On the optically biaxial character and heterogeneity of anthracites

The results of the study of optical properties of 13 anthracites from different parts of the world are presented in this paper. Measurements of reflectance values were made on non-oriented vitrinite grains for a minimum of 300 points per sample. The reconstruction of Reflectance Indicating Surfaces (RIS) were made by Kilby's method [Kilby, W.E., 1988. Recognition of vitrinite with non-uniaxial negative reflectance characteristics. Int. J. Coal Geol. 9, 267–285; Kilby, W.E., 1991. Vitrinite reflectance measurement — some technique enhancements and relationships. Int. J. Coal Geol. 19, 201–218]. It was found that the use of Kilby's method for strongly anisotropic materials like anthracites did not give unambiguous results. Some improvement in Kilby's method, consisting of the division of the cumulative cross-plot into several elemental components, is suggested. Each elemental cross-plot corresponds to a textural class of anthracite, which is characterized by the values of RIS main axes R_MAX^(k), R_INT^(k) and R_MIN^(k) (k=1,2,…n; n — number of classes). The global texture of anthracite is characterized as a RIS with main axes calculated as the weighted means of , and for each class of this anthracite.The division of cumulative Kilby's cross-plot on elemental components makes possible the calculation of new coefficients H_t and H₁₀ characterizing the heterogeneity of the structure and texture of anthracites. The results of our study show that all anthracites have biaxial negative textures, but their heterogeneity varies in a wide range of H_t and H₁₀ coefficients depending upon the individual coal basin.     

角岩化无烟煤的发现及初步研究

角岩化无烟煤首见于湖南省骑田岭花岗岩周围晚二叠世煤层中,它是一种低级热接触变质岩。本文在研究角岩化无烟煤岩石学特征的基础上,详细分析了其岩石化学、微量元素、稀土元素和碳同位素的地球化学特征及其有机物的X射线衍射、红外光谱和喇曼光谱特征。并探讨了角岩化无烟煤发现的地质意义。     

Selection of coals of different maturities for CO2 Storage by modelling of CH4 and CO2 adsorption isotherms

CO₂ injection in unmineable coal seams could be one interesting option for both storage and methane recovery processes. The objective of this study is to compare and model pure gas sorption isotherms (CO₂ and CH₄) for well-characterised coals of different maturities to determine the most suitable coal for CO₂ storage. Carbon dioxide and methane adsorption on several coals have been investigated using a gravimetric adsorption method. The experiments were carried out using both CO₂ and CH₄ pure gases at 25 °C from 0.1 to 5 MPa (1 to 50 bar). The experimental results were fitted using Temkin's approach but also with the corrected Langmuir's and the corrected Tóth's equations. The two last approaches are more accurate from a thermodynamical point of view, and have the advantage of taking into account the fact that experimental data (isotherms) correspond to excess adsorption capacities. These approaches allow better quantification of the adsorbed gas. Determined CO₂ adsorption capacities are from 0.5 to 2 mmol/g of dry coal. Modelling provides also the affinity parameters of the two gases for the different coals. We have shown these parameters determined with adsorption models could be used for classification and first selection of coals for CO₂ storage. The affinity ratio ranges from a value close to 1 for immature coals to 41 for high rank coals like anthracites. This ratio allows selecting coals having high CO₂ adsorption capacities. In our case, the modelling study of a significant number of coals from various ranks shows that anthracites seem to have the highest CO₂ storage capacities. Our study provides high quality affinity parameters and values of CO₂ and CH₄ adsorption capacities on various coals for the future modelling of CO₂ injection in coal seams.     

A possible mechanism for natural graphite formation

By extrapolating the Arrhenius plots for carbonization and experimental thermal progressive graphitization, it is shown that carbonization can go to completion in nature (ΔH ≈ 65 kcal/mole), whereas progressive graphitization is thermodynamically improbable (ΔH ≈ 260 kcal/mole). The mechanism of formation of natural graphite has thus to be determined. Since the geothermal gradient is not strong enough for producing graphite, the existence of shear stresses has to be taken into account. Metamorphism and tectonics create suitable conditions for this transformation. Series of samples of increasing rank from anthracites to metaanthracites, semigraphite and graphite (some of them from the same parent rocks) were compared with carbon, heat-treated experimentally under pressure (5 kbar). Anthracites are microporous materials. Their pores are flattened parallel to the bedding by a pressure effect which is responsible for a long-range statistical preferred orientation. They are anisotropic in texture but only biperiodically crystallized (turbostratic). Metaanthracites differ from anthracites only by an increasing coalescence between adjacent pores. They are thus either mesoporous or even macroporous. They are still turbostratic. Semi-graphites are suddenly obtained as a new phase by an increase in temperature, pressure and shear stresses. They are formed by single macropores, i.e. hollow distorted polyhedral shells. They are partially graphitized. Graphite is suddenly produced by a second phase change also due to an increase in temperature, pressure and shear stresses. The lamellar shape represents the limit of a flattened macropore.     

Constraints on Cation Order in Calcium-rich Sedimentary Dolomite

Most sedimentary Ca-rich dolomite in pre-Holocenerocks is known to exhibit a fine-scale modulation inTEM images, reflecting a domain structure of which onecomponent is a low-symmetry variant of dolomite. Thevarious structural models proposed for thelow-symmetry component involve Ca–Mg order patternsthat are different from that in dolomite. Caution istherefore required for interpretation of X-raydiffraction data, which average over the entirestructure. The average structures of two Ca-richdolomites having a structural modulation are refinedusing single-crystal intensity data. The resultsindicate a poor fit using a dolomite model, which isconsistent with the findings from TEM and electrondiffraction indicating that one component of thedomain structure is different than dolomite. Resultsalso indicate that average model A and B cation siteshave mixed Ca–Mg occupancy, which provides someconstraints on possible models for the low-symmetrydomains.     

Catagenesis of Humic Coals Inferred from the X-Ray Phase Analysis and Mathematical Modeling

Dynamics of catagenetic changes in the structure of humic coals in the Earth's interior can quantitatively be described using X-ray indices of components (phases), redistribution of which is determined by a system of differential equations in geological time. The system describes changes in the main formation parameters of coal seams in the Earth's interior (subsidence depth, temperature, pressure, and catagenesis index), on the one hand, and kinetics of catagenetic transformation of organic matter (OM), on the other. Such model makes it possible to establish regular changes in the phase composition of humic coals at different stages of coal basin formation. Using Paleozoic (Middle Carboniferous) coals of the Donets Basin as an example, it is established that main changes in the OM structure took place during the maximal subsidence of coal seams at maximal temperatures ranging from 110–15°C (for slightly metamorphosed coals of the L and G ranks) to 28°C (for anthracites) and pressures ranging from 55–74 to 146 MPa, respectively. Major processes leading to the observed X-ray phase composition of coals during the maximal subsidence of sedimentary sequences lasted approximately 40 Ma regardless of the geological age of sediments (Middle Carboniferous or Permian coal seams of the Donets or Kuznetsk coal basins, respectively).     

对瞬变电磁测深几个问题的思考(五)——地形对TEM资料的影响

通过观测点的地形对瞬变电磁法（TEM）相关资料的影响分析,结果表明其大小不但与地形的变化幅度有关,也与表层电阻率高低、观测延时有关。通过模拟计算与实际应用,验证了地形对TEM资料影响的规律。地形对TEM资料影响的实质是地形起伏促使涡流聚散,致使感应场升高或降低,导致TEM视电阻率变化与地形起伏反向。根据地形对TEM资料影响的规律,可采用适当方法进行地形影响校正。      

瞬变电磁法对地下不同位置多个三维薄板探测能力的研究

以层状地层中多个位于不同位置和不同埋深的三维导电薄板为例,对瞬变电磁(TEM)法分辨地下多个三维异常体的能力进行了详细的分析和讨论.模型计算的结果表明,无论异常体与源的距离远近,TEM法对近地表的多个异常体分辨能力总是很好.当多个异常体在垂直方向排列时,TEM法对它们的探测能力最差;当它们以不同埋深沿测线方向排列时,埋深最浅和最近源的异常体最容易探测到;当夹在中间的异常体规模较小、埋深较大时,它的异常场容易被其它异常体所掩盖.总体上讲,无论在源下方还是在接收器下方,TEM法对水平方向多个异常体分辨能力优于垂向上的.     

中心回线瞬变电磁探测的一种快速解释方法

分析了中心回线装置激发的电磁场在晚期与平面电磁波的传播特征,通过时-频转换将TEM数据转换成平面波场数据,构建了关于反射函数的M×N阶欠定方程组。用线性规划法解出反射函数序列q_m,大量模型的反演结果与理论值误差很小。以q_m为参数绘制出电磁响应时间剖面图,从而实现了TEM快速成像解释。成像剖面清楚地反映了断面的地电特征。实测资料的处理结果说明了方法的实用性。     

瞬变电磁法数据提取纯异常方法技术

在瞬变电磁法数据处理中,借鉴小波分析的"自适应性"和"数学显微镜性质"的特点,提出了特殊的TEM数据二维小波变换处理方法和流程,并编制了可视化处理软件,其核心是利用计算出的异常Lipschiz指数α的正负变化区分正常场和异常场,从而有效地从TEM数据中提取纯异常。选取某铜镍矿上实测的TEM资料进行了处理,获得了令人满意的效果。     

辽东白云金矿区深部地质结构的瞬变电磁法探测

白云金矿床位于华北克拉通东北部辽东青城子矿集区,具有深部找矿潜力.为寻找白云金矿区深部及外围矿体,应用大功率瞬变电磁系统开展了白云矿区含矿地层和控矿构造的勘查.野外数据采集采用中心回线和大回线2种装置.大发射磁矩（7.2×106A·m2）和低发射基频（5 Hz）保证了高数据质量和长的有效观测时间,从而加大探测深度.研究区地层主要为大石桥组三段和盖县组.大石桥组三段总体电阻率较低,主要由透辉透闪片岩和含石墨大理岩引起.盖县组主要成分为片岩和变粒岩,属中高电阻率.研究结果表明瞬变电磁法可以有效探测大石桥组三段和盖县组的分布以及其中发育的褶皱和断裂.3条瞬变电磁测线反演结果表明,白云金矿西部受到较大挤压,形成明显的推覆构造,而白云矿床东部褶皱平缓,挤压相对较弱.      

瞬变电磁法在准噶尔盆地南缘东部台28井区近地表调查中的应用

瞬变电磁法(TEM)是近年来国内外发展速度较快、应用效果较好的一种电磁方法,由于其施工便利、成本低廉、工作效率高、应用效果明显等优点,已广泛应用于金属、煤炭、地下水等矿藏勘查.该方法应用于地震勘探中的表层结构调查,虽不能直接得到近地表地质体岩性信息.但可通过连续观测获取不同岩性间电性差异信息,根据电性相对关系得到准确的近地表地质体形态和岩性分布规律,为地震资料后续处理提供可靠的静校正量.瞬变电磁法勘探深度由浅层5 m到中深层300 m左右.准噶尔盆地南缘东部台28井区勘探实例表明,通过电性分层、小折射和地震微测井成果资料综合解释,在表层结构建模和计算静校正量方面取得良好效果.     

基于钻探约束的瞬变电磁解释方法及应用

随着我国城镇建设的飞速发展,城镇建筑用地范围不断扩大,所面临的近地表地质构造越来越复杂,常规钻探法难以满足地基勘查的需要。为此,基于优势互补理念,将瞬变电磁法空间采样率高、地质信息丰富、地质体横向边界刻画准确等优势与钻探垂向测深精度高、分层定位准确等优势相结合,提出基于钻探约束的瞬变电磁法解释新方法,较好地克服了常规瞬变电磁法计算深度精度不足的局限,提高了视电阻率剖面的纵向解释能力。通过浩金元住宅建设区采空区探测的应用试验,圈定了测区中东部存在一个面积约0.01 km2的采空积水区,中部存在一个面积约0.009 75 km2的非采空区,其他部分均为采空区,取得了良好的应用效果。      

Physical simulation and application of a new TEM configuration

In some applications, especially for tunnel surveys and ancient tomb investigations, the scale of survey location is so small that it is impossible to lay a large enough transmitter loop for detection. A small-scale and high-power Transient Electromagnetic (TEM) transmitter configuration must be adapted to detect longer distance or greater depth. Redesigning the TEM surveying configuration may facilitate improving signal penetration and precision of TEM soundings. Based on physical simulation, a newly designed special-loop-source TEM survey configuration has been introduced, which employs four square apertures within a single large transmitter loop to excite stronger fields. The primary and secondary fields have been measured using both the new special-loop system and standard normal single loop TEM configuration for different receiver-transmitter separations and for different target depths. The response curves were compared, revealing that the primary field intensity and the secondary field response were improved by the special-loop transmitter system as compared to the standard system. The new special-loop configuration can be used for tunnel TEM prediction and other TEM investigations. A case study was conducted on tunnel forecasting in Hubei Province, China. This terra TEM survey showed that it is an effective and successful method for exploring and predicting challenging geological structures ahead of a tunnel wall during excavation.     

冀东沉积变质型铁矿床瞬变电磁响应研究

本文介绍瞬变电磁方法在冀东沉积变质型铁矿勘查中的应用。根据冀东地区成矿地质背景,以及BIF型铁矿的矿体形态、产状、赋存部位、规模大小及含矿岩层特征,建立了层状模型、透镜体模型与向形模型三种地质模型。将地质模型转化为可处理的地球物理模型,按实际地质情况改变模型参数,完成了瞬变电磁的时域二维正演计算。分析了三种模型在多种情况下（低阻覆盖层、不同倾角、不同深度、发射源特征和不同电阻率）的瞬变电磁响应特征。结果表明,低阻覆盖层对于瞬变电磁场的扩散有一定的屏蔽作用,因而减小探测深度;随着矿体倾角的逐渐增大,瞬变电磁响应强度逐渐减弱,水平板状矿体比垂直板状矿体的响应要更为明显;勘探效果随着地质体埋深的增加而逐渐减弱;发射磁矩的大小对于瞬变电磁场的强弱产生直接影响,在实际应用中需要结合多方面因素,选择最佳的发射边长来达到最佳的勘查效果。利用冀东司家营地区进行的瞬变电磁勘察数据,研究了该地区铁矿床瞬变电磁响应特征,验证了上述模型的结论。     

波场变换方程的数值计算

对瞬变电磁法 (TEM)测量数据作波场变换,可以实现TEM数据的拟地震成像解释,其中,虚拟波动场波形展宽现象是阻碍这一应用的关键问题。本文采用Tikhonov正则化算法和选取正则因子的L准则,对具有解析结果的波场变换方程进行了数值求解。数值计算表明,由于数值计算引入的展宽是虚拟波动场波形展宽的主要因素,因此,减小数值求解波场变换方程时所引入的波形展宽,应当是波场变换方程应用研究的重要问题之一。      

Combining TEM/resistivity joint inversion and magnetic data for groundwater exploration: application to the northeastern part of Greater Cairo,Egypt

This paper presents the combination of two complementary methods, magnetic and joint inversion of resistivity/TEM data, as an effective approach to characterize groundwater reservoirs. Twenty stations of transient electromagnetic (TEM) and vertical electrical soundings (VES) were measured and interpreted using a joint inversion technique to evaluate the subsurface low resistivity zones connected to the groundwater reservoir. A complementary survey including 871 land magnetic stations was carried out at the same area to detect the upper surface of the basaltic sheet, which represents the bottom of the Miocene aquifer in the study area. The geological log from one borehole drilled in the zone was used to partially calibrate the calculated models. The results revealed that the study area consists of five different geological units with ages ranging from Paleogene (Oligocene) to Quaternary. The methodology provides good results at a very low cost when compared with drilling boreholes.     

直升机TEM测量影响因素分析

直升机TEM被广泛应用于矿产、水文地质勘查等领域,该测量方法在国内还处于发展阶段,且飞行难度大,总结其野外测量流程、分析野外测量影响因素,对于今后直升机TEM飞行作业具有实际意义。笔者结合雄安新区白洋淀和雄县两个测区实测资料,对直升机TEM野外测量主要环节中存在的影响因素进行了分析,并提出了相应的建议,如机型选择、直升机起降点、天气、飞行高度、速度、飞行计划及测量系统稳定性监控等,为今后直升机TEM测量飞行提供参考经验。     

Transformation mechanisms of tridymite to cristobalite studied by transmission electron microscopy

Available kinetic data on the transformation of tridymite to cristobalite imply that several different mechanisms can operate. Optical microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), are here used to establish the mechanisms in specimens of industrial refractory brick heated experimentally at 1545° C. Two mechanisms are distinguished, in both of which cristobalite grows directly, in the solid state, from well-ordered tridymite. Cristobalite with lamellar morphology develops topotactically, with strict crystallographic orientation derived from tridymite. In competition with this mechanism, a massive transformation produces cristobalite with no crystallographic relation to the tridymite. Massive cristobalite nucleates at grain boundaries whereas lamellar cristobalite nucleates within tridymite grains. Together with a third mechanism, involving melting as an intermediate step, these processes can account for the different transformation-rate behaviours of different tridymite specimens.     

地一井瞬变电磁三维交错网格有限差分正演及响应特性

为了研究地-井瞬变电磁响应特征,获得不同井位低阻薄板异常体的响应规律:首先采用交错网格有限差分技术离散二次场满足的频率域赫姆霍兹方程;然后结合虚框叠加等效和虚拟界面法将发射源和接收位置扩展到任意层位,解决了全空间背景格林函数的计算问题;之后利用MUMPS求解器求解频率域二次场,再经过余弦变换,获得井中任意位置的瞬变电磁响应;最后采用三维模型对本文算法的正确性进行验证,设计了均匀半空间和嵌入低阻薄板的三维模型,获得垂直磁场的三维分布,分析均匀导电半空间中低阻薄板对地-井瞬变电磁三维响应的影响特点.结果表明:本文三维地-井瞬变电磁计算方案的计算精度与前人基本相同;水平导电薄板的存在主要影响板体附近及穿过薄板的井中瞬变响应,最大的特点是在异常体位置附近的中期时间道响应出现变号现象.本文的研究为定性解释地-井瞬变电磁法异常提供一个技术手段,也为地-井瞬变电磁三维反演奠定基础.