利用Jason-1数据监测呼伦湖水位变化

卫星测高为内陆水域水位变化的实时和连续监测提供了一种高效的技术工具．但是这种应用受到数据点覆盖稀疏的限制。利用Jason-13年（2002-2004）GDRs测高数据作简单的数据编辑,并进行必要的地球物理改正．最后得到内蒙古地区呼伦湖水位变化的时间序列。呼伦湖地区由于近年来持续干旱,水位呈现明显的下降趋势．年平均下降约0．3～0．5m。在一般的内陆水域．水位变化主要取决于降雨量和蒸发量,所以,根据卫星测高所得的水位变化信息．可以为区域气候变化的研究提供一种全新的技术与方法。     

基于多源测高数据建立平均海面高模型

利用多源卫星测高数据构建9°～19°N、110°～116°E范围内分辨率为1′×1′的平均海面高模型,对ERM数据的共线平均、GM数据的时变改正、单星及多星间交叉点平差、格网化等方法进行阐述。实验结果表明,平均海面高模型与CLS15差值的平均值(mean)、均方根(RMS)、标准差(STD)分别为0.59 cm、 2.85 cm、2.79 cm,与DTU18差值的mean、RMS、STD分别为2.06 cm、4.17 cm、3.62 cm。利用独立于模型的测高数据(Sentinel-3B、HY-2B)验证模型的精度,建立MSS时使用HY-2A、Jason-3和Sentinel-3A卫星数据,再通过与T/P(TOPEX/Poseidon)数据的对比,分析新数据对MSS的提升作用。     

基于主波峰的自适应波形重跟踪算法研究

构建基于主波峰的自适应波形重跟踪算法（AMWRT）。首先提取主波峰,然后对主波峰分别应用经典的重心偏移法（OCOG）及阈值法（threshold）进行波形重跟踪,并进行精度比较,得到最优的观测水位。将AMWRT、OCOG和threshold法应用于长江中游地区,结果表明：1）测高卫星观测的长时间水位序列与水文站实测数据趋势较为一致;2）AMWRT算法相较于OCOG法及threshold法表现良好,比其中表现最好的经典threshold_0.5法的精度提高了30%,其绝对平均误差（MAE）和均方根误差（RMSE）分别降低至0.55 m和0.72 m。     

洞庭湖区洲土变化特征与地壳沉降遥感研究

洞庭湖泥沙淤积严重,多年平均泥沙淤积量达14,334万t/a;同时,洞庭湖又处于不均匀的地壳沉降中,沉降速率达5.00～31.3 mm/a.作者应用20世纪70年代和90年代两个时段18个时相卫星遥感数据,系统地调查量算了不同水位时洲滩的出露面积.在此基础上,根据不同水位时来水来沙规律及洲土面积与水位的变化关系,利用现代航天对地观测技术有效地论证了洞庭湖的地壳沉降与湖盆泥沙淤积.研究表明,洞庭湖仍处于不断沉降中,在平水位以下或洪水位以上,地壳沉降速率均大于泥沙淤积速率.     

利用Cryosat-2 SAR模式数据确定北冰洋海平面模型

围绕Cryosat-2卫星SAR模式测高数据处理方法展开研究,利用决策树算法确定冰间水道观测值提取的参数和阈值,进而建立北冰洋海冰覆盖海域的海平面模型UST-CS2。结果表明,UST-CS2与DTU21海平面模型具有较高的一致性。ICESat-2激光测高数据的验证结果表明,UST-CS2的标准差为10.72 cm,与DTU21等模型精度基本持平,证明该模型具有可靠性。     

利用卫星测高技术研究地面沉降的初步探讨

基于雷达波卫星测高技术,通过数据处理获取华北平原和华东地区的地面沉降数据;优化地球物理参数和环境改正数,利用高精度SRTM模型进行地形坡度改正,通过改进的阈值算法提高测高数据的观测精度。将获取的地面沉降速率与GNSS基准站观测结果进行比较,偏差为-3.4±9.1 mm/a,相关性为0.88。采用阈值法和改进阈值法进行波形重跟踪改正的偏差分别为-3.2±5.5 mm/a和-2.9±4.1 mm/a,相关系数分别为0.94和0.97。实验结果表明,卫星测高可应用于地面沉降监测研究,尤其在缺少GNSS或传统水准监测数据的偏远地区的地面沉降监测中具有重要的研究价值。     

应用SPSS分析降水年际年内变化对泉水动态影响—以济南明水泉域百脉泉群为例

该文以济南明水泉域百脉泉群为例,运用SPSS软件,采用皮尔逊(pearson)相关系数法,分析了大气降水年际变化、年内变化对泉水流量及水位的影响。分析表明:前一年降水及前二年降水量与泉水流量呈强相关关系,当年降水对泉水流量影响相对较小,呈中等相关关系;当年降水与前一年降水与泉水水位为强相关关系,前二年降水影响略小,为中等相关关系;泉水月流量与前2、3个月降水有较强的相关性,泉水水位则与前2个月大气降水具有中等相关性。丰水年及平水年泉流量、水位高峰值在时间上较降水的高峰值推迟1~3个月,泉水水位最大日升幅一般滞后某一次大的降水过程之后1~2天。     

三峡水库运行后洞庭湖湿地的变化及合理利用建议

洞庭湖区湿地分人工湿地和自然湿地。人工湿地指垸田：自然湿地指水深小于6m的外湖及洲滩,其中洲滩面积22．75万hm^2。本文是指自然湿地。三峡水库2003年6月1日开始的135m水位蓄水至今快两年了,通过近两年的运行,洞庭湖湿地发生了什么变化,如何面对这一变化,这是一个值得我们关注和探讨的问题。     

顾及星历数据龄期的北斗IGSO、MEO卫星空间信号精度分析

利用2013~2015年广播星历数据分析北斗系统3类卫星广播星历中星历数据龄期的特性，并针对北斗系统IGSO卫星和MEO卫星数据龄期分布特性，分析不同数据龄期条件下的两类卫星空间信号精度。结果表明，卫星数据龄期具有周期性，并和卫星所处轨道面具有一致性。对于IGSO卫星，平均数据龄期在1.7 h左右，最大数据龄期可以达到7 h。仅考虑轨道情况下，不同数据龄期条件下空间信号精度差异最大可以达到0.5 m。对于MEO卫星，平均数据龄期在11 h左右，最大数据龄期可以达到2 d甚至以上。仅考虑轨道情况下，不同数据龄期条件下空间信号精度差异IGSO卫星最大达到0.9 m。IGSO卫星2013~2015年平均URE分别为0.81 m、0.84 m、1.11 m；MEO卫星2013~2015年平均URE分别为0.84 m、0.82 m、1.04 m。     

地基GNSS区域电离层延迟实时格网算法研究

采用中国区域陆态网络跟踪站的GNSS数据,利用载波相位平滑后的组合伪距观测值提取电离层延迟,扣除由CODE产品确定的卫星硬件延迟,利用半变异函数确定VTEC的空间相关性以及由经验值确定的时间相关性,建立VTEC和接收机DCB的随机模型,实现区域电离层实时格网建模。结果表明,模型99.7%的残差分布在1 m以内,内符合精度约0.3 m。以IGS电离层GIM为参考,格网点VTEC周日变化特征与之符合较好。接收机硬件延迟比较稳定,日变化量在1.5 ns以内;利用IGS卫星硬件延迟和球谐系数,从原始观测信息中分离出区域测站接收机硬件延迟,以此为参考,周日均值较差在2 ns以内。     

Construction of lake bathymetry from MODIS satellite data and GIS from 2003 to 2011

In recent years, sedimentation conditions in Dongting Lake have varied greatly because of significant changes in runoff and sediment load in the Changjiang （Yangtze） River following the construction of Three Gorges Dam. The topography of the lake bottom has changed rapidly because of the intense exchange of water and sediment between the lake and the Changjiang River. However, time series information on lake-bottom topographic change is lacking. In this study, we introduced a method that combines remote sensing data and in situ water level data to extract a record of Dongting Lake bottom topography from 2003 to 2011. Multi-temporal lake land/water boundaries were extracted from MODIS images using the linear spectral mixture model method. The elevation of water/land boundary points were calculated using water level data and spatial interpolation techniques. Digital elevation models of Dongting Lake bottom topography in different periods were then constructed with the multiple heighted waterlines. The mean root-mean-square error of the linear spectral mixture model was 0.036, and the mean predicted error for elevation interpolation was -0.19 m. Compared with field measurement data and sediment load data, the method has proven to be most applicable. The results show that the topography of the bottom of Dongting Lake has exhibited uneven erosion and deposition in terms of time and space over the last nine years. Moreover, lake-bottom topography has undergone a slight erosion trend within this period, with 58.2% and 41.8% of the lake-bottom area being eroded and deposited, respectively.     

DEM在湖泊水文变化研究中的应用进展

在全球变化背景下,湖泊水文的动态变化不仅是评估和预测气候与环境变化的重要指示剂,同时对社会可持续发展、水资源的开发与利用、生态文明建设等产生重要影响。湖泊水文的动态变化受到湖滨及湖底地形的控制,数字高程模型（DEM）成为湖泊水文研究的重要数据源。随着遥测技术的发展,高分辨率、区域/全球大尺度DEM数据的获取手段快速发展、数据源不断丰富,DEM对推动湖泊水文动态研究进展起到了关键作用。本文首先基于Web of Science平台对DEM在湖泊水文动态研究中的相关文献进行了分析,阐述了该主题现有研究在发文时间、发文数量增减态势、研究区域与热点地区、文献所涉及的DEM数据等方面的特点。接着,围绕着DEM在湖泊水文动态的研究中4个主要方向：湖泊水域变化、湖泊水位变化、湖泊水量变化、湖泊水文灾害情势,重点总结：DEM与其他遥感观测平台、实地观测及模型模拟等多源数据的融合策略,数字地形分析与水文学分析、遥感影像分析等方法的集成策略,以及DEM数据不确定性等对湖泊水文变化研究的影响。最后,本文论述了目前DEM在湖泊水文研究中存在的关键问题,并结合技术发展趋势和研究热点问题,提出了可能的解决路径和未来的研究前景。     

Absolute calibration of HY-2A and Jason-2 altimeters for sea surface height using GPS buoy in Qinglan,China

GPS buoy methodology is one of the main calibration methodologies for altimeter sea surface height calibration.This study introduces the results of the Qinglan calibration campaign for the HY-2 A and Jason-2 altimeters.It took place in two time slices;one was from August to September 2014,and the other was in July 2015.One GPS buoy and two GPS reference stations were used in this campaign.The GPS data were processed using the real-time kinematic(RTK)technique.The final error budget estimate when measuring the sea surface height(SSH)with a GPS buoy was better than 3.5 cm.Using the GPS buoy,the altimeter bias estimate was about-2.3 cm for the Jason-2 Geophysical Data Record(GDR)Version 'D' and from-53.5 cm to-75.6 cm for the HY-2 A Interim Geophysical Data Record(IGDR).The bias estimates for Jason-2 GDR-D are similar to the estimates from dedicated calibration sites such as the Harvest Platform,the Crete Site and the Bass Strait site.The bias estimates for HY-2 A IGDR agree well with the results from the Crete calibration site.The results for the HY-2 A altimeter bias estimated by the GPS buoy were verified by cross-calibration,and they agreed well with the results from the global analysis method.     

Remote Detection of Varying Water Storage in Relation to Surfacial Temperature of Aral Sea

Lake monitoring by remote sensing is of significant importance to understanding the lake and ambient ecological and environmental processes. In particular, whether lake water storage variation could predict lake surfacial temperature or vice versa has long fascinated the research community, in that it would greatly benefit the monitoring missions and scientific interpretation of the lake change processes. This study attempted to remotely detect the dynamics of the Aral Sea and pursue the relationships between varying lake water storage attributes and surface water temperature by using MODIS LST(Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Land Surface Temperature) 8-day composite products, satellite altimeter data, and actual meteorological measurements. Their associations with lake Surface Water Temperatures(SWT) were then analyzed. Results showed the lake water surface areas and elevations of the North Aral Sea tended to increasing trend from 2001(2793.0 km~2, 13.6 m) to 2015(6997.8 km~2, 15.9 m), while those of the South Aral Sea showed a decreasing trend during 2001(20 434.6 km~2, 3.9 m) and 2015(3256.1 km~2, 0.9 m). In addition, the annual daytime and nighttime lake SWT both decreased in the North Aral Sea, while only the daytime SWT in the South Aral Sea exhibited an increase, indicating a rising deviation of diurnal temperatures in the South Aral Sea during the past 15 yr. Moreover, a lower correlation was found between variations in the daytime SWT and storage capacity in the South Aral Sea(R~2 = 0.33; P 0.05), no fair correlations were tested between lake water storage and daytime SWT in the North Aral Sea nor between lake water storage and nighttime SWT in either part of the sea. These results implied that climate change, if any at least during the research period, has no significant effects on lake dynamics over the two sectors of the Aral Sea with anthropogenic disturbances. However, climate change and human activities may overlap to explain complex consequences in the lake storage variations. Our results may provide a reference for monitoring the spatiotemporal variations of lakes, increasing understanding of the lake water storage changes in relation to the lake SWT, which may benefit the ecological management of the Aral Sea region, in the effort to face the likely threats from climate change and human activities to the region.     

Dynamic changes in lakes in the Hoh Xil region before and after the 2011 outburst of Zonag Lake

Zonag, Kusai, Hedin Noel and Yanhu Lakes are independent inland lakes in the Hoh Xil region on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. In September2011, Zonag Lake burst after the water level had increased for many years. Floods flowed through Kusai and Hedin Noel Lakes into Yanhu Lake; since then, the four small endorheic catchments merged into one larger catchment. This hydrological process caused the rapid shrinkage of Zonag Lake and continuous expansion of Yanhu Lake. In this study,based on satellite images, meteorological data and field investigations, we examined the dynamic changes in the four lakes and analyzed the influencing factors. The results showed that before 2011, the trends in the four lake areas were similar and displayed several stages. The change in the area of Zonag Lake corresponded well to the change in annual precipitation(AP), but the magnitude of the change was less than that of a non-glacier-fed lake. Although increased precipitation was the dominant factor that caused Zonag Lake to expand, increased glacier melting and permafrost thawing due to climate warming also had significant effects. After the 2011 outburst of Zonag Lake, due to the increasing AP and accelerating glacier melting, the increases in water volume of the three lakes were absorbed by Yanhu Lake, and Yanhu Lake expanded considerably. According to the rapid growth rates in water level and lake area, Yanhu Lake is likely to burst in 1-2 years.     

Assessment of total suspended sediment concentrations in Poyang Lake using HJ-1A/1B CCD imagery

We explored the potential of the environment and disaster monitoring and forecasting small satellite constellations (HJ-1A/1B satellites) charge-coupled device (CCD) imagery (spatial resolution of 30 m, revisit time of 2 days) in the monitoring of total suspended sediment (TSS) concentrations in dynamic water bodies using Poyang Lake, the largest freshwater lake in China, as an example. Field surveys conducted during October 17-26, 2009 showed a wide range of TSS concentration (3-524 mg/L). Atmospheric correction was implemented using the Fast Line-of-sight Atmospheric Analysis of Spectral Hypercubes (FLAASH) module in ENVI with the aid of aerosol information retrieved from concurrent Terra/Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) surveys, which worked well at the CCD bands with relatively high reflectance. A practical exponential retrieval algorithm was created between satellite remote sensing reflectance and in-situ measured TSS concentration. The retrieved results for the whole water area matched the in-situ data well at most stations. The retrieval errors may be related to the problem of scale matching and mixed pixel. In three selected subregions of Poyang Lake, the distribution trend of retrieved TSS was consistent with that of the field investigation. It was shown that HJ-1A/1B CCD imagery can be used to estimate TSS concentrations in Poyang Lake over synoptic scales after applying an appropriate atmospheric correction method and retrieval algorithm.     

Mapping of freshwater lake wetlands using object-relations and rule-based inference

Inland freshwater lake wetlands play an important role in regional ecological balance.Hongze Lake is the fourth biggest freshwater lake in China.In the past three decades,there has been significant loss of freshwater wetlands within the lake and at the mouths of neighboring rivers,due to disturbance,primarily from human activities.The main purpose of this paper was to explore a practical technology for differentiating wetlands effectively from upland types in close proximity to them.In the paper,an integrated method,which combined per-pixel and per-field classification,was used for mapping wetlands of Hongze Lake and their neighboring upland types.Firstly,Landsat ETM+ imagery was segmented and classified by using spectral and textural features.Secondly,ETM+ spectral bands,textural features derived from ETM+ Pan imagery,relative relations between neighboring classes,shape features,and elevation were used in a decision tree classification.Thirdly,per-pixel classification results from the decision tree classifier were improved by using classification results from object-oriented classification as a context.The results show that the technology has not only overcome the salt-and-pepper effect commonly observed in the past studies,but also has improved the accuracy of identification by nearly 5%.     

Comparison between BCR sequential extraction and geo-accumulation method to evaluate metal mobility in sediments of Dongting Lake, Central China

The form in which a metal exists strongly influences its mobility and thus, the effects on the environment. Operational methods of speciation analysis, such as the use of sequential extraction procedures, are commonly applied. The Dongting Lake, the second largest fresh-water lake in China, contains three China wetlands of international importance, the East Dongting Lake, South Dongting Lake, and West Dongting Lake. In this work, an optimized BCR sequential extraction procedure was used to assess the environmental risk of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in contaminated sediment of the Dongting Lake. The procedure was evaluated by using a certified reference material, BCR701. The results of the partitioning study indicated that in the lake sediments, more easily mobilized forms （acid exchangeable） were predominant for Cd, particularly in the samples from the East Dongting Lake. In contrast, the largest amount of Pb was associated with the iron and manganese oxide fractions and Cu, Zn, Cr, and Ni analyzed were mainly distributed in residual phase at an average percentage greater than 60% of the total metals. The potential risk to the lake＇s water contamination was highest in the East Dongting Lake based on the calculated contamination factors. On the other hand, the total metal content was determined as well by inductively coupled plasma and mass spectrometry （ICP-MS） and assessed by using geo-accumulation index. The assessment results using geo-accumulation index were compared with the information on metal speciation. Both were correspondent with each other.     

STUDIES ON WATER STAGE FLUCTUATION OF YAMZHO LAKE IN XIZANG

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