2006年秋季长江口及邻近海域微微型浮游生物的分布特征及环境影响因素

2006年10月在长江口及邻近海域采用流式细胞技术测定了微微型浮游生物:聚球藻Synechococcus、微微型光合真核生物(picoeukaryotes)和异养浮游细菌(heterotrophic bacteria)的丰度和碳生物量,研究了其生态分布特点,并分析了其与环境因子之间的关系.结果表明,聚球藻、微微型光合真...     

2009年冬、夏季南海北部超微型浮游生物的分布特征及其环境相关分析

2009年2月(冬季)和8月(夏季)在南海北部海域(nSCS)采用流式细胞术对聚球藻、原绿球藻、超微型光合真核生物3类超微型光合浮游生物和异养浮游细菌的丰度和碳生物量的时空分布特征进行了研究,并分析了其与环境因子之间的关系。结果表明,夏季聚球藻和原绿球藻的平均丰度高于冬季,超微型光合真核生物和异养浮游细菌的丰度反之,为冬季高于夏季。聚球藻、超微型光合真核生物和异养浮游细菌在富营养的近岸陆架海域丰度较高,而原绿球藻高丰度则出现在陆坡开阔海域。在垂直分布上,聚球藻主要分布在跃层以上,跃层以下丰度迅速降低;原绿球藻高丰度主要出现在真光层底部;超微型光合真核生物在水层中的高值同样出现在真光层底部,且与Pico级份叶绿素a浓度分布一致;异养浮游细菌在水体中的分布与聚球藻类似。这些分布格局的差异,取决于环境条件的变化和4类超微型浮游生物生态生理适应性的差异。在超微型光合浮游生物群落中,各类群碳生物量的贡献因季节和海域类型的不同而发生变化:聚球藻在夏季近岸陆架区占超微型光合浮游生物总碳生物量的41%,原绿球藻在陆坡开阔海成为主要贡献者(50%),超微型光合真核生物碳生物量以冬季为高(在近岸陆架区占比68%)。冬、夏季异养浮游细菌碳生物量均高于超微型光合浮游生物碳生物量。     

獐子岛海域和胶州湾表层微微型浮游植物丰度和生物量的季节变化比较

为全面了解黄海典型海区微微型浮游植物的季节变化特征,于2009年7月至2010年6月在北黄海獐子岛海域和2010年1~12月在南黄海胶州湾进行逐月调查采样,利用流式细胞仪检测了表层海水中微微型浮游植物(picophytoplankton)的丰度,包括聚球藻(Synechococcus,SYN)和微微型真核浮游植物(picoeukaryotes,PEUK),并分析了其与环境因子的关系。獐子岛海域和胶州湾SYN和PEUK全年广泛分布,獐子岛海域SYN丰度范围在0.05×10³~120.00×10³cells/mL之间,丰度在秋季最高;胶州湾SYN丰度范围在0.02×10³~61.80×10³cells/mL之间,丰度在夏季最高。獐子岛海域PEUK丰度范围在0.01×10³~18.76×10³cells/mL之间,丰度在秋季最高;胶州湾PEUK丰度范围在0.25×10³~95.57×10³ cells/mL之间,丰度在春季最高。獐子岛海域微微型浮游植物丰度组成以SYN为主;而胶州湾以PEUK为主。PEUK是两海区微微型浮游植物生物量的主要贡献者。相关性分析结果表明,温度是影响两海区SYN丰度季节变化的最主要因素;影响PEUK季节分布的因素不完全一致,獐子岛海域PEUK丰度主要受温度调控;胶州湾PEUK丰度主要受温度和营养盐浓度影响。与已有研究比较,这两个海区的微微型浮游植物生物量对浮游植物生物量的贡献明显高于其他温带沿岸海域,预示微微型浮游植物在獐子岛海域和胶州湾生态系统中的重要作用,值得进一步深入研究。     

黄海春季水华过程中微微型浮游生物的变化特点

于2007年3—4月在黄海中部海域采用流式细胞术研究了春季水华过程中聚球藻、微微型真核浮游生物和异养细菌的生物量变化。聚球藻和微微真核型浮游生物的生物量与叶绿素a浓度变化基本呈现相反的趋势,在水华前期较高,水华期迅速下降,直至水华后期又有所升高。异养细菌在整个水华过程中变化较小,生物量在水华期最高,与水柱叶绿素a浓度呈极显著正相关(r=0.319,p<0.01)。水华期这三类微微型浮游生物对浮游植物总碳生物量的贡献很低。纤毛虫和鞭毛虫捕食可能是导致聚球藻和微微型真核浮游生物在水华期生物量降低的主要原因。     

河北沿岸微微型浮游植物的分布特征

于2006年7月～ 2007年10月间,分4个季度调查了河北省沿岸微微型浮游植物的丰度和生物量及对浮游植物总生物量的贡献.结果显示:河北近岸海域聚球藻蓝细菌丰度为4.46×103个/mL(0.79×103～ 16.19×103个/mL),生物量(以碳计,下同)为1.31 mg/m3 (0.84～17.47 mg/m3),季节分布特征为秋季＞冬季＞夏季＞春季.微微型光合真核生物丰度为4.43×102个/mL (0.84×102～ 17.47×102个/mL),生物量为1.11mg /m3 (0.21～ 4.37 mg/m3),季节变化变现为秋季＞冬季＞春季＞夏季.微微型浮游植物对浮游植物总生物量的贡献年平均为5.32％(1.84％～ 8.91％),春季最高,秋季最低.温度在较冷季节(冬春季)里是影响聚球藻蓝细菌生长和分布的控制因素.总之,在近岸环境里,微微型浮游植物并不占优势.     

南海北部微微型光合浮游生物的丰度及环境调控

1999年夏季首次在南海北部海域进行了微微型光合浮游生物(photosynthetic picoplankton)的观测研究,发现了聚球藻(Synechococcus,Syn)、原绿球藻(Prochlorococcus,Pro)和真核球藻(Eukaryotes,Euk)3类微微型光合浮游生物存在,并对其丰度与分布及其环境调控机制进行了研究.结果表明,研究海区Syn,Pro和Euk丰度的总平均值分别为(5.0±7.6)×104,(4.6±4.2)×104和(1.8±1.1)×103个/cm3,Syn种群丰度的高值大多出现在营养盐丰富的雷州半岛及海南岛东部海域的河口、沿岸带与陆架,北部湾次之,是陆坡和开阔海的数十分之一;其水层分布主要在跃层以上,跃层以下其值迅速降低,发现Pro存在两个不同种群:表层种群和深层种群,前者分布型式与Syn相似,后者的分布型式迥然不同,其丰度向营养盐贫瘠的外海、陆坡和开阔海显著增高;同时发现Pro水层分布的高值主要出现在真光层的底部,并往往出现在硝酸盐跃层之上,Euk在不同海域的分布差异不如Syn和Pro来得大,但仍以沿岸带与陆架为高,陆坡与开阔海较低,水层分布的高值大多出现在真光层的底部,而且它是对次表层叶绿素a极大值的主要贡献者,这些分布型式的差异,取决于环境的调控和3类生物生态生理适应的差异.研究海区Syn,Pro和Euk 3类微微型光合浮游生物对微微型光合浮游生物生态生理适应的差异.研究海区Syn,Pro和Euk3类微微型光合浮游生物对微微型光合浮游生物群落总丰度的贡献分别为50.996,47.3%和1.8%.     

2009年春季南黄海聚球藻生长率、被摄食消亡率及其与环境因子的关系

2009年春季(3-4月)在南黄海海域采用选择性代谢抑制剂技术测定了微微型光合浮游生物--聚球藻Synechococcus spp.的生长率和被摄食消亡率,研究了其空间分布格局及其与环境因子的相关性,并根据生长率估算了聚球藻碳生物量、碳生产力及其对微微型光合浮游生物总碳生物量的贡献.结果表明,在真光层内,聚球藻平均生长...     

桑沟湾微微型浮游生物丰度和生物量分布的季节变化

于2013年4月、7月、10~月和2014年1月,分四个季节在桑沟湾利用流式细胞技术对桑沟湾微微型浮游生物丰度和生物量的时空分布特征进行了研究,并统计分析了其与环境因子之间的关系。结果表明,四个季节中桑沟湾聚球藻丰度和生物量分别为0.04×10~3～408.59×10~3个/mL、0.01～10~2.15 mg/m3,微微型真核浮游生物的丰度和生物量分别为0.21×10~3～99.64×10~3个/mL、0.31～149.46 mg/m3,异养细菌的丰度和生物量分别为3.34×10~5～50.16×10~5个/mL、6.68～10~0.32 mg/m3。四个季节中,夏季桑沟湾微微型浮游生物的丰度和生物量高于其他季节。异养细菌对微微型浮游生物总生物量的四季平均贡献为62.11%,高于自养微微型浮游生物;微微型真核浮游生物占自养微微型浮游生物总生物量比例最高,平均可达86.85%。统计分析显示温度、叶绿素a和营养盐浓度是影响桑沟湾微微型浮游生物丰度和生物量分布的主要因素。上述结果为桑沟湾生态环境的检测和评估提供了基础数据。     

热带西太平洋M4海山超微型浮游生物的生态分布特点

获取并分析了2017年8月热带西太平洋M4海山水体中的超微型浮游生物样品,根据流式细胞术的散射光和荧光信号,检测到M4海山各水层中普遍存在四个超微型自养浮游生物类群(聚球藻、原绿球藻、微微型真核浮游生物、微型真核浮游生物)和两个超微型异养原核生物类群(低核酸含量和高核酸含量异养原核生物)。聚球藻丰度高值出现在100m以浅;原绿球藻和微微型真核浮游生物丰度高值区在深层叶绿素最大值附近(75—150m);微型真核浮游生物和异养原核生物分布范围较广,150m以浅丰度较高。异养原核生物的生物量(1.68—11.25μgC/L)高于自养浮游生物(0.05—6.02μgC/L)的生物量。在超微型自养浮游生物中,原绿球藻生物量在100—150m水层占优势(53.83%±6.32%),微型真核浮游生物的生物量在75m以浅(58.62%±8.53%)和200—300m水层占优势(46.18%±7.82%)。在异养原核生物中,高核酸含量异养原核生物的生物量所占百分比(61.05%±3.98%)高于低核酸含量异养原核生物(38.95%±3.98%),然而在海山附近DCM层低核酸含量异养原核生物比例最高可达58.64%。冗余分析表明,超微型浮游生物的丰度与温度呈正相关,与深度和营养盐呈负相关关系。在M4海山超微型自养浮游生物分布没有明显的"海山效应",但海山的存在会对异养原核生物两个类群生物量的比例产生影响。     

辽东湾微微型浮游生物的丰度及季节变化

本研究自2006年7月至2007年10月,分4个季节调查了辽东湾海域的微微型浮游生物的丰度。结果表明:夏季辽东湾的聚球藻(Synechococcus)丰度最高,平均丰度为1.89×104 cell/mL。秋季次之,冬季居第三位,春季最低。夏季比其他3个季节的聚球藻丰度要高一个数量级。夏季辽东湾的微微型真核藻类(Picoeukaryote)丰度最高,平均丰度为3.79×103cell/mL,秋季次之,冬季与春季相差不大。夏季比其他3个季节的微微型真核藻类丰度要高一个数量级。     

北黄海冷水团对獐子岛微微型浮游生物分布的影响

Picoplankton distribution around the Zhangzi Island(northern Yellow Sea)was investigated by monthly observation from July 2009 to June 2010.Three picoplankton populations were discriminated by flow cytometry,namely Synechococcus,picoeukaryotes and heterotrophic prokaryotes.In summer(from July to September),the edge of the northern Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass(NYSCWM)resulting from water column stratification was observed.In the NYSCWM,picoplankton(including Synechococcus,picoeukaryotes and heterotrophic prokaryotes)distributed synchronically with extremely high abundance in the thermocline(20 m)in July and August(especially in August),whereas in the bottom zone of the NYSCWM(below 30 m),picoplankton abundance was quite low.Synechococcus,picoeukaryotes and heterotrophic prokaryotes showed similar response to the NYSCWM,indicating they had similar regulating mechanism under the influence of NYSCWM.Whereas in the non-NYSCWM,Synechococcus,picoeukaryotes and heterotrophic prokaryotes exhibited different distribution patterns,suggesting they had different controlling mechanisms.Statistical analysis indicated that temperature,nutrients(NO3–and PO43–)and ciliate were important factors in regulating picoplankton distribution.The results in this study suggested that the physical event NYSCWM,had strong influence on picoplankton distribution around the Zhangzi Island in the northern Yellow Sea.     

Microbial dynamics in an oligotrophic bay of the western subtropical Pacific: Impact of short-term heavy freshwater runoff and upwelling

This two-year study investigates the possible factors that determine spatial and temporal dynamics of picoplankton (heterotrophic bacteria, autotrophic picoplankton—Synechococcus spp., Prochlorococcus, and picoeukaryotes) and nanoflagellate abundance in the subtropical Ilan Bay, Taiwan, where the inner bay is affected by freshwater run-off from the Lanyang River and the eastern outer bay by the Kuroshio Current. In the inner bay, there was more rain and freshwater discharge in 2005 than in 2004 during the warm season (>24° C, June–September). The abundance of bacteria, Synechococcus spp., Prochlorococcus, and picoeukaryotes and the percentage contributions of pigmented nanoflagellate (PNF %) were two- to eight-fold greater during this period (July in 2005) than for other sampling periods. Relatively low abundance of heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNF) in the presence of abundant picoplankton prey suggests that top-down control determined HNF abundance in the Ilan Bay, Taiwan.     

Meridional distribution and carbon biomass of autotrophic picoplankton in the Central North Pacific Ocean during late northern summer 1990

The meridional distribution of autotrophic picoplankton groups in the central north Pacific was studied during the late northern summer of 1990. Sampling was along a section at 175°N which extended from 45°N to 8°S. The section is far from coastal regions and included subarctic, central gyre, and equatorial areas. Five autotrophic picoplankton groups, autotrophic microflagellate, red-fluorescing picoplankton,Synechococcus, prochlorophyte, and orange-fluorescing picoplankton, were identified from samples taken at stations distributed along this section. These five groups showed distinctive differences in their meridional and vertical distributions. The autotrophic microflagellates and red-fluorescing picoplankton showed distributions that were similar to that of chlorophyll a, which was dominated by the <3 μm size fraction. However, the vertical distribution of these groups was different.Synechococcus was found mostly in surface waters (PAR<10%) and was particularly abundant in the Kuroshio Extension and south of the equatorial region where the nitracline was shallow (50–75 m). Prochlorophytes were abundant in the deep euphotic layer (PAR 1-0.1%) from the south of the Kuroshio Extension to the south of the equatorial area. Orange-fluorescing picoplankton, which may be one kind of cyanobacteria but is larger than typical Synechococcus, were mostly distributed in the oligotrophic surface waters of the central gyre. The carbon biomass estimates for these organisms showed that these five groups dominated in different areas. The vertical distribution of carbon biomass did not correspond to that of chlorophyll a in the central gyre and south of the equator because of the larger carbon/ chlorophyll a ratio of Synechococcus and orange-fluorescing picoplankton relative to that of the other picoplankton.     

Picoplankton community structure on the Atlantic Meridional Transect: a comparison between seasons

Samples collected from 10 depths at 25 stations in September–October 1996 and 12 depths at 28 stations in April–May 1997 on an Atlantic Meridional Transect between the British Isles and the Falkland Islands were analysed by flow cytometry to determine the numbers and biomass of four categories of picoplankton: Prochlorococcus spp, Synechococcus spp, picoeukaryotic phytoplankton and heterotrophic bacteria. The composition of the picoplankton communities confirmed earlier findings (Zubkov, Sleigh, Tarran, Burkill & Leakey, 1998) about distinctive regions along the transect and indicated that the stations should be grouped into five provinces: northern temperate, northern Atlantic gyre, equatorial, southern Atlantic gyre and southern temperate, with an intrusion of upwelling water off the coast of Mauritania between the northern Atlantic gyre and equatorial waters. Prochlorococcus was the most numerous phototrophic organism in waters of both northern and southern gyres and in the equatorial region, at concentrations in excess of 0.1×10⁶ml⁻¹; it also dominated plant biomass in the gyres, but the biomass of the larger picoeukaryotic algae equalled that of Prochlorococcus in the equatorial region; higher standing stocks of both Prochlorococcus and picoeukaryotes were present in spring than in autumn in waters of both gyres. In temperate waters at both ends of the transect the numbers and biomass of picoeukaryotes and, more locally, of Synechococcus increased, and the Synechococcus, particularly, were more numerous in spring than in autumn. There was a pronounced southward shift of the main populations of both Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus in April–May in comparison to those of September–October, associated with seasonal changes in solar radiation, the abundance of Prochlorococcus dropping sharply near the 17°C contour, while Synechococcus was still present at temperatures below 10°C. Picoeukaryotes were more tolerant of low temperatures and lower light levels, often being more abundant in samples from greater depths, where they contributed to the deep chlorophyll maximum. Heterotrophic bacterial numbers and biomass tended to be highest in those samples where phototrophic biomass was greatest, with peaks in temperate and equatorial waters, which were shifted southwards in April–May compared with September–October.     

胶州湾微微型浮游植物丰度及其与环境因子的相关性分析

利用流式细胞仪对胶州湾微微型浮游植物4个季节的丰度分布进行了研究,并分析了微微型浮游植物与环境因子的相关性。结果表明,聚球藻的丰度在2.17×102—2.329×104个/ml之间,高值区主要分布在湾内西部和湾口海域;仅夏季、冬季丰度之间有显著性差异;夏季在垂直分布上差异显著,在B3、C4、D5连续站昼夜变化趋势基本一致,分别在13:00和3:00出现峰值。微微型真核浮游植物的丰度分布在1.028×103—8.651×104个/ml之间,主要活跃于湾内西部海域;四季丰度在垂直分布上差异不显著;春、夏季丰度明显高于秋、冬季;夏季连续站昼夜变化趋势与聚球藻基本一致。通过主成分分析表明,聚球藻和微微型真核浮游植物丰度在不同季节受不同环境因子的影响,在冬季与温度有关,温度升高,二者的丰度增高。在其它季节,二者丰度主要受营养盐等环境因子的影响。     

黄、东海夏季浮游植物群落特征及其影响因素分析

黄海和东海是西北太平洋重要的边缘海,复杂的海洋环流和丰富的陆源物质输入共同影响着海域环境和生态系统。为了解黄、东海浮游植物群落组成、分布状况及其影响因素,本研究于2015年8—9月期间,通过流式细胞仪和形态学观察等方法,调查了该海域微型真核藻类、微微型真核藻类、聚球藻（Synechococcus）、原绿球藻（Prochlorococcus）以及浮游植物优势种的组成、丰度与分布情况,并基于浮游植物种类和丰度状况进行了聚类分析。结果表明,黄、东海浮游植物群落组成存在明显差别,黄海海域微型浮游植物丰度高于东海,而微微型浮游植物丰度低于东海,原绿球藻主要分布在东海海域。黄、东海海域浮游植物群落组成及分布状况与海域环境特征密切相关。夏季黄海海域相对封闭,受黄海冷水团控制,表层海水中高丰度的微型真核藻类主要出现在冷水团西侧边缘锋面区。东海海域受到长江冲淡水和黑潮水向岸入侵的强烈影响,在长江口邻近海域出现硅藻赤潮,而原绿球藻呈现出自外海向近岸输送的分布态势。相关结果可望为进一步探讨陆源物质输入和邻近大洋对我国近海生态系统的影响及机理提供依据。     

Role of environment and hydrography in determining the picoplankton community structure of Sagami Bay,Japan

Seasonal variations in the picoplankton community were investigated from June 2002 to March 2004 within the photic zone of Sagami Bay, Japan. The study area was mostly dominated by coastal waters during the warm period (mixed layer water temperature ≥ 18°C). During the cold period (mixed layer water temperature ≤ 18°C), the water mass was characterized by low temperature and high saline waters indicative of the North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water (NPSTMW). Occasionally, a third type of water mass characterized by high temperature and low saline properties was observed, which could be evidence of the intrusion of warm Kuroshio waters. Synechococcus was the dominant picophytoplankton (5−28 × 10¹¹ cells m⁻²) followed by Prochlorococcus (1−5 × 10¹¹ cells m⁻²) and picoeukaryotes during the warm period. Heterotrophic bacteria dominated the picoplankton community throughout the year, especially in the warm period. During the Kuroshio Current advection, cyanobacterial abundance was high whereas that of picoeukaryotes and heterotrophic bacteria was low. During the cold period, homogeneously distributed, lower picophytoplankton cell densities were observed. The dominance of Synechococcus in the warm period reflects the importance of high temperature, low salinity and high Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) on its distribution. Cyanobacterial and heterotrophic bacterial abundance showed a positive correlation with temperature. Prochlorococcus and picoeukaryotes showed a positive correlation with nutrients. Picoeukaryotes were the major contributors to the picophytoplankton carbon biomass. The annual picophytoplankton contribution to the photosynthetic biomass was 32 ± 4%. These observations suggest that the environmental conditions, combined with the seasonal variability in the source of the water mass, determines the community structure of picoplankton, which contributes substantially to the phytoplankton biomass and can play a very important role in the food web dynamics of Sagami Bay.     

夏季南黄海主要环境因子对微微型浮游生物分布影响

利用流式细胞技术, 获取南黄海夏季微微型浮游生物丰度数据, 分析了其组成和分布规律, 并探讨了主要的影响因子。2011年夏季, 聚球藻、微微型真核藻、异养细菌在整个调查海区的平均丰度分别在1×104、1×103、1×106 cells/mL数量级上。在全调查海区, 聚球藻和微微型真核藻受温度和光照的限制明显, 主要集中分布在温跃层及其以上水层;而营养盐的限制较小, 它们的影响只有在沿岸流影响明显的西部海区才能较为明显的体现出来。结果表明在该海域浓度较高的营养盐能够促进微微型浮游生物的生长, 但不是其限制因素;异养细菌受环境因子限制较小, 即使在深海也保持着较高的丰度。