伶仃洋洪季潮波传播变形及不对称性规律分析

珠江河口伶仃洋水域潮波传播变形及其不对称性关系对河口动力环境和物质输运产生影响。研究根据珠江口伶仃洋及东四口门19个潮位站2011年6月实测逐时潮位, 利用收缩河型沿程潮幅解析理论, 阐释伶仃洋从桂山岛上行沿程潮汐传播规律特征; 在调和分析基础上, 应用偏度理论和分潮组合分析方法, 阐明了伶仃洋东西岸及洪奇门、蕉门内潮汐不对称性分布特征, 对照数值研究结果, 指出伶仃洋至虎门之间水域导致潮汐不对称性的主控因素及响应规律。研究表明, 河口平面形态呈近似指数收缩特征的伶仃洋, 沿程潮幅的变化符合指数收缩型河口波幅解析变化规律, 东岸潮幅高于西岸的主要原因是东岸水深大于西岸, 其次是科氏力影响; 行进潮波虽受地形摩擦耗能及非线性作用下不同频率分潮间能量迁移的影响, 但收缩河口能量汇聚效应可以保证收缩段天文分潮潮幅减缓衰减甚至增加, 半日分潮能量汇聚效果强于全日分潮, 各非线性项作用促使浅水分潮产生并持续增能, 保证一定距离内沿程潮幅的增大; 潮汐不对称性的偏度由湾口落潮占优向湾顶涨潮占优发展, 在伶仃洋中部赤湾至金星港一线转为涨潮占优, 产生该现象的原因是自湾口向湾顶不同频率间天文分潮K₁-O₁-M₂的相互作用, 导致表现为落潮优势潮的不对称性减弱, 而天文分潮M₂和其对应的浅水分潮倍潮M₄组合作用使涨潮优势偏度值的不对称性增强; 收缩河口形态属性要素中, 水深是影响潮不对称性的最主要因素。     

长江河口潮波时空特征再分析

长江河口的潮波传播受到近岸及河口浅水地形及长江径流的显著影响,表现出很强的时空变化特征。已有相关研究主要关注徐六泾以下的河口段,还缺少对河口系统的潮波特征分析。本文基于大通、南京、徐六泾和牛皮礁4站的年内连续潮位资料,分析了主要天文分潮和浅水分潮的振幅沿程变化、季节变化特征和规律,认识到洪季大径流对江阴以上的近口段潮汐衰减作用显著大于枯季,而河口段的平均潮差有一定的半年周期变化,年内秋季最大。口内高频浅水分潮振幅在河口下段最大,且洪季大于枯季,低频浅水分潮则在河口上游振幅最大,由此反应径流对潮汐改造的非线性作用。这些认识可为水道航运及相关河口研究提供基础认识。最后本文也指出关于长江河口潮汐特征尚需进一步研究的若干问题,以期下一步工作取得相应进展。     

磨刀门河口近期水文动力变化及人类活动对其影响研究

分析磨刀门河口近几十年来水文动力的变化并重点研究围垦和挖沙这二类人类活动对水文动力变化的影响。磨刀门河口近期水文动力的变化主要表现在:水位升高,主干分流比加大,断面平均流速增大;潮汐动力20世纪607、0年代至90年代初明显减弱,潮差减小,主要分潮振幅变小;20世纪90年代初至21世纪初,潮汐动力增强,潮差增大,主要分潮振幅变大,涨潮量增大。围垦加速了水位的抬升,改变了河口的径流和涨潮量分流比,使河口的断面平均流速增大,减弱了河口的潮汐动力。挖沙使河口潮汐动力增强,降低了水位上升的速度。     

非结构网格三维斜压模型研究人类活动对海南岛清澜潮汐汊道水动力影响

清澜潮汐汊道为海南岛东部一个典型的泻湖-潮汐汊道-沙坝系统,由于其优越的自然条件而成为开发的重点区域。近几年的人类活动主要包括:口门西侧的围填工程,航道的疏浚和八门湾泻湖内的围塘工程。采用SELFE模型,结合观测资料,研究了不同人类活动对潮汐汊道的潮波、潮通量与涨落潮历时、河口重力环流、盐水入侵和河口羽流的影响。结果表明不同的人类活动其对动力的影响不同,口门西侧围填工程减小了潮汐汊道的潮差,对潮通量和盐水入侵影响很小;航道疏浚则加大了潮差和潮通量,加强了河口环流和盐水入侵;泻湖内围塘工程使潮差有所增大,但减小了潮通量,对盐水入侵的影响不显著。口门西侧围填工程改变了河口羽流的路径,而航道疏浚则使河口羽流更加向海扩散。     

珠江“伶仃洋河口湾-虎门-潮汐通道”的潮波传播特征*

珠江“伶仃洋河口湾-虎门-潮汐通道”是珠江河口“网-湾”系统中的特殊地貌结构, 属潮优型河口, 潮波传播受河口湾地形辐聚效应、口门转换效应、潮汐通道辐散效应和底床摩擦等显著影响, 其时空变化复杂。本文根据珠江“伶仃洋河口湾-虎门-潮汐通道”的代表潮位站(赤湾、泗盛围和黄埔)1990—2016年逐日高、低潮位资料, 采用经典调和分析方法提取出主要天文分潮的调和常数, 通过计算获得了分潮振幅梯度及传播速度, 并在此基础上分析了伶仃洋河口湾(赤湾-泗盛围)、潮汐通道(泗盛围-黄埔)和总程(赤湾-泗盛围-黄埔)的潮波传播时空特征。结果表明: 全日分潮的振幅梯度和传播速度年均变化率均比半日分潮大, 其中K₁和O₁分潮的振幅梯度平均每年分别增加9%和18%, 传播速度每年均增加1.4%; M₂和S₂分潮的振幅梯度平均每年分别增加3%和6%, 传播速度每年均增加1%。人类活动导致地形异变, 进而驱动潮波亦发生突变, 伶仃洋河口湾和潮汐通道的M₂分潮传播速度突变年份不同, 分别为2009年和2000年。潮波传播速度突变后, 伶仃洋河口湾、潮汐通道两区段的传播速度和振幅梯度的关系也发生了变化。     

整治工程影响下分汊河口水动力变化研究

本文针对分汊河口一侧河道整治工程对工程汊及非工程汊水动力的影响问题,采用数学模型试验方法,建立了潮汐分汊河口概化数学模型,计算了整治工程(双导堤与丁坝)前后水动力变化,分析了主要分潮M2、M4的潮位、流速沿程变化规律以及工程后丁坝局部流速流向特征,讨论了潮波的变形及不对称性。结果显示,整治工程导致工程汊分流比减小,工程区域内流速增加,工程区外流速减小,非工程汊整体流速增加。工程汊的潮流变形及不对称性均较工程前有所增强,导致外海泥沙盐水通过航槽向上游上溯的距离更长,坝田区内流速明显小于航槽流速,并呈明显的旋转流态势,导致坝田淤积。     

台州湾浅海滩涂大规模围垦下水动力变化分析

基于开源软件TELEMAC-2D建立了台州湾近海潮汐潮流数值模型,对台州湾浅海滩涂大规模围垦前(1984年)和围垦后(2013年)的潮汐潮流进行了模拟计算。从主要分潮潮波分布、潮流场、高低潮位和椒江河口纳潮量4个方面探讨了台州湾浅海滩涂围垦对周边水动力特征的影响。结果表明:滩涂围垦工程对水动力特征的影响局限于围垦区附近水域。围垦后,海域M2分潮波振幅减小,且潮波向岸传播的速度减慢;围垦区附近海域涨落急流速大幅度降低,涨潮流向北偏转,落潮流向南偏转;海域大潮高潮位呈现一定程度的降低,大潮低潮位基本不变;椒江河口纳潮量有较大程度的减少。     

象山港潮波响应和变形研究──Ⅰ.观测和分析

利用实测资料分析了象山港海湾对潮波的响应和湾内潮波变形.结果说明象山港对外海传入的半日潮波的振幅有明显的放大作用.M₄和MS₄两个浅水分潮在湾内快速增长造成了潮波变形和潮不对称性.潮波非线性的沿程变化和不同区域的潮能耗散说明湖滩与潮波变形关系不大,而湖波非线性在牛鼻水道中的增强对湾内潮波变形是重要的,1/4日分潮在湾内的共振作用也对M₄和MS₄两个浅水分潮起了放大作用.     

灌河口潮汐不对称数值模拟研究

建立灌河口平面二维潮流数字模型,并在灌河口口门至陈家港河段沿程布置5个采样点和3个横向断面,通过对各采样点一个月数值模拟结果进行调和分析,得出灌河口M2分潮及其主要倍潮的基本特征,然后利用潮位-流速关系图及通过对动量方程中各项的统计计算,研究了灌河口潮波运动的基本动力平衡、M2的主要倍潮的产生机制及其对潮汐不对称现象的影响。研究认为:灌河口潮汐潮流均属正规半日潮型。M4、M6分潮对于灌河口潮波变形有着重要的影响,M8分潮除在浅滩处外对潮汐不对称的影响很小。在深槽处M4分潮导致最大落(涨)潮流速减小(增大),最大涨(落)潮流速与最高(低)潮位之间的相位差增大。M6分潮的影响与M4基本一致,但其作用明显小于M4分潮。在浅滩处M4分潮导致最大涨落潮流速均大于M2分潮的值,M6和M8分潮使最大涨落潮流速均出现在高潮位附近,但M6、M8使最大涨潮流速减小,而使最大落潮流速增大。外海边界处倍潮波的传入对于口门附近的潮汐不对称有一定影响。M4和M6分潮导致灌河口的潮汐不对称表现为涨潮主导型,潮波运动主要受到压强梯度力、非线性对流和底摩擦力,三者与局地惯性力构成灌河口的基本动力平衡,摩擦力并不是最重要的作用力。     

基于FVCOM模型的珠江河口及其邻近海域的潮汐模拟

基于FVCOM模型,将珠江河网、河口和口外海区作为整体,建立完全三维数值模式,对珠江河口及其邻近海域的潮汐进行数值模拟.采用23个潮位站的潮汐表水位资料对模式进行验证,结果表明模式能比较准确地重现珠江河口的潮汐变化过程.通过对计算结果进行潮汐调和分析,给出了珠江河口区域及近岸海域8个主要分潮的同潮图,讨论了潮波的传播特征.珠江河口潮汐属于混合潮类型,潮型系数介于0.8—1.5.浅水分潮成分很小,最大振幅不超过5cm.对珠江河口的潮差进行统计,给出了珠江河口大潮和小潮期间的潮差大小及分布,大潮时潮差介于2.2—3.1m,小潮时减小到0.6—1.1m.     

Impacts of human interventions on the seasonal and nodal dynamics of the M2 and K1 tidal constituents in Lingdingyang Bay of the Zhujiang River Delta,China

Natural and human-induced changes may exert considerable impacts on the seasonal and nodal dynamics of M₂ and K₁ tidal constituents. Therefore, quantifying the influences of these factors on tidal regime changes is essential for sustainable water resources management in coastal environments. In this study, the enhanced harmonic analysis was applied to extract the seasonal variability of the M₂ and K₁ tidal amplitudes and phases at three gauging stations along Lingdingyang Bay of the Zhujiang River Delta. The seasonal dynamics in terms of tidal wave celerity and amplification/damping rate were used to quantify the impacts of human-induced estuarine morphological alterations on M₂ and K₁ tidal hydrodynamics in inner and outer Lingdingyang Bay. The results show that both tidal amplification/damping rate and wave celerity were considerably increased from the pre-anthropogenic activity period (Pre-AAP) to the post-anthropogenic activity period (Post-AAP) excepting the tidal amplification/damping rate in outer Lingdingyang Bay, and the variations in outer Lingdingyang Bay was larger than those in inner Lingdingyang Bay. The alterations in these two parameters were more significant in flood season than in dry season in both inner and outer Lingdingyang Bay. The seasonal variability of M₂ and K₁ tidal amplitudes were further quantified using a regression model accounting for the 18.61-year lunar nodal modulation, where this study observes a considerable alteration in M₂ constituent owing to human interventions. During the Post-AAP, the M₂ amplitudes at the downstream station were larger than those that would have occurred in the absence of strong human interventions, whereas the opposite was true for the upstream station, leading to a substantial decrease in tidal amplification in outer Lingdingyang Bay. However, it is opposite in inner Lingdingyang Bay. The underlying mechanism can be primarily attributed to channel deepening and narrowing caused by human interventions, that resulted in substantial enlargement of the bay volume and reduced the effective bottom friction, leading to faster wave celerity and stronger amplified waves.     

Preliminary results of the global ocean tide derived from HY-2A radar altimeter data

The HY-2A satellite, which is equipped with a radar altimeter and was launched on August 16, 2011, is the first Chinese marine dynamic environmental monitoring satellite. Extracting ocean tides is one of the important applications of the radar altimeter data. The radar altimeter data of the HY-2A satellite from November 1, 2011 to August 16, 2014 are used herein to extract global ocean tides. The constants representing the tidal constituents are extracted by HY-2A RA data with harmonic analysis ...     

A study of non-linear tidal propagation in shallow inlet/estuarine systems Part I: Observations

The offshore tide becomes strongly distorted as it propagates into shallow estuarine systems. Observations of sea surface elevation and horizontal currents over periods ranging from three days to one year, at nine stations within Nauset inlet/estuary, document the non-linear interaction of the off-shore equilibrium tidal constituents. Despite strong frictional attenuation within the estuary, the overtides and compound tides of M₂, S₂ and N₂, in particular, reach significant amplitude, resulting in strong tidal distortion. High frequency forced constituents in sea surface are phase-locked, consistently leading the forcing tides by 60–70°, resulting in a persistent distortion where falling tide is longer than rising tide. Forced constituents in currents are more nearly in phase with equilibrium constituents, producing flood currents which are shorter but more intense than ebb currents. A compound fortnightly tide, MS_f, modulates the mean water level such that lowest tides occur during neap phase instead of spring phase. This fortnightly tide can be contaminated by storm surge, changing the phase characteristics of this constituent. Implications of the overtides, compound tides, and lower frequency tides on near-bed, suspended and dissolved material transport are profound.     

Tidal effect on nutrient exchange in Xiangshan Bay, China

Xiangshan Bay is an estuary in China which borders on the East China Sea. The circulation in the estuary is driven by tidal movement, residual current, the internal density distribution, and synoptic wind forcing; however, the last three are not the main dynamic factors affecting nutrient transport. Because the estuary tends to be eutrophic, a synoptic study was carried out to assess the influence of tidal movement on the nutrient distribution patterns within the estuary and to estimate the fluxes of nutrient transport between the estuary and the sea. Nitrate and ammonium are found to be exported from the estuarine water to the coastal water under usual tidal conditions, except for storm tides which result in large amounts being imported because of the extremely high concentrations in the coastal bottom water. Exports of phosphate and silicate are shown to be consistent during spring tides and neap tides in all seasons. However, the usual tidal regimes resulted in only minor nutrient exchange except during abnormal events.     

长江河口拦门沙河床淤积和泥沙再悬浮过程

利用近２０年来长江河口所观测的地形、水文、悬沙和河床沉积物资料,着重对１９８８、１９８９、１９９６和１９９７年最新观测资料进行计算分析。结果表明,长江河口航道拦门沙河段来水沙量大,潮流作用强,潮波变形明显,水流挟沙力强。该河段潮流速随时间和空间变化,又处在盐淡水交换地带,流域和海域来沙在此河率时淤时冲,悬沙与床沙交换频繁,表现在涨急、落急时可床淤积层泥沙再次起动悬浮,憩流时只河床,在一个潮周期中含     

三门湾外海的潮汐和潮流特征

针对2009年5月-7月三门湾外海D8和D9两个站位布放的防渔网底拖锚系ADCP连续观测获取的流速资料和水位资料,采用调和分析和功率谱分析等研究方法,分析了该海域的潮汐和潮流特征,结果显示:该海域潮汐类型为正规半日潮,近岸的D9站浅水分潮比离岸的D8站显著,潮汐呈现出回归潮特征。三门湾外海潮流半日分潮能量最大, 各层潮流呈现出旋转流性质;椭圆率随水深增加;M₂、K₁分潮流最大流速均在次表层最大;最大分潮流速发生时刻底层比中、上层提前约半小时;该海域潮流的半日分潮流以正压为主,全日分潮流则表现出较为明显的斜压性。     

Vertical structure of tidal currents in the Xuliujing Section of Changjiang River Estuary

Three long-term fixed acoustic Doppler current profilers were first used for investigating the vertical structure of tidal currents in Xuliujing Section of Changjiang River Estuary. Moreover, three different periods(spring, summer and fall) were also considered for investigating seasonal variations. The semi-diurnal tides were the most energetic, with along-channel speed of up to 80 cm/s for M₂ constituent, which dominates at all stations with percent energy up to 65%–75% during seaso...