地基LiDAR点云数据提取单木树高和胸径方法研究

林业资源是保持生态环境、维持生态平衡的重要资源,对单木参数信息的提取是林业资源调查的重要内容。利用地基三维激光点云提取单木参数具有效率高、速度快、节省人力物力等优点。在常用的Hough拟合圆柱法提取树高参数和Hough拟合圆法提取胸径参数的基础上,提出格网化拟合圆柱法和最小二乘拟合圆法分别提取单木树高参数和胸径参数,并以现场直接量测的树高和胸径参数为参考值进行对比。实验结果显示:与直接量测结果相比较,Hough变化拟合圆柱法和格网化拟合圆柱法得到的树高参数平均偏差分别为0.05m、0.003m,标准差分别为0.142m、0.002m,相关系数分别为0.87、0.99;Hough变化拟合圆法和最小二乘拟合圆法得到的胸径参数平均偏差分别为0.003 6m、0.002 5m,标准差分别为0.004m、0.003m,相关系数分别为0.60、0.91。结果表明,提出的格网化拟合圆柱法提取树高参数和最小二乘拟合圆法提取胸径参数能得到精度较高的单木参数信息。     

定量结构模型的地面激光雷达单木分割应用

针对传统每木检尺的小班调查因子测量方法耗时长、效率低、人为操作误差大等问题,该文研究了一种定量结构模型(QSM)实现单木的三维重建,并基于地面激光雷达(TLS)所获取的点云数据提取研究区单木的胸径、树高参数.该算法重构了单木的三维模型,且TLS数据所求得的胸径、树高与实测数据具有较好的一致性,提取结果精度较高.本研究采...     

一种高分辨率光学卫星遥感影像直线匹配算法

高分辨率光学卫星遥感影像直线自动匹配算法的具体流程包括:进行影像尺度调整,对影像进行边缘提取,采用Hough变换提取直线;同时基于直线几何特征和灰度特征提取同名直线,利用Hough变换模型,将线转换为参数空间中的点,并建立转换模型;最后采用RANSAC算法剔除错误同名直线,以获取最终的匹配结果。实验结果表明,本文提出的算法能显著提高影像同名直线提取的数量和精度,特别是对异源影像具有抗噪能力强、鲁棒性好等特点。     

基于RANSAC算法的地铁隧道点云数据滤波

三维激光扫描技术能够快速、有效地获取隧道点云数据,可用于提取地铁隧道的形变信息,但隧道点云数据中包含着噪声点、离群点,需要滤波去除,目前已有滤波算法不适用于隧道环境。文中采用统计特征去除部分噪声点,利用区域增长方法初步提取隧道壁部分点云作为RANSAC算法种子点,进一步利用RANSAC算法拟合数学模型提取隧道壁全部点云数据,并利用RANSAC点云拟合模型对隧道盾构体施工精度进行评估。实验结果表明了方法的有效性。     

封面说明

正无人机激光雷达林业资源参数提取Application of UAV lidar technology in forest resources inventory封面图片为美国加州内华达山脉森林区域的无人机激光雷达数据及其单木分割结果。无人机激光雷达数据由北京大学郭庆华团队自主研发的八悬翼无人机激光雷达系统采集,该系统集成了长距离激光雷达扫描仪、GNSS和IMU定位定姿系统,可实时、动态地采集海量高精度点云数据。利用该团队自主研发的点云滤波、归一化和单木分割等激光雷达数据处理算法,可实现森林点云中每木点云的分割,及树位置、树高、胸径、树冠表面积及体积等森林结构参数的自动提取。     

用地基激光雷达提取单木结构参数——以白皮松为例

以白皮松(Pinus bungeana Zucc)为研究对象,针对地基激光雷达TLS扫描的3维点云数据在单株木垂直方向的分布特征,提出了一种基于体元化方法的树干覆盖度变化检测方法,获取单木枝下高;然后根据获取的枝下高引入2维凸包算法获取垂直方向分层树冠轮廓,并计算树冠体积和冠幅;同时获取的单木参数还有胸径与树高。结果表明:单木枝下高的估测精度较高,R2与RMSE分别为0.97 m和0.21 m;胸径估测结果的R2与RMSE分别为0.79 cm和1.07 cm;采用逐步线性回归方法建立单木树冠体积与其他单木参数的相关关系,模型变量包括冠幅、叶子填充树冠长度和胸径,样本数为20,模型的R2与RMSE分别是0.967 m3和2.64 m3。本文方法能较准确地估测枝下高,TLS数据具有对树冠结构3维建模的潜力。     

基于Hough纠偏和RANSAC的房产图矢量化方法研究

针对扫描房产图的关键要素——直线的自动提取,传统的Hough变换等方法不能直接提取出准确唯一的直线并得到精确的直线段两端点坐标,因而无法完成矢量化。提出一种基于Hough纠偏和RANSAC的房产图矢量化方法,利用Hough变换检测横向图廓线,计算偏斜角度对扫描房产图进行纠偏。利用OTSU算法进行二值化,以最小错分概率分割背景,并沿特定方向进行搜索和点聚类。根据RANSAC思想进行直线的特征提取,得到唯一符合的直线和准确的两端点坐标,完成房产图的矢量化。实验证明了方法的可行性和高效性。     

改进K均值聚类的点云林木胸径提取

针对现有胸径提取精度不够高、自动化程度低等不足,基于地基激光雷达胸径切片点云数据,该文提出了一种改进K均值聚类的林木胸径提取方法.利用约束条件优化初始种子点的选择原则,避免随机种子点选择造成聚类结果陷入局部最优;采用拐点法自适应确定聚类目标类别数目,提高单木胸径点分割的自动化程度;根据点云与类别中心统计参数识别并剔除非目标对象点,通过圆模型参数求解实现胸径值计算.结果 表明:改进后的K均值聚类能快速实现林木胸径点的批量化提取,无须林木数目、样地大小等先验知识,具有自动化程度高、抗噪性强的优势.该研究对地基激光雷达在林业资源调查及生产管理应用具有一定的实际应用参考价值.     

利用LMedS算法提取规则建筑物顶部面片

针对常用的平面拟合方法在有"噪声点"存在的情况下,会出现拟合不稳定的问题,本文采用稳健性较好的RANSAC算法,从机载Li DAR数据中提取出建筑物顶部面片。RANSAC算法进行参数拟合时,会存在一些缺陷,通过改进RANSAC算法(LMed S算法)可以达到更好的拟合效果。首先利用直通滤波器对点云数据进行简单的滤波,然后通过Voxel Grid滤波器对点云数据进行下采样。对下采样之后的点云数据,用LMed S算法提取建筑物顶部面片。试验表明,利用LMed S算法可以成功提取建筑物顶部面片,稳健性较好。     

盾构隧道点云模块化提取方法

针对盾构隧道模块提取,本文提出了一种结合Hough直线检测和图像匹配的提取方法。首先基于RANSAC算法实现盾构隧道进行圆柱展开,并对张开的隧道点云二值化;然后采用带限制条件的Hough变换算法实现盾构隧道环的提取;最后基于隧道环片内封顶模块和邻接模块中部螺栓孔数和螺栓孔布局的特殊性匹配模块,结合环片构造尺寸精确提取模块点云。通过扫描某地铁获取的点云数据试验对本文算法进行验证。结果表明,本文算法可有效实现盾构隧道模块化提取。     

阿克苏河-塔里木河水系水质污染遥感监测与评价

 采用Landsat TM数据分析了阿克苏河—塔里木河断面水质污染状况,通过波段的DN值和常规监测数据建立能反映水质状况的 污染物监测模型。结果发现,将2000年常规监测数据代入模型后,与遥感数据的结果基本吻合| 重建阿克苏河—塔里木河的连续水体 污染变化曲线,得出污染物浓度随着远离上游而增加。     

Monitoring drought dynamics in the Aravalli region (India) using different indices based on ground and remote sensing data

The hard-rock hilly Aravalli terrain of Rajasthan province of India suffers with frequent drought due to poor and delayed monsoon, abnormally high summer-temperature and insufficient water resources. In the present study, detailed analysis of meteorological and hydrological data of the Aravalli region has been carried out for the years 1984–2003. Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) has been used to quantify the precipitation deficit. Standardised Water-Level Index (SWI) has been developed to assess ground-water recharge-deficit. Vegetative drought indices like Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCI) and Vegetation Health Index (VHI) have been computed using NDVI values obtained from Global Vegetation Index (GVI) and thermal channel data of NOAA AVHRR satellite. Detailed analyses of spatial and temporal drought dynamics during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons have been carried out through drought index maps generated in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment. Analysis and interpretation of these maps reveal that negative SPI anomalies not always correspond to drought. In the Aravalli region, aquifer-stress shifts its position time to time, and in certain pockets it is more frequent. In comparison to hydrological stress, vegetative stress in the Aravalli region is found to be slower to begin but quicker to withdraw.     

使用FME与VBA提取机场方格网高程数据

因受机场工程设计软件的测量数据容量限制,基于LiDAR采集、点云分类后得到的地面点云数据LAS不能完整应用于目前设计软件进行设计计算。本文通过对拟选技术方案的筛选,提出了利用FME Workbench数据处理功能,结合VBA编程获取外部方格网平面数据的方法。该方法在FME Workbench中实现了地面点云数据构建TIN、采用逐点内插方法从TIN中提取方格网高程数据、等高线生成及相应图形处理与成果输出。最终通过实际算例证明了该方法的有效性。     

Landslide risk analysis between Giri and Tons Rivers in Himachal Himalaya (India)

The area around Sataun in the Sirmur district of Himachal Pradesh, India (falling between the rivers Giri and Tons; both tributaries of the Yamuna River) was studied for landslide vulnerability on behalf of the inhabitants. The study was made using extensive remote sensing data (satellite and airborne). It is well supported by field evidence, demographic and infrastructural details and aided by Geographic Information System (GIS) based techniques. Field observations testify that slope, aspect, geology, tectonic planes, drainage, and land use all influence landslides in the region. These parameters were taken into consideration using the statistical approach of landslide hazard zonation. Using the census data of 1991, vulnerability of the populace to the landslide hazard was accessed. As most of the infrastructure in the region is concentrated around population centres, population data alone was used for vulnerability studies.     

Gravity Changes Before Large Earthquakes in China: 1998-2005

Although it is well known that coseismic gravity changes take place during an earthquake, previous research has not yielded convincing evidence demonstrating that significant gravity changes occur before large earthquakes. Furthermore, even if we suspect that gravity changes occur before large earthquakes, we have yet to demonstrate how to consistently observe these changes for useful earthquake forecast that would bring benefits to society. We analyzed ground gravity survey data obtained in 1998, 2000, 200...     

GNSS系统及其技术的发展研究

阐述了国际上卫星导航系统的总体发展,对美、俄、欧、中的四大全球系统,以及相关的区域系统和增强系统进行了简单的介绍,研究分析了GNSS系统及其技术的发展趋势,同时分析了我国Compass全球系统面临的机遇和挑战,并提出了我国未来工作的建议.     

“4D”技术及其应用

介绍“４Ｄ”（即数字地面模型、数字正射影像、数字栅格地图和数字线划地图）系列产品的生产流程、关键技术、及其在耕地保护、防灾减灾救灾和城市规划等方面的应用方法。     

Virtual Australia: its key elements – know,think, communicate

Abstract

Virtual Australia is not a well-defined or agreed concept. This discussion paper conceptualises Virtual Australia as a ‘virtual [digital] model containing and representing all non-trivial objects and their contextual environment – from blue sky to bedrock – in real world Australia’. It describes a scenario for Virtual Australia, one or two decades from now, in which the locations and conditions of non-trivial objects and their environment are updated automatically through a combination of remote sensing and wireless communication technologies in support of a ‘Supranet’. It then examines the concept of the ‘Supranet’ – a pervasive information network based largely on wireless technology linking the physical world to a virtual model in real time – and develops and discusses three principal characteristics of the Supranet: the ability to have or collect specific information (know); the ability to process information (think); and the ability to communicate that information. If, in the near future, any or all non-trivial devices are to some extent able to know, think and communicate, the potential for object autonomy will be realised.     

自动车辆定位导航系统中传感器的误差分析

对国界定位导航系统中几种常见的辅助传感器所产生的误差进行了分析，导出了不同传感器的误差模型。这些误差模型是估计车辆位置的扩展卡尔曼滤波器的基础，同时也为选择适当的传感器提供了理论根据。