椒江河口层化动力特性研究

基于椒江河口大、小潮期间水位、流速、盐度和悬沙浓度观测数据,研究了椒江河口主潮汐通道的水动力、盐度和悬沙浓度的时空变化特征,解释了高浊度强潮作用下的层化物理机制。椒江河口大潮期悬沙浓度和盐度均大于小潮期,主潮汐通道区域落潮期悬沙浓度大于涨潮期;盐度随潮变化,盐水锋面出现在S2测站,锋面附近出现最大浑浊带;自陆向海,悬沙浓度递减,盐度递增;随水深增加,悬沙浓度与盐度递增。Richardson数与混合参数显示,盐度和悬沙引起的层化现象,是随着潮汐的变化而变化,涨潮时的层化均强于落潮,小潮时的层化持续时间最长,区域更广。混合参数随潮周期变化,大潮期高于临界值1.0,小潮期低于临界值1.0。小潮期水体层化强于大潮期;潮汐应变项是影响势能差异变化率的重要因素;落潮期间层化向混合状态转化,涨潮相反。     

1999年和2009年夏季珠江口环境要素的对比与分析

对1999年和2009年夏季珠江口的温、盐、溶解氧、叶绿素和径流量等数据进行分析。结果表明,由于1999年航次期间珠江较大的径流量,1999年冲淡水的扩展范围要大于2009年。1999年夏季珠江口水体存在较强的盐度层结,而2009年夏季受较小的珠江径流量和热带风暴浪卡的共同作用,水体盐度层结较弱,0—5m层水体垂向混合良好。两年夏季珠江口表层溶解氧(DO)的分布较为相似,而底层溶解氧的分布则有显著差异,主要表现在河口西岸浅滩区和河口口门外。1999年河口西岸浅滩区DO小于3mg.L-1,河口口门外DO在4—5mg.L-1之间,2009年河口西岸浅滩DO大于5mg.L-1,河口口门外DO小于3mg.L-1。1999年夏季伶仃洋海域内较强的盐度层结是其底层出现低氧环境的主要原因,2009年夏季强化的垂向混合使得表底层溶解氧得到了及时交换,阻碍了西岸浅滩区底层低氧环境的出现,而盐度层化和浪卡带来的浮游生物的耗氧作用可能是口门外底层出现低氧环境的原因。     

瓯江河口盐度层化数值研究

瓯江口是一个径流量变化剧烈的强潮河口。本文基于非结构网格FVCOM模型，建立瓯江口海域大范围三维数学模型，研究不同时间尺度（潮周期、大-小潮）的盐度变化，并利用势能异常动力方程对数值模拟结果分析了瓯江口层化过程的动力机制。同时，利用河口R_i数和层化参数△s/<s>研究了不同时间尺度的层化稳定性及其空间变化，得出决定层化状态的潮差和径流量的阈值。结果显示：瓯江北口上段、中段和口门在潮差分别超过3.8m、4.0m和4.6m时呈完全混合状态。当径流量小于280 m³/s或大于510 m³/s，北口上段持续完全混合；而在口门附近，完全混合和层化的临界径流量约为280 m³/s。研究认为瓯江河口北口存在周期性的层化，北口下段在落潮和涨潮初期呈部分混合状态，而其它时段为完全混合。上段只在落潮初期存在层化。层化增强主要是纵向对流与横向速度剪切导致，而湍混合和纵向潮应力是层化减弱的主要因素。     

近年来珠江口盐度时空变化特征

根据1981-2005年珠江口海域15个站位的盐度连续观测资料,结合1996年珠江口海域2个站的连续27h观测资料和1998年珠江口海域5个站的丰、平、枯3个水期的盐度周日现测资料,分析珠江口盐度时空变化特征,结果表明:从1981-2005年25a间珠江口盐度尽管年与年之间有升降波动,但总体上没有明显的升高或降低,除极...     

采用改进的盐度场数值格式模拟珠江口盐度分层现象

采用基于Backhaus的三维斜压模式计算珠江口水动力特性，重点模拟了夏季丰水期盐度分层现象；改进了原模式的盐度差分格式和方程，采用二阶精度差分格式并引入了物理扩散项。结果表明，改进后的盐度差分方程能较好地反映珠江口盐度成层现象。     

河控型河口盐度层化对悬沙的捕集机制

河控型河口盐度混合和层化是控制悬沙输移扩散的重要动力机制。以珠江磨刀门河口为研究对象,基于2017年洪季三船同步大、小潮水文泥沙观测数据,分析河控型河口水体盐度层化结构的时空变化对悬沙分布的影响机制。结果表明:受径潮动力耦合时空变化影响,河口盐度垂向分布表现出时空差异,即受径流主导的M1站(挂锭角),河口盐度在涨落潮周期内垂向混合均匀,受径潮控制的M2站(口门)在整个潮周期内盐度层化结构明显,口门外侧的M3站,潮动力作用较强,盐度垂向分布随涨落潮变化而变化;悬沙空间分布与盐度分布关系密切,盐度混合均匀利于悬沙垂向均匀分布,而盐度层化则使悬沙倾向于滞留在底层水体中,且在盐度层结界面之下出现高悬沙浓度,悬沙浓度垂向分布曲线呈L字型或抛线型,纵向上表现为高浓度悬沙团抑制在盐水楔前端,盐度层化对悬沙的捕集效应明显。通过对比水体标准化分层系数与水流垂向扩散强度系数发现,两者呈现负相关关系,即标准化分层系数愈大,垂向扩散强度愈小,表明水体层化抑制悬沙垂向扩散强度,而且水体层化程度越高,悬沙垂向扩散抑制程度越大,进而促进了河口水体盐度层化对悬沙捕集作用。本研究有助于揭示河口细颗粒泥沙运动机制及河口拦门沙演变机制,并为磨刀门河口拦门沙治理提供科学依据。     

盐场高度分层下的三维斜压数值模拟

采用基于Backhaus的三维斜压模式计算珠江口水动力特性。改进了原模式的盐度差分格式和方程，采用二阶精度差分格式并引入了物理扩散项。改进后盐度差分方程较好地反映珠江口盐度成层现象。本文给出了两个点的水位数值模拟与实测值的对比，给出了包含8个口门珠江口的计算潮流场及盐场，讨论了盐度高度成层条件下珠江河口水动力特性。     

河控型河口盐度层化对悬沙的捕集机制-以洪季磨刀门河口为例

河控型河口盐度混合和层化是控制悬沙输移扩散的重要动力机制。以珠江磨刀门河口为研究对象,基于2017年洪季三船同步大、小潮水文泥沙观测数据,分析河控型河口水体盐度层化结构的时空变化对悬沙分布的影响机制。结果表明:受径潮动力耦合时空变化影响,河口盐度垂向分布表现出时空差异,即受径流主导的M1站(挂锭角),河口盐度在涨落潮周期内垂向混合均匀,受径潮控制的M2站(口门)在整个潮周期内盐度层化结构明显,口门外侧的M3站,潮动力作用较强,盐度垂向分布随涨落潮变化而变化;悬沙空间分布与盐度分布关系密切,盐度混合均匀利于悬沙垂向均匀分布,而盐度层化则使悬沙倾向于滞留在底层水体中,且在盐度层结界面之下出现高悬沙浓度,悬沙浓度垂向分布曲线呈L字型或抛线型,纵向上表现为高浓度悬沙团抑制在盐水楔前端,盐度层化对悬沙的捕集效应明显。通过对比水体标准化分层系数与水流垂向扩散强度系数发现,两者呈现负相关关系,即标准化分层系数愈大,垂向扩散强度愈小,表明水体层化抑制悬沙垂向扩散强度,而且水体层化程度越高,悬沙垂向扩散抑制程度越大,进而促进了河口水体盐度层化对悬沙捕集作用。本研究有助于揭示河口细颗粒泥沙运动机制及河口拦门沙演变机制,并为磨刀门河口拦门沙治理提供科学依据。     

基于PSR模型的珠江口海域富营养化特征与评价

本研究依据2020年4月（春季）和2020年10月（秋季）珠江口海域的调查数据,根据“压力-状态-响应”（PSR）模型对珠江口海域进行富营养化状况评价,并通过主成分分析以及相关性分析来说明各环境因子对珠江口富营养化的影响。结果表明：在“优、良、中、差、劣”5个富营养化等级中,珠江口PSR综合评价等级为“差”等级,近几年内变化趋于稳定。有机污染物与营养盐对珠江口富营养化的影响较大,其次为叶绿素a和溶解氧。珠江口营养盐与盐度呈显著负相关,与叶绿素a呈显著正相关。周边城市的陆源排放输入是导致珠江口富营养化的主要因素,河口稀释混合作用以及浮游植物对珠江口的富营养化程度有影响。     

2016年春季季风转换期的珠江冲淡水分布与生态特征分析*

基于2016年4—6月珠江口航次的现场调查资料及卫星数据, 对春季季风转换期的风场分布特征, 冲淡水路径的时空变化情况以及相应的生态响应进行了分析。结果显示珠江口及其临近海域在4—5月表现为过渡性风场, 受冬季风和夏季风的共同作用, 且风向多变。至6月, 冬季风消失, 西南季风控制了整个研究海域, 与此同时珠江径流量逐月增大, 冲淡水的分布特征也随着风场及径流变化发生转变。具体表现为4—5月份冲淡水向粤西沿岸方向扩展, 且在5月流幅更宽, 可达离岸70km处。6月冲淡水向东西两个方向扩展, 向西的冲淡水在河口外受到夏季风场以及背景流场的抑制, 形成以盐度和浊度为特征的锋面; 向东的冲淡水离岸扩展, 在粤东外海形成大面积的羽状流。此外, 珠江口叶绿素和溶解氧的分布主要受冲淡水的影响, 其分布形态与冲淡水路径相似。垂向上, 可观测到珠江口低氧的形成过程, 海水层化, 稳定水柱的形成以及生物分解过程共同导致了珠江口底部的溶解氧较低。浊度的分布主要受径流携带的悬沙影响, 与盐度有很强的负相关性。     

Numerical study on salinity stratification in the Pamlico River Estuary

The variations of current circulation, salt intrusion, and vertical stratification under different river flow and wind conditions in the Pamlico River Estuary (PRE) were investigated in this paper using a three-dimensional numerical model. The model was calibrated and verified against water level variation, temperature, and salinity variations during 2003 and 2001, respectively. Eight sensitivity tests were conducted with different river flow and wind conditions specified in the model. Model results show that salinity intruded further upstream under scenarios with low flow, downriver local wind, and remote-wind-caused water level set-up conditions. In contrast, the responses of salinity stratification to different environmental forcing functions were different in different portions of the estuary. Salinity stratification was enhanced under high flow condition at the lower part of the estuary, under upriver wind near the river mouth, under downriver wind at the upstream to middle portion of the estuary, and under remote-wind-caused water level set-up condition at the majority of the estuary except near the river mouth. Model results also show that across-channel wind tended to reduce salt intrusion and salinity stratification in the PRE through increased vertical mixing.     

Variability in upper-ocean salinity stratification in the tropical Pacific Ocean

Using a gridded array for real-time geostrophic oceanography(Argo) program float dataset, the features of upperocean salinity stratification in the tropical Pacific Ocean are studied. The salinity component of the squared Brunt-V?is?l? frequency N~2( N_S~2) is used to represent salinity stratification. Layer-max N_S~2(LMN), defined as the N_S~2 maximum over the upper 300 m depth, and halocline depth(HD), defined as the depth where the N_S~2 maximum is located, are used to specifically describe the intensity of salinity stratification. Salinity stratification in the Topical Pacific Ocean has both spatial and temporal variability. Over the western and eastern equatorial Pacific, the LMN has a large magnitude with a shallow HD, and both have completely opposite distributions outside of the equatorial region. An obvious seasonal cycle in the LMN occurs in the north side of eastern equatorial Pacific and freshwater flux forcing dominates the seasonal variations, followed by subsurface forcing.At the eastern edge of the western Pacific warm pool around the dateline, significant interannual variation of salinity stratification occurs and is closely related to the El Ni?o Southern Oscillation event. When an El Ni?o event occurs, the precipitation anomaly freshens sea surface and the thermocline shoaling induced by the westerly wind anomaly lifts salty water upward, together contribute to the positive salinity stratification anomaly over the eastern edge of the warm pool. The interannual variations in ocean stratification can slightly affect the propagation of first baroclinic gravity waves.     

长江河口北槽弯道横向次生流、混合与层化

2013年2月25至26日(枯季/大潮)、7月23至24日(洪季/大潮)分别在长江河口北槽弯道沿着3条横向测线CS6、CSW和CS3(每条测线上有北、中、南3个站位)测得水位、流速、盐度和含沙量的时间序列资料。通过这些资料的定量计算、分析,理解弯道横向次生流、混合与层化的时、空变化和各种物理机制及其相对重要性。3条横向测线均存在横向次生流,且横向测线CS3还出现横向次生环流。枯、洪季,仅在横向测线CS6、CS3出现环状欧拉余流。枯、洪季,沿着横向测线CS3,3个站位的横向斜压梯度比离心加速度和科氏加速度都大1~2个数量级,而后两项大小接近且数量级都是10-4,罗斯贝数在1左右。这些表明:横向次生流受横向斜压梯度、离心加速度和科氏加速度共同驱动,前一项相对于后两项更加重要。沿着3条横向测线:1)枯、洪季大潮,平均势能差异分别约为54.23、66.56 J/m3,表明洪季层化强于枯季;2)枯季涨潮,平均的势能差异普遍小于落潮,而洪季涨潮,平均的势能差异普遍大于落潮,表明枯、洪季湍流混合均存在潮汐不对称性;3)枯季,由横向、纵向水深平均应变(ΦS-y、ΦS-x)引起的势能差异变化率的范围分别是-67×10~(-3)~37×10~(-3)、-7×10~(-3)~11×10~(-3)W/m~3,而洪季,相应的范围分别是-45×10~(-3)~30×10~(-3)、-14×10~(-3)~13×10~(-3)W/m~3,表明枯、洪季差异不明显,横向水深平均应变(ΦS-y)均大于纵向水深平均应变(ΦS-x),前项对水体混合与层化的影响更大;4)枯季大潮,纵向平流(ΦA-x)、横向平流(ΦA-y)、纵向水深平均应变(ΦS-x)和横向水深平均应变(ΦS-y)的潮汐平均绝对值占四项总和之比例分别为26%、33%、18%和23%,而洪季大潮,相应的值的比例分别为13%、9%、22%和56%,表明枯季,平流项(ΦA-y最大)对混合与层化的控制可能占主导地位;洪季,应变项(ΦS-y最大)可能占主导地位。无量纲数(m)被用于判别横向平流(ΦA-y)、横向水深-平均应变(ΦS-y)的相对重要性。一个概念性模式被用于显示层化与横向次生流/环流的相互关系。     

Detection of Pacific tropical water variability by taut-line moorings in the western equatorial Pacific

This study uses temperature and salinity time series acquired with taut-line moorings in the western equatorial Pacific to investigate water mass behavior on the thermocline layer. Basically, it is insufficient to trace water mass variation by the original discrete depth coordinate data because of relatively high variability of density at fixed depth near the thermocline. A reconstruction method based on the density surface motion caused by tidal forcing was used to derive continuous profiles of temperature and salinity from vertically discrete measurements at fixed depths. This method can represent detailed vertical salinity structures and their variation, especially along the potential density surface of 24.8σ_θ, where the salinity maximum of South Pacific tropical water (SPTW) appeared. Variability around the 24.8σ_θ surface at each site was as large as that observed at the surface, which suggests a strong influence of SPTW behavior. High salinity along the 24.8σ_θ surface within the equatorial band of the western Pacific appeared during boreal fall-winter at sites far from New Guinea. In contrast, high salinity appeared near New Guinea during the boreal spring-summer. These features suggest the influence of the New Guinea Coastal Undercurrent. Over longer time scales, several higher salinity events were observed. The most pronounced salinity event occurred during 2007–2008. Interannual variation of the salinity anomaly along the 24.8σ_θ surface was negatively correlated with the Niño 3.4 sea surface temperature anomaly. A long-term salinity anomaly shift from negative to positive occurred around the end of 2002. The relationship with decadal variation in subtropical cell transport is also discussed.     

盐度对变化2014年东北太平洋“暖泡”的作用

A significant strong, warm "Blob"(a large circular water body with a positive ocean temperature anomaly)appeared in the Northeast Pacific(NEP) in the boreal winter of 2013–2014, which induced many extreme climate events in the US and Canada. In this study, analyses of the temperature and salinity anomaly variations from the Array for Real-time Geostrophic Oceanography(Argo) data provided insights into the formation of the warm"Blob" over the NEP. The early negative salinity anomaly dominantly contributed to the shallower mixed layer depth(MLD) in the NEP during the period of 2012–2013. Then, the shallower mixed layer trapped more heat in the upper water column and resulted in a warmer sea surface temperature(SST), which enhanced the warm"Blob". The salinity variability contributed to approximately 60% of the shallowing MLD related to the warm"Blob". The salinity anomaly in the warm "Blob" region resulted from a combination of both local and nonlocal effects. The freshened water at the surface played a local role in the MLD anomaly. Interestingly, the MLD anomaly was more dependent on the local subsurface salinity anomaly in the 100–150 m depth range in the NEP.The salinity anomaly in the 50–100 m depth range may be linked to the anomaly in the 100–150 m depth range by vertical advection or mixing. The salinity anomaly in the 100–150 m depth range resulted from the eastward transportation of a subducted water mass that was freshened west of the dateline, which played a nonlocal role.The results suggest that the early salinity anomaly in the NEP related to the warm "Blob" may be a precursor signal of interannual and interdecadal variabilities.     

夏季珠江口溶解氧垂向输运数值模拟研究

通过建立一个珠江口三维水质模型,对夏季珠江口溶解氧垂向输运进行研究。结果表明:潮汐、风及上升流间歇性破坏层化,令溶解氧垂向对流及扩散通量的方向和大小随潮汐发生周期性变化。在西四口门海域,由于水体层化稳定,垂向上对流及扩散作用产生的溶解氧输运通量都较小,且相互平衡;在伶仃洋内的深槽,径流与潮汐的相互作用强烈,层化被间歇性地打破,溶解氧的垂向对流通量大于扩散通量,导致底层溶解氧浓度产生波动;在伶仃洋内的西部浅滩上,层化相对稳定,溶解氧的垂向扩散通量大于对流通量。这表明在珠江口不同区域,垂向的对流扩散作用对溶解氧垂向输运起不同作用,从而影响表底层溶解氧的浓度。     

基于改进的RCA水质模型对珠江口夏季缺氧及初级生产力的数值模拟研究

针对珠江口藻类生长受泥沙遮光限制明显的问题, 对RCA(row and column of Aesop)三维水质模型进行改进, 加入泥沙模块及悬沙遮光对藻类生长的限制作用。应用改进的RCA水质模型, 对珠江口的营养盐、浮游植物及溶解氧进行模拟研究, 结果显示, 改进的RCA水质模型较好地再现了洪季珠江口营养盐、浮游植物和溶解氧在水平及垂向上的空间分布, 这表明该水质模型能较好地反映珠江河口中生态因子的关键过程。珠江口的缺氧现象在物理和生化过程的共同作用下, 被限制在伶仃洋的西滩和中滩及磨刀门海域。在洪季, 大量冲淡水进入珠江口形成锋面, 颗粒态有机物(particulate organic matter, POM)在锋面的影响下, 大量集中沉降在伶仃洋的西滩及中滩特定区域及磨刀门外, 产生较高的底泥耗氧率(sediment oxygen demand, SOD)。而在高SOD的区域, 水体分层通常也较明显, 因而产生缺氧现象。另一方面, 伶仃洋水体中磷的限制作用明显, 加上悬浮泥沙的遮光作用, 不利于浮游植物生长, 使得初级生产力低; 而在陆架上, 悬沙浓度减少使初级生产力增加, 但由于海源颗粒有机碳(particulate organic carbon, POC)的沉积分散于整个陆架上, 无法产生伶仃洋内的高SOD区域, 加上水体分层不明显, 并没有产生缺氧现象。