开展政策性农业保险气象服务的思考

农业是稳社会、安天下的基础产业,也是一个弱质产业,自然灾害风险是种养业农民利益得失乃至整个产业能否持续发展的“焦点”。连续5年的中央1号文件、“十一五”规划都对政策性农业保险发展提出明确要求,党的十七届三中全会通过的《中共中央关于推进农村改革发展若干重大问题的决定》中提出“发展农村保险事业,健全政策性农业保险制度,加快建立农业再保险和巨灾风险分散机制”的要求。     

IPCC AR6对地球气候系统中反馈机制的新认识

气候反馈反映了气候系统内部对外界干扰的适应过程,在很大程度上影响对未来气候变化的预估。本文对政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）第六次评估报告（AR6）中有关气候反馈的内容进行了梳理。相比第五次评估报告（AR5）,AR6对云反馈的认识有了较大提高,尤其是副热带海洋上空低云的反馈。AR6认为在高信度上云反馈参数为正值,即对气候变化起到一种放大效应。不过,云反馈的不确定范围在所有反馈机制中依然是最大的。除了普朗克反馈外,其他反馈机制（包括水汽、温度直减率、地表反照率、云、生物地球物理和非CO₂生物地球化学反馈）均在正值区间或零附近,总体上对气候变化起到放大效应。AR6对总的气候反馈的估计值为-1.16 W·m^-2·℃^-1,5%～95%的置信区间为[-1.81,-0.51] W·m^-2·℃^-1。随着气候平均态的增暖,气候反馈参数很可能会更靠近正值。     

浅析江西省气候可行性论证工作存在的问题及对策

近年来江西省气候可行性论证工作为工业、农业、金融、保险、交通、电力、能源、城市规划和大型工程建设等国民经济建设提供了重要的科技支撑。本文阐述了江西省气候可行性论证发展存在的问题,提出发展对策,以期为江西省气候可行性论证工作的发展提供借鉴。为更好地发挥气候可行论证在服务江西生态文明建设中的作用,应加强专业人才引进,提高技术服务水平,主动加大宣传力度,提升社会公众对气候论证重要性的认识,增强与政府有关部门沟通和协作,推进部门内外联动机制建设,建立气候可行性论证项目事中事后监管体系,扩大气候可行性论证的社会影响力。     

赣州农业巨灾保险气象灾害指数设计

农业巨灾保险可有效分散灾害的风险,气象灾害是造成农业巨灾的主要灾害之一,因此设计合理的气象灾害保险指数可为农业巨灾保险提供科学的技术支撑.利用赣州市17个县(市、区)国家气象站1981—2020年和区域气象站2011—2020年观测资料,结合赣州气候以及气象灾害出现特点,经专家咨询和调研,确定暴雨、冰霜冻害、干旱和大风等4种气象灾害作为赣州农业巨灾保险的气象灾种.根据不同灾害出现的气候概率以及投保单位的要求,设计了赣州农业巨灾保险不同等级的气象灾害指数,并确定农业巨灾保险气象灾害赔付的触发概率范围为45％—70％.经验证,赣州农业巨灾保险气象灾害指数可用.     

基于风险区划的农业干旱保险费率厘定——以河北省冬麦区为例

近年来,在气候变化和极端天气气候事件频发的背景下,干旱等农业气象灾害的频发已对我国尤其是河北省的粮食生产和农业发展的可持续性带来了严重威胁。选择或构建合适的农业干旱灾害风险指标开展干旱风险区划,并在此基础上进行灾害的保险费率厘定对于丰富农业保险模式,促进农业保险经营的稳定和发展具有重要的应用价值。本文基于作物水分亏缺率指数、降水距平百分率指数和抗旱指数等指标,构建干旱综合风险指数并开展风险区划研究;利用修正后的纯保险费率,得到适用于本研究区的保险费率厘定模型,探寻一种能较全面改善目前农业保险经营弊端的保险模式,从而实现冬小麦农业保险的持续健康发展。     

农业保险气象服务关键技术的应用与展望

农业保险是气象灾害重要的风险管理工具。研究通过分析气象科技服务农业保险的现状,以陕西省气象部门为例系统总结了气象部门利用现有技术手段服务农业保险创新发展的具体实践,为农业保险高质量发展要求下气象服务关键技术在精准承保、理赔等农业保险全流程中的应用提供思路和建议。围绕解决农业保险道德风险大、勘灾成本高、理赔纠纷多、信息不对称以及基差风险等现实需求,提出基于差异化费率和气象指数化的保险产品设计、基于农业大数据和卫星遥感的投保校验、直通式的保户精准服务、基于多源数据融合技术支撑的格点化理赔核算、基于互联网的信息对称公示、基于物联网的精细化监测及服务链延伸等服务技术,并结合未来可能的应用场景进行具体分析与展望。     

短寿命气候强迫因子的自然源排放及气候反馈:IPCC AR6解读

短寿命气候强迫因子(Short-lived Climate Forcers,SLCFs)对大气污染和气候变化具有重要影响,政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC,2021)第六次评估报告(AR6)首次专门设立了关于SLCFs的独立章节,除了对人为源SLCFs评估以外,报告也包含了对于自然源SLCFs及其气候反馈的评估。特别地,在未来气候变暖和人为SLCFs持续减排的背景下,加深对SLCFs的自然源排放及其气候反馈的认识将更为重要。本文从自然源SLCFs排放评估、历史和未来气候情景下的排放变化、SLCFs的气候反馈几个方面解读了AR6中有关的最新结论。未来气候变暖情形下,闪电源NO_x、植被源BVOCs、生物质燃烧排放将会增加,土壤源NO_x、沙尘、海盐颗粒物和二甲基硫(Dimethlysulfide,DMS)对于气候变化的敏感性难以定量。同时,气候变化驱动着SLCFs的排放量、大气含量或寿命的改变,这些过程整体上造成的负反馈参数为-0.20 W/m²/℃(-0.41～+0.01 W/m²/℃),可能从一定程度上缓解气候变暖。     

农业保险气象服务保障法律政策制度研究

农业保险是经济社会发展到一定阶段的产物。它是一项分散农业灾害风险、稳定农民收入、保障农业和农村经济发展的制度安排。气象灾害是农业自然灾害的主体,气象服务是农业保险中的重要环节,深入研究农业保险中的气象法律政策将有助于农业保险的发展。文中介绍了国内外农业保险的政策和实施,对农业保险的气象服务法律政策制度进行了梳理和分析,并对农业保险气象服务法律制度提出可行性建议,以期为我国农业保险的发展提供有益的思路和参考。     

大气水汽变化及其反馈效应研究进展

大气水汽变化的反馈作用是影响平衡气候系统敏感性的最大反馈作用之一,能够放大其他温室气体增暖的效应,并可能导致极端天气气候事件的发生趋多趋强。因此,全面分析大气水汽的时空分布特征及其长期变化趋势,评估大气水汽反馈的区域气候效应,对于我们深入认识和理解全球变暖背景下区域气候响应的机理具有重要意义。综合国内外最新研究,已基本能够确定水汽反馈效应为一种使得全球增暖加快近一倍的强烈正反馈,并已能够估计其大致变化范围,但是此估计仍存在较大不确定性。随着卫星和探空技术的发展,目前已有的长期水汽资料日趋丰富,但资料之间也存在一些不确定性问题,同时单个资料本身也存在非均一性问题。最新的气候系统模式已能够大致模拟大气水汽的反馈效应,但近年的进展速度却并不令人乐观。我国的水汽观测和水汽反馈效应的研究也已取得长足进步,可以基本确定为水汽变化与地面温度存在正反馈关系,而与降水的关系虽然也较为密切,但因区域气候变化仍存在较大的不一致性。     

气候反馈对温度空间模态的依赖性:IPCC AR6解读

依据政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)第六次评估报告(AR6)第一工作组(WGI)报告第七章的内容,详细解读了气候反馈对温度空间模态的依赖性。与第五次评估报告(AR5)相比,AR6对于地表温度空间模态演变在驱动气候反馈变化中作用的理解已有了较大提升。AR6认为,在温室气体强迫下,北极在21世纪的增温幅度很可能大于全球平均水平,南极在百年时间尺度上的增温要强于热带地区;同时,在百年时间尺度上热带太平洋东部的变暖幅度大于西部,即热带太平洋东-西向海表温度梯度减弱。极地放大效应(尤其是南半球)和热带太平洋东-西向海表温度梯度随时间的变化是影响未来气候反馈如何演变的关键因素。随着地表增温空间模态的演变,气候反馈(尤其云反馈)预计将在未来几十年的时间尺度上逐渐增加,对气候变化更多是起放大作用。     

Modelling risk adaptation and mitigation behaviour under different climate change scenarios

The main objective of this study is to simulate household choice behavior under varying climate change scenarios using choice experiments. Economic welfare measures are derived for society’s willingness to pay (WTP) to reduce climate change induced flood risks through private insurance and willingness to accept compensation (WTAC) for controlled flooding under varying future risk exposure levels. Material flood damage and loss of life are covered in the insurance policy experiment, while the WTAC experiment also captures the economic value of immaterial flood damage such as feelings of discomfort, fear and social disruption. The results show that WTP and WTAC are substantial, suggesting a more prominent role of external social damage costs in cost-benefit analysis of climate change and flood mitigation policies.     

Interactions Between the Atmospheric Sciences and Insurers in the United States

Insurance and insurers are directly affected and concerned about climate fluctuations in the United States. Growing losses in the 1990s awakened many in the insurance business to the enormity of weather-related problems they faced and a need for better information about climate and its fluctuations including a new potential problem, climate change. This paper presents the views of experts from the crop insurance sector, the property-casualty insurance sector, and from the atmospheric sciences sector based on atmospheric research accomplished for the insurance industry for decades. The paper addresses how climatologists and insurers can and need to work together to effectively bring understanding and wise consideration of climate conditions and their future fluctuations and extremes to insurers. Considerable climatological analyses have been employed in the past by the crop insurance industry, but less by property insurers. Insurers can adjust to a change in climate but to do so will require clear evidence, which does not exist now for the United States, and an understanding as well as wide acceptance of the on-going change by regulators and the buying public. Atmospheric scientists can help insurers to mitigate weather losses, to assess risks, to measure critical perils, to educate about risks, and to learn about critical issues like climate change and long-range forecasts.     

Insuring future climate catastrophes

The combined influences of a change in climate patterns and the increased concentration of property and economic activity in hazard-prone areas has the potential of restricting the availability and affordability of insurance. This paper evaluates the premiums that private insurers are likely to charge and their ability to cover residential losses against hurricane risk in Florida as a function of (a) recent projections on future hurricane activity in 2020 and 2040; (b) insurance market conditions (i.e., soft or hard market); (c) the availability of reinsurance; and (d) the adoption of adaptation measures (i.e., implementation of physical risk reduction measures to reduce wind damage to the structure and buildings). We find that uncertainties in climate projections translate into a divergent picture for insurance in Florida. Under dynamic climate models, the total price of insurance for Florida (assuming constant exposure) could increase significantly by 2040, from $12.9 billion (in 1990) to $14.2 billion, under hard market conditions. Under lower bound projections, premiums could decline to $9.4 billion by 2040. Taking a broader range of climate change scenarios, including several statistical ones, prices could be between $4.7 and $32.1 billion by 2040. The upper end of this range suggests that insurance could be unaffordable for many people in Florida. The adoption of most recent building codes for all residences in the state could reduce by nearly half the expected price of insurance so that even under high climate change scenarios, insurance premiums would be lower than under the 1990 baseline climate scenario. Under a full adaptation scenario, if insurers can obtain reinsurance, they will be able to cover 100 % of the loss if they allocated 10 % of their surplus to cover a 100-year return hurricane, and 63 % and 55 % of losses from a 250-year hurricane in 2020 and 2040. Property-level adaptation and the maintenance of strong and competitive reinsurance markets will thus be essential to maintain the affordability and availability of insurance in the new era of catastrophe risk.     

高温热浪致死风险的人群和城市分异及保险费率厘定的研究

在全球变暖背景下,高温热浪事件在世界各地频繁发生且大大加剧了人群致死的风险。基于3个研究地区（南京、广州和重庆）1951—2015年的逐日气象数据和2007—2013年逐日死亡数据,首先设计了热浪强度指数来量化热浪特征;其次采用分布滞后非线性模型构建高温热浪灾害下人群的脆弱性模型;最后采用蒙特卡洛仿真方法模拟随机高温热浪事件,并在此基础上开展概率风险评估与高温热浪生命保险费率的厘定。研究发现：老年人的高温热浪死亡风险与对应的费率水平是年轻人的9~28倍;其中,高温热浪费率水平与社会经济发展水平呈反比,即经济发展水平较高的地区费率水平较低。该研究成果为指数生命/健康保险产品的研发,为政府采取综合性的风险管理措施以减少公众健康风险等提供了一定的借鉴和参考。     

Flood insurance arrangements in the European Union for future flood risk under climate and socioeconomic change

Flood risk will increase in many areas around the world due to climate change and increase in economic exposure. This implies that adequate flood insurance schemes are needed to adapt to increasing flood risk and to minimise welfare losses for households in flood-prone areas. Flood insurance markets may need reform to offer sufficient and affordable financial protection and incentives for risk reduction. Here, we present the results of a study that aims to evaluate the ability of flood insurance arrangements in Europe to cope with trends in flood risk, using criteria that encompass common elements of the policy debate on flood insurance reform. We show that the average risk-based flood insurance premium could double between 2015 and 2055 in the absence of more risk reduction by households exposed to flooding. We show that part of the expected future increase in flood risk could be limited by flood insurance mechanisms that better incentivise risk reduction by policyholders, which lowers vulnerability. The affordability of flood insurance can be improved by introducing the key features of public-private partnerships (PPPs), which include public reinsurance, limited premium cross-subsidisation between low- and high-risk households, and incentives for policyholder-level risk reduction. These findings were evaluated in a comprehensive sensitivity analysis and support ongoing reforms in Europe and abroad that move towards risk-based premiums and link insurance with risk reduction, strengthen purchase requirements, and engage in multi-stakeholder partnerships.     

Assessing spatial associations between perceptions of landscape value and climate change risk for use in climate change planning

This study examines spatially referenced perceived landscape values and climate change risks collected through public participation geographic information systems for potential use in climate change planning. Using survey data from the Southern Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia, we present a method for identifying perceived landscape values and climate change risks to describe and quantify their spatial associations. Two spatial data models??vector and raster??and two analytical methods??Jaccard coefficients and spatial cross-correlations were used to describe the spatial associations. Results indicate that perceptions of climate change risk are driven, in part, by the values people assign or hold for places on the landscape. Biodiversity and intrinsic landscape values have strong spatial association with biodiversity loss risk while recreation values have strong spatial association with riparian flooding, sea-level rise and wave action risks. Other landscape values show weak to no spatial association with perceived climate change risks. The methodology described in this research provides a mechanism for government agencies to develop place-based adaptation strategies based on these associations.     

An integrated socio-environmental framework for glacier hazard management and climate change adaptation: lessons from Lake 513, Cordillera Blanca, Peru

Glacier hazards threaten societies in mountain regions worldwide. Glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) pose risks to exposed and vulnerable populations and can be linked in part to long-term post-Little Ice Age climate change because precariously dammed glacial lakes sometimes formed as glaciers generally retreated after the mid-1800s. This paper provides an interdisciplinary and historical analysis of 40?years of glacier hazard management on Mount Hualcán, at glacial Lake 513, and in the city of Carhuaz in Peru’s Cordillera Blanca mountain range. The case study examines attempted hazard zoning, glacial lake evolution and monitoring, and emergency engineering projects to drain Lake 513. It also analyzes the 11 April 2010 Hualcán rock-ice avalanche that triggered a Lake 513 GLOF; we offer both a scientific assessment of the possible role of temperature on slope stability and a GIS spatial analysis of human impacts. Qualitative historical analysis of glacier hazard management since 1970 allows us to identify and explain why certain actions and policies to reduce risk were implemented or omitted. We extrapolate these case-specific variables to generate a broader socio-environmental framework identifying factors that can facilitate or impede disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation. Facilitating factors are technical capacity, disaster events with visible hazards, institutional support, committed individuals, and international involvement. Impediments include divergent risk perceptions, imposed government policies, institutional instability, knowledge disparities, and invisible hazards. This framework emerges from an empirical analysis of a coupled social-ecological system and offers a holistic approach for integrating disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation.     

The principal-agent problem and climate change adaptation on public lands

Climate change presents clear risks to natural resources, which carry potential economic costs. The limited nature of physical, financial, human and natural resources means that governments, as managers of natural resources, must make careful decisions regarding trade-offs and the potential future value of investments in climate change adaptation. This paper presents cost-benefit analysis of scenarios to characterise economic benefits of adaptation from the perspective of a public institution (the provincial government) and private agents (forest licensees). The example provided is the context of assisted migration strategies for regenerating forests that are currently being implemented in British Columbia to reduce future impacts of climate change on forests. The analysis revealed positive net present value of public investment in assisted migration across all scenarios under a range of conditions; however, private sector agents face disincentives to adopt these strategies. Uncertainty about how the costs, benefits and risks associated with climate change impacts will be distributed among public institutions and private actors influences incentives to adapt to climate change (the “principal-agent problem”) and further complicates adaptation. Absent development of risk-sharing mechanisms or re-alignment of incentives, uptake of assisted migration strategies by private agents is likely to be limited, creating longer-term risks for public institutions. Analyzing incentives and disincentives facing principals and agents using a well-known tool (cost-benefit analysis) can help decision-makers to identify and address underlying barriers to climate change adaptation in the context of public lands management.     

Assessment of climate information needs in the Argentinean Agro-business sector

The present investigation aims at identifying the needs of the Argentinean agro-business sector for climate research and information. Our approach is focused on any type of climate information from past observations to seasonal prediction and climate change projections. We tried, in particular, to evaluate the possible existence of specific research themes that would be of major interest for these agriculture end-users. We interviewed representatives of seventeen companies from three major agrobusiness sectors: (1) regional/national entities such as agricultural associations, cooperatives and commercial trade boards; (2) insurance companies in the Argentinean agro-insurance market; and (3) large national and international companies representing cereal producers, agro-chemistry and agro-seeds. While all the interviewees recognized the strong influence of climate on their activities, they all pointed out that, at the time of making decision, they considered the political and economic risks rather than the climate one. In many aspects, climate is often considered as a fatality against which it is difficult to be protected. An interesting result is the confidence of the private sectors in the climate information provided by public sources (INTA, SMN, Universities) although they contract private consultants for frequent reports and tendencies. Finally, we explain how such sectors could make a better use of climate information (seasonal prediction, climate change scenarios) that could be integrated in their business projections. In particular, the development of new financial contracts (climate derivatives) open in countries with a relatively poor insurance history new ways to protect the different agricultural sectors, from the producer to large companies.