Dating of Quaternary Sediments from Western Borneo, Using Optically Stimulated Luminescence

Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dates from five sites in western Kalimantan are compared with ¹⁴C and thermo-luminescence dates from other sediments in the region. There is now strong evidence that the Old Alluvium of Peninsular Malaysia is of late Pleistocene age and that it can be correlated with the White Sand Complexes of western Borneo. This contrasts with the late Pliocene to mid Pleistocene ages for Old Alluvium, based primarily on stratigraphic deductions, put forward by geoscientists examining the regional tin deposits. This study shows that the upper parts, at least, of the western Borneo White Sand Complexes were deposited mid-way through the last glaciation (76 ka), with extensive terminal Pleistocene re-deposition (11.2-9.8 ka) and at least two gully erosion events during the Holocene (5.8-3.8 ka and 0.48 ka).     

Climatic patterns in a tropical rainforest in Brunei

Meteorological parameters were monitored on an hourly basis over ten months during 1991–2, from altitudes of 45 and 913 metres in an undisturbed tropical rainforest in Brunei, near the north-west coast of Borneo. In general, the observed characteristics of the climate accorded with the regional meteorological systems and with published results from other studies in northern Borneo, although a greater degree of temporal variability was apparent. The seasonal variability was probably enhanced by the El Niño Southern Oscillation event of early 1992. Rainfall events were typically highly variable in nature, although storm intensity profiles were broadly similar. High magnitude and high intensity events are common among the large total number of events. More rain, of generally higher intensity, fell on the mountain. The total daily solar energy receipt was similar at both altitudes owing to greater cloud cover on the mountain. Temperatures varied significantly with season at both altitudes and the mean lapse rate was 4.5°C/km. Relative humidity at 913 metres tended to be significantly higher during the day and significantly lower at night than at 45 metres. Wind directions were dominantly controlled by local mountain and valley wind systems. Wind speeds were significantly higher during the dry seasons and at the higher altitude. Previous studies have shown that small but significant variations in meteorological parameters can have distinct ecological responses, and rainfall characteristics are important controls on geomorphological processes.     

Present‐day stresses in Brunei,NW Borneo: superposition of deltaic and active margin tectonics

The Baram Delta System, Brunei, NW Borneo, is a Tertiary delta system located on an active continental margin. Delta top regions in many Tertiary delta systems (e.g. Niger Delta) are thought to exhibit a normal‐fault stress regime and margin‐parallel maximum horizontal stress orientations. However, unlike in passive margin Tertiary delta systems, two present‐day stress provinces have been previously identified across the Baram Delta System: an inner shelf inverted province with a margin‐normal (NW–SE) maximum horizontal stress orientation and an outer shelf extension province with a margin‐parallel (NE–SW) maximum horizontal stress orientation. Before this study, there were few data constraining the inverted province other than in the vicinity of the Champion Fields. New data from 12 petroleum wells in the western inner shelf and onshore west Brunei presented herein confirm the margin‐normal maximum horizontal stress orientations of the inverted province. A total of 117 borehole breakouts, all documented in shale units, and one drilling‐induced tensile fracture (in a sandstone interval) reveal a mean maximum horizontal stress orientation of 117 with a standard deviation of 19°. This orientation is consistent with contemporary margin‐normal maximum horizontal stress orientations of the inverted province described previously in the vicinity of the Champion Fields that have been linked to basement tectonics of the Crocker–Rajang accretionary complex and associated active margin. However, stress magnitudes calculated using data from these 12 petroleum wells indicate a borderline strike–slip fault to normal fault stress regime for the present day; combined with the absence of seismicity, this suggests that the studied part of the NW Borneo continental margin is currently tectonically quiescent.     

Plate convergence measured by GPS across the Sundaland/Philippine Sea Plate deformed boundary: the Philippines and eastern Indonesia

The western boundary of the Philippine Sea (PH) Plate in the Philippines and eastern Indonesia corresponds to a wide deformation zone that includes the stretched continental margin of Sundaland, the Philippine Mobile Belt (PMB), extending from Luzon to the Molucca Sea, and a mosaic of continental blocks around the PH/Australia/Sunda triple junction. The GPS GEODYSSEA data are used to decipher the present kinematics of this complex area. In the Philippines, the overall scheme is quite simple: two opposing rotations on either side of the left-lateral Philippine Fault, clockwise to the southwest and counterclockwise to the northeast, transfer 55 per cent of the PH/Sundaland convergence from the Manila Trench to the northwest to the Philippine Trench to the southeast. Further south, 80 per cent of the PH/Sunda convergence is absorbed in the double subduction system of the Molucca Sea and less than 20 per cent along both continental margins of northern Borneo. Finally, within the triple junction area between the Sundaland, PH and Australia plates, from Sulawesi to Irian Jaya, preferential subduction of the Celebes Sea induces clockwise rotation of the Sulu block, which is escaping toward the diminishing Celebes Sea oceanic space from the eastward-advancing PH Plate. To the south, we identify an undeformed Banda block that rotates counterclockwise with respect to Australia and clockwise with respect to Sundaland. The kinematics of this block can be defined and enable us to compute the rates of southward subduction of the Banda block within the Flores Trench and of eastward convergence of the Makassar Straits with the Banda block. The analysis made in this paper confirms that this deformation is compatible with the eastward motion of Sundaland with respect to Eurasia determined by the GEODYSSEA programme but is not compatible with the assumption that Sundaland belongs to Eurasia, as was often assumed prior to this study.     

Policy narratives, landholder engagement, and oil palm expansion on the Malaysian and Indonesian frontiers

Over recent decades a structural transformation has affected agriculture in the frontier areas of Malaysian Borneo and Outer Island Indonesia with the rapid conversion of agricultural lands, fallows, and formerly forested areas into oil palm. These frontiers have similar positions in the international political economy of oil palm and have complementary resource endowments. In both cases, state planners face the common challenges of finding a disciplined labour force, delivering land for estate development, maintaining local legitimacy, and dealing with local contestation. Yet there are significant differences in systems of governance and policy frameworks regarding land, shifting capacity of state actors to facilitate the transformation of these agrarian frontiers, and changing degrees of local, national and international contestation. Considering the generic and the specific elements at play in each case, this paper argues that analogous policy narratives have shaped the ways in which landholders have been engaged in the process of oil palm expansion in Malaysia and Indonesia. In both cases, with the shift from state-led to neoliberal governance approaches to agricultural development, the 'frontier' has been created and transformed through policy narratives that facilitate the conversion of whole landscapes into oil palm. This has been achieved by obscuring indigenous forms of agriculture and land tenure, while creating reserves of available 'state' or 'idle' customary land, and counterpoising smallholder 'marginality' and 'backwardness' to the modernity of contemporary estate agriculture.     

Utility of Landsat 7 satellite data for continued monitoring of forest cover change in protected areas in Southeast Asia

Satellite instruments, particularly the Landsat TM (Thematic Mapper) and ETM+ (Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus) series of sensors, are important tools in the interdisciplinary study of tropical forests that are increasingly integrated into studies that monitor changes in vegetation cover within tropical forests and tropical protected areas, and also applied with other types of data to investigate the drivers of land cover change. However, further advances in the use of Landsat to study and monitor tropical forests and protected areas are threatened by the scan line corrector failure on the ETM+ sensor, as well as uncertainty about the continuity of the Landsat mission. Given these problems, this paper illustrates how ETM+ data were used in an interdisciplinary study that effectively monitored forest cover change in Gunung Palung National Park in West Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo. Following 31 May 2003, when the ETM+ sensor's scan line corrector failed, we analysed how this failure impedes our ability to perform a similar study from this date onwards. This analysis uses six simulated post-scan line corrector failure (SLC-off) images and reveals that data gaps caused by SLC-off introduce maximum errors of 1.47 per cent and 4.04 per cent in estimates of forest cover and rates of forest loss, respectively. The analysis also demonstrates how SLC-off has transformed ETM+ data from a complete inventory dataset to a statistical sample with variable sample fraction, and notes how this data loss will confound the use of Landsat data to model land cover change in a spatially explicit manner. We discuss potential limited uses of SLC-off data and suggest alternative sensors that may provide essential remotely sensed data for monitoring tropical forests in Southeast Asia.     

The timing of alluvial sedimentation and floodplain formation in the lowland humid tropics of Ghana, Sierra Leone and western Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo)

Temporal patterns in floodplain genesis and alluvial sedimentation in lowlands tropical rain forest zones of Ghana, Sierra Leone and western Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo) based upon ¹⁴C age determinations are described.Alluvial low terraces or buried sediments in West Africa yielded ages of 36-21 ka. In west Kalimantan a widespread episode of alluviation has yielded dates of 54-51 ka. The 20-13 ka interval was characterised by channel incision with valley floor erosion and neither region records sedimentation. Holocene alluvial sedimentation and floodplain construction in West Africa occurred during two temporal intervals: 10-7 ka and 4 ka to present and in western Kalimantan in response to early Holocene sea level rise followed by late Holocene regression and coastal outgrowth.The clustering of ¹⁴C dates closely corresponds to regional lake level fluctuations and vegetational changes and to global indications of climatic change. We propose that periods of more frequent episodes of accelerated floodplain erosion and reconstitution, channel morpho-sedimentary activity and alluvial accumulation (1) are responses to interstadial and interglacial periods of higher precipitation following intervening periods of cooler and drier conditions; and (2) may be synchronous during the last 60 ka throughout the African and Asian inner humid lowland tropics.     

Impacts of land use and fire on the loss and degradation of lowland forest in 1983–2000 in East Kutai District, East Kalimantan, Indonesia

Deforestation and forest degradation are proceeding rapidly in the lowland forests of Indonesian Borneo. Time series analysis of satellite imagery provides an ideal means of quantifying landscape change and identifying the pathways which lead to the changes. This study investigates the forest and land cover changes by classifying Landsat MSS (Multispectral Scanner), TM (Thematic Mapper) and ETM+ (Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus) images over three time periods (1983–90, 1990–98, and 1998–2000), creating land cover maps for each year and change trajectories for each year-pair. The study area chosen covers an area of 2160 km² of undulating topography and alluvial plains in the East Kutai District of East Kalimantan Province, which in the 1980s was covered mostly with lowland dipterocarp forest; today the landscape is a patchwork dominated by oil palm and timber plantations and degraded forest. We relate land cover change data to land use allocation and to fire impacts based on fire hotspot distribution and fire damage information. The multidate land cover change trajectories provide an insight into the forest loss and degradation pathways over the 17-year period spanning the first entry of commercial logging concessionaires, followed by a government-sponsored transmigration scheme, government-licensed timber and oil palm plantations and, finally, the devastating fires of 1998. The results show a mean deforestation rate of 42 km² or 6 per cent per year for 1983–2000, rising to 10 per cent per year for 1990–98; by 2000, 70 per cent of forest initially damaged by fire and drought during the 1982–83 El Niño event was classified as non-forest. Although our study area is perhaps a worst-case scenario in terms of land use planning outcomes, the lessons from this research are directly applicable to scenario prediction for informed forest and land use planning and monitoring.     

Conference on historical cartography

Studies of the Central Business District and Urbun Freewuy Development. Edgar M. Horwood, and Ronald K. Boyce.

Fundamentals of Transportation. William L. Grossman.

Covered Wagon Geologist. Gharles N. Gould.

Glossary of Meteorology. Ralph E. Huschke

Essentials of Geography, 2nd edition. Otis W. Freemanand H. F. Raup.

Industrial Directory of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 1959

Directory of Texas Manufacturers, 1960.

Glaze, Its Meteorolgy and Climatology, Geographical Distribution, and Economic Efficts. Iven Bennett.

Samples of Climatic Frequency Data. Sigmund J. Falkowski.

Yama Summer Microclimate. Arthur V. Doddand Harry S. McPhilimy.

Climatic Analogs of Fort Grelly, Alaska and Fort Churchill, Canada in North America. Andrew D. Hastincs.

Analogs of Canal Zone Climate in Indonesia, The Philippines, and Borneo: Canal Zone Analogs VII. Will F. Thompson.

Analogs of Canal Zone Climate in Australia and New Cuinea: Canal Zone Analogs VIII. Walter B. Blairand Jack V. Chambers.

The Atlas of Kenya. R. J. Butler.

Aerial Photographic Interpretation: Principles and Applications. Donald R. Lueder.

Arabian Sands. Wilfred Thesiger. E. P.

Races and People. William C. Boydand Issac Asimov.

Areal Study and Location Theory – Some Methodological Examination of Economic Geography. Kiyoji Murata.

Our Mineral Resources. Charles M. Riley.

Early Maps of the Ohio Valley. Lloyd Arnold Brown.

Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution.     

基于气候特征的低碳城市评价指标体系构建

当前低碳城市评价指标体系中对气候因素的影响缺乏深入的研究。基于气候特征,构建了低碳城市评价指标体系框架,建立了基于气候特征的低碳城市评价指标体系。该指标体系充分考虑了气候因素的影响,将低碳城市评价指标区分为受气候直接影响的指标和非气候直接影响的指标,并根据气候影响碳排放的关系框架,建立了包含32项指标的三级评价指标体系。     

Archipelagos and networks: urbanization and water privatization in the South

This paper examines the interrelationship between urbanization and water supply privatization in cities in the global South. The purpose of the paper is not to evaluate the impacts of privatization; rather, the paper analyses the differences in pathways and modes of water supply privatization, focusing on urban and contrasting with rural areas. A distinction is drawn between privatization (organizational change) and commercialization (institutional change) of water supply. Emphasis is placed upon the interrelationship between regulatory change (a shift from public to private management of water supply systems), human use of and access to water, and urban waterscapes. In contrast to metaphors of 'networks' so often applied in analyses of water management, the 'archipelago' is posited as a metaphor which better captures the complex overlapping strategies of water supply provision in urban areas in the South. Building on this metaphor, and in response to the 'public–private' dualism often invoked in studies of privatization, the paper outlines an alternative typology of water management in urban areas in the South. This typology foregrounds the concepts of the territorialization of corporate power as a means of understanding the articulation between privatization and urbanization processes in the South.     

基于供求关系的庐山旅游地生命周期驱动力分析

总结前人对旅游地生命周期影响因素的研究,基于经济供求视角,指出旅游产品的供求矛盾是影响旅游地生命周期演化的根本驱动力,构建了旅游产品影响因素的供求矛盾驱动模型。并以"世界文化景观"庐山为例,划分其生命周期阶段,分析各阶段的供求矛盾,验证了供求矛盾驱动模型的科学性和有效性。分析当前庐山旅游的供求矛盾,并提出相应的对策与建议。     

辽宁海运货流与东北区域经济发展

在定性分析了东北区经济发展与辽宁港口货流之间关系的基础上,用主成份回归分析的方法,进一步探讨了辽宁港口主要航线货流的变化趋势与东北区经济发展之间的关系。     

试论西藏之地缘政治态势——科索沃危机后的国家安全思考

本文分析指出民族宗教问题是科索沃危机产生的诱因,认为西藏问题与科索沃问题有其相似性,是我国周边安全中的最大隐患。文章同时深入阐明了西藏的地缘局势及西藏中印边界问题、主权问题、人权问题等当代西藏地缘政治中的焦点问题。最后,提出我国处理西藏问题的若干对策建议。     

中国在东亚地区的合作与竞争

合作与竞争并存是地区经济一体化乃至经济全球化过程中的重要特征，是当今世界各国在经济发展过程中必须处理好的重大课题。本文简要分析了中国同东亚其他各主要经济体之间合作与竞争关系的现状，预测了其发展前景，并提出了若干战略措施，以使中国同上述经济体的合作进一步加强，竞争更加有序。     

粤港生产性服务业合作发展研究

粤港两地要提高合作的层次，就要以服务业为重点，而生产性服务业是服务经济迅速发展的根本力量，两地加强在生产性服务业方面的合作既十分必要，又具有现实意义。文章主要探讨了粤港两地在生产性服务业方面加强合作的必要性和现实性，并以在东芜进行的问卷调查为例，来说明两地生产性服务业合作的影响因素和存在问题，在此基础上提出一些有益的建议和对策，以推动粤港两地经济的共同发展。     

新兴的环境地貌学

随着人类改造自然能力的增长,人类与环境地貌之间的相互作用加剧,地球表层的地貌系统在自然地域分异的基础上,出现的新的内容和特征。地貌演化不再是纯自然的过程,而且,人工地貌、人工—自然混合地貌占的比重增加了。因此,有必要对人、环境与地貌的作用机制,地貌的环境意义等问题进行研究,于是,环境地貌学应运而生。与传统地貌学不同的是,环境地貌学从人类活动与环境地貌相互作用的角度,运用系统论、综合分析方法,厚今薄古,研究现存地貌特征及后效,做出环境地貌的经济评价,探讨环境地貌的社会文化效应。本文拟对环境地貌学的产生、学科性质、研究内容和方法进行探讨,希望有助于促进环境地貌学的研究。     

产业发展与区域创新中的长三角城市网络——基于搜索引擎超链接的分析

通过搜集和处理互联网中的关键词数据,测度了在产业发展和区域创新两个方面的长三角城市网络空间体系,并研究了长三角城市之间的网络协作关系。研究表明,网络信息空间所折射的长三角城市网络与实体空间中的城市网络存在较大差异,主要体现在中小城市表现活跃,以及网络信息空间所呈现的平面化网络特征。但本文的分析也表明城市地理区位、地理邻近性及网络信息传播的特征是影响城市网络差异的主要因素。总的来说,网络信息空间中的城市网络形成是一个复杂机制的结果,在信息传播和基础地理条件等各种因素的相互作用中持续演化。     

山东省城镇网络结构与城镇网络角色识别——基于民国时期土货／洋货流通网络的分析

本文运用复杂网络分析方法,基于1932年的山东省城镇间土洋货流通的基础数据,建立了城镇间的关系矩阵,讨论了1932年时山东省城镇间土洋货流通网络的全网结构特征,并识别出网络中的城镇角色和关键链接。研究发现：第一,城镇度符合幂律分布,绝大多数城镇度值较低,少数几个城镇度值较高。网络连通性差,城镇节点度与聚集系数为负相关关...