数据,研究了冰季大气层和云层对太阳辐射的影响,结果表明,辽东湾冰季大气光学可取为０．８３,碧空、少云、多云阴天、雾天和雨雪等不同天气条件下的云量系数可分别取为０、３、６、８、９和１０。分析了冰水混合情况下海面对太阳辐射的反射情况;讨论了太阳辐射对冰面长波辐射和对流传热的影响。利用冰面太阳辐射的实测值和计算结果,对整个冰季内太阳辐射的规律进行了分析     

Sea-ice retreat in the Sea of Okhotsk and the ice–ocean albedo feedback effect on it

Sea-ice retreat processes are examined in the Sea of Okhotsk. A heat budget analysis in the sea-ice zone shows that net heat flux from the atmosphere at the water surface is about 77 W m⁻² on average in the active ice melt season (April) due to large solar heating, while that at the ice surface is about 12 W m⁻² because of the difference in surface albedo. The temporal variation of the heat input into the upper ocean through the open water fraction corresponds well to that of the latent heat required for ice retreat. These results suggest that heat input into the ice–upper ocean system from the atmosphere mainly occurs at the open water fraction, and this heat input into the upper ocean is an important heat source for ice melting. The decrease in ice area in the active melt season (April) and the geostrophic wind just before the melt season (March) show a correlation: the decrease is large when the offshoreward wind is strong. This relationship can be explained by the following process. Once ice concentration is decreased (increased) by the offshoreward (onshoreward) wind just before the melt season, solar heating of the upper ocean through the increased (decreased) open water fraction is enhanced (reduced), leading to (suppressing) a further decrease in ice concentration. This positive feedback is regarded as the ice–ocean albedo feedback, and explains in part the large interannual variability of the ice cover in the ice melt season.     

中国第四次北极科学考察期间北极点附近海冰和融池的航空遥感观测

An aerial photography has been used to provide validation data on sea ice near the North Pole where most polar orbiting satellites cannot cover. This kind of data can also be used as a supplement for missing data and for reducing the uncertainty of data interpolation. The aerial photos are analyzed near the North Pole collected during the Chinese national arctic research expedition in the summer of 2010(CHINARE2010). The result shows that the average fraction of open water increases from the ice camp at approximately 87°N to the North Pole, resulting in the decrease in the sea ice. The average sea ice concentration is only 62.0% for the two flights(16 and 19 August 2010). The average albedo(0.42) estimated from the area ratios among snow-covered ice,melt pond and water is slightly lower than the 0.49 of HOTRAX 2005. The data on 19 August 2010 shows that the albedo decreases from the ice camp at approximately 87°N to the North Pole, primarily due to the decrease in the fraction of snow-covered ice and the increase in fractions of melt-pond and open-water. The ice concentration from the aerial photos and AMSR-E(The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Earth Observing System) images at 87.0°–87.5°N exhibits similar spatial patterns, although the AMSR-E concentration is approximately 18.0%(on average) higher than aerial photos. This can be attributed to the 6.25 km resolution of AMSR-E, which cannot separate melt ponds/submerged ice from ice and cannot detect the small leads between floes. Thus, the aerial photos would play an important role in providing high-resolution independent estimates of the ice concentration and the fraction of melt pond cover to validate and/or supplement space-borne remote sensing products near the North Pole.     

基于MODIS数据的渤海海冰厚度反演算法优化

海冰厚度是监测与研究渤海海冰的重要参数。为了获取更加可靠的渤海海冰厚度数据,本研究基于MODIS数据对海冰厚度反演中的冰水分离环节和冰厚计算方法都进行了改进。对于冰水分离环节,本文在Canny边缘检测算子提取海冰基础上,加入了二值化处理、阈值判别等步骤,实现了较高精度的渤海海冰范围自动化提取。通过试验确定了海冰厚度与反照率指数关系模型中的参数,包括海冰衰减系数和海水反照率参数,使其更加符合渤海海区的物理特征。将改进后算法的海冰厚度反演结果与渤海海上石油平台实测数据进行比较,并分析了误差来源。结果表明,经过对算法的改进,海冰厚度与反照率指数关系模型的反演结果与实测数据之间的平均绝对误差由7.05 cm缩小到2.74 cm,相关系数由0.434提高到0.485。     

基于走航观测数据的ERA5南海北部夏季短波辐射收支评估

海表短波辐射收支是海–气界面能量交换的重要物理过程。本研究利用2019年南海北部夏季科考航次的走航观测数据,评估了ERA5再分析数据的海表短波辐射通量收支。结果表明,ERA5的向下短波辐射相比观测偏小,11时和15时(北京时间)的偏差最大,可达-100 W/m²。与此同时,ERA5的海表反照率整体偏低,其中高太阳高度角时段偏差较小,约为-0.03,低太阳高度角时段偏差较大,约为-0.15。向下短波辐射和反照率的偏差共同造成ERA5白天平均海表净短波辐射通量比观测偏小约25.4 W/m²;其中,反照率低估抵消了约50%向下短波辐射偏差的贡献。研究表明,在不同大气透射率情况下,ERA5的海表辐射收支偏差存在不同表现。ERA5海表反照率的低估可能与其采用的参数化方案在南海北部的适用性不足有关。基于观测本研究也给出了一个简单的参数优化方案。     

CICE海冰模式中融池参数化方案的比较研究

冰面融池的反照率介于海水和海冰之间,获得较准确的融池覆盖率对认识极区气冰海耦合系统的热量收支有重要意义。在数值模式中,融池覆盖率的模拟结果直接影响到冰面反照率计算的准确性,本文对CICE5.0中的3种融池参数化方案进行了较系统的比较分析,结果显示3种方案各有优缺点,模拟结果都存在一些问题。cesm方案中判断融池冻结的条件更为合理。比较而言,融池冻结条件更改后的topo方案模拟的北冰洋区域平均融池覆盖率的年际变化幅度、融池覆盖范围、融池发展盛期持续时间与MODIS数据最接近。通过修改CICE5.0中的代码漏洞,研究了融池水的垂向渗透效应,这一效应会带来一些负面影响,如lvl方案中多年冰上几乎没有融池,说明目前的CICE模式中对于海冰渗透性演化或其他物理机制的处理仍有待改进。最后,着重讨论了topo方案的改进思路。     

High-resolution IP<Subscript>25</Subscript>-based reconstruction of sea-ice variability in the western North Pacific and Bering Sea during the past 18,000 years

Due to its strong influence on heat and moisture exchange between the ocean and the atmosphere, sea ice is an essential component of the global climate system. In the context of its alarming decrease in terms of concentration, thickness and duration, understanding the processes controlling sea-ice variability and reconstructing paleo-sea-ice extent in polar regions have become of great interest for the scientific community. In this study, for the first time, IP₂₅, a recently developed biomarker sea-ice proxy, was used for a high-resolution reconstruction of the sea-ice extent and its variability in the western North Pacific and western Bering Sea during the past 18,000 years. To identify mechanisms controlling the sea-ice variability, IP₂₅ data were associated with published sea-surface temperature as well as diatom and biogenic opal data. The results indicate that a seasonal sea-ice cover existed during cold periods (Heinrich Stadial 1 and Younger Dryas), whereas during warmer intervals (Bølling-Allerød and Holocene) reduced sea ice or ice-free conditions prevailed in the study area. The variability in sea-ice extent seems to be linked to climate anomalies and sea-level changes controlling the oceanographic circulation between the subarctic Pacific and the Bering Sea, especially the Alaskan Stream injection though the Aleutian passes.