低压易漏裸眼井段技术套管固井技术

龙岗构造是四川盆地北部深层天然气勘探开发的重要区域,针对该区域Φ244.5 mm技术套管固井井段长裸眼、含油气层多套、油气显示频繁强烈、钻井过程中涌漏同存问题,将井眼准备、套管选择、优选水泥浆体系与配方、地面施工工艺等提高固井质量的主要技术措施集成优化,并采用空井固井、预应力固井等特色技术,保证了龙岗构造技术套管的固井质量,应用效果良好。     

红河油田低压易漏地层水平段固井技术

为提高红河油田水平井固井质量,满足后期分段压裂需求,对红河油田水平井固井技术进行了研究。针对红河油田水平段固井技术难点,通过室内和现场试验,优选出了GSJ水泥浆体系,基于实测地层压力与地层破裂压力,进行平衡压力固井设计确定了环空浆体结构,为提高顶替效率,优化了扶正器类型与加放位置,专业软件模拟表明套管居中度＞73%,良好的井眼准备和套管漂浮措施确保了管柱的顺利下入;加长胶塞、树脂滚轮刚性旋流扶正器和关井阀等附件的使用,保证了固井质量。现场应用53口水平井,水泥浆全部返至地面,CBL测井结果表明,固井优良率达81.13%。该固井技术成功应用于红河油田水平井中,保证了固井质量,满足了后期分段压裂的需要。     

粉煤灰——漂珠复合低密度水泥浆固井试验与应用

针对吴起地区固井中一些低压地层由于破裂压力低,不能承受常规水泥浆液柱压力,出现固井水泥浆漏失、水泥返高达不到设计要求的问题,开展了低密度水泥浆体系研究。通过室内试验,对减轻材料粉煤灰、漂珠及二者复合体系进行了较系统的研究,确定了适合的配方。研究选用增稳剂ZW 加入低密度体系,提高了低密度水泥的强度。实验结果及现场实践表明: 用减轻材料配制低密度水泥浆及降低水泥浆液柱压力,是确保低压易漏地层固井水泥浆返高的有效途径,对提高固井质量和延长油井寿命都将起到积极作用。     

文75X1井长裸眼长封固段小间隙小尾管固井实践

小井眼开窗侧钻技术很好地解决了油水井无法继续进行生产的问题,起到“死井复活”、提高采收率、降低成本的目的。文75X1井是部署在文安斜坡史各庄构造带文75断块上位置的一口小井眼开窗侧钻井,完钻井深3376 m,井斜34.64°,裸眼段长达1164 m,下入φ95.3 mm小尾管固井,存在环空间隙小、封固段长、套管居中度难以保证以及套管安全下入井底难度大等一系列难题,通过采取有效通井措施、扶正器安放提高套管居中度、弹性低密度高强度水泥浆体系技术等固井工艺技术,经质量检测,固井合格率100%,优质率高达92%,为类似的长裸眼长封固段小间隙井小尾管固井质量的技术措施提供参考。     

天津CGSD-01地热调查井固井技术

CGSD-01井是天津地区的一口深层水热型地热资源调查井。针对井下漏失、水层活跃、选择性固井及长期耐高温等复杂情况,通过采用抗高温防窜水泥浆体系,优选橄榄型水泥伞,应用筛管顶部尾管注水泥和正注反挤固井工艺,综合形成一套适合该井的固井技术。通过现场应用,固井过程中未发生漏失及水窜,隔层封固可靠,为该地区深层地热井固井提供了示范。     

汶川地震断裂带科学钻探项目WFSD-2孔防漏固井技术研究与应用

汶川地震断裂带科学钻探项目二号孔（WFSD-2）钻探施工过程中,地层破碎,坍塌、掉块严重,钻进过程中发生多次井漏。为防止固井过程中发生漏失影响固井质量,采用低密度防漏水泥浆常规单级固井工艺。经过多次水泥浆性能试验,调配出了既具有良好流动性、又具有触变性的低密度纤维防漏水泥浆配方。该低密度纤维防漏水泥浆体系在WFSD-2孔Ф168．3mm套管固井中施工顺利,应用效果良好。     

煤层气U型井水平井固井技术研究

U型井是煤层气资源开采的一种新型模式,在水平井固井施工时易出现水泥浆冲刷洞穴,部分水泥浆进入洞穴直井,破坏直井,另外,斜井段顶替效率低,容易造成泥浆窜槽,影响固井质量.为了解决这一问题,提出了分流水泥浆套管串结构和采用低密度水泥浆+速凝早强水泥浆体系固井技术.该工艺技术不仅保证了水泥浆能顺利返至地面,也避免了水泥浆对直井洞穴的冲刷,确保固井质量,因而在类似煤层气U型井固井作业时具有良好的应用前景,可逐步推广.     

基于紧密堆积理论的低密度固井水泥浆设计

合理的颗粒级配是提高固井水泥环内部密实度、早期力学强度和界面胶结能力的关键。基于此,本文从几种典型的连续颗粒级配的紧密堆积理论中优选出DFE进行固井水泥浆体系设计,并通过大量实验首次确定了适宜G级油井水泥基深水固井水泥浆体系设计的n值最优范围：0.33~0.40。结合激光粒度分析仪实测结果,在粒径≤3.38 μm、3.38~70.70 μm、≥70.70 μm三个范围内依次采用纳米CaCO₃（nano CaCO₃,以下简称“NC”）、G级油井水泥和漂珠,并按DFE（n=0.33~0.40）体积分布曲线进行混配。在此基础上,提出一种密度为1.50 g/cm³的低成本低温早强三元固相级配水泥浆体系,并与漂珠二元固相水泥浆体系和NC二元固相水泥浆体系的性能进行对比。研究结果表明：该三元体系水泥石的抗压强度、抗折强度和二界面胶结强度相比于漂珠二元体系和NC二元体系分别提高了7%~21.1%、13.4%~51.9%和41.4%~122.2%。三元体系的固井水泥石在垂向上的最大密度差为0.022 g/cm³。基于DFE设计的三元体系具有良好的流变性、稳定性和力学性能。DFE对于多元固井水泥浆体系的设计和应用具有一定的指导意义,在保证低密度的前提下能够有效地提高固井水泥石的早期强度和综合性能。     

山西干热岩GR1井高温固井技术研究与实践

固井质量对干热岩后期开发利用具有重要意义。针对山西大同盆地干热岩勘查井GR1井温度高、高温固井水泥浆技术体系不完善等问题,通过研究勘查区地质特征,提出了高温固井水泥浆技术体系开发思路。研究表明：干热岩高温固井水泥浆水胶比控制为0.45,优选添加剂高温降失水剂CG82L、高温缓凝剂H40L、高温稳定剂CF40L、消泡剂GX-1、硅粉及HV-PAC,形成一套适用于山西干热岩井的高温固井水泥浆技术体系。该水泥浆体系在GR1井成功应用,现场固井质量良好,研究成果为今后同类型高温固井工作提供了宝贵经验和技术支撑。     

塔里木盆地古近系—白垩系微膨胀防窜盐水泥浆的应用研究

塔里木盆地古近系、白垩系地层含膏、含盐,气显示活跃,固井难度大。在总结前期微膨胀胶乳防窜水泥浆体系固井失利原因的基础上,重点考虑地层岩性特征,以提高二界面胶结质量为目的,优选出微膨胀防窜盐水水泥浆体系。该体系具有API失水量小、SPN值小、水泥石强度大的特点,经现场应用,封固井段固井质量优良,表明该体系有广泛推广的前景。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

NONMETALS DEPOSITS

正20141520 Bo Ying(Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment,MLR,Beijing 100037,China);Liu Chenglin Saline Spring Hydrochemical Characteristics and Indicators for Potassium Exploration in Southwestern and Northern Tarim Basin,Xinjiang(Acta Geoscientica Sinica,ISSN1006-3021,CN11-3474/P,34(5),2013,p.594-602,5 illus.,3 tables,28 refs.)     

MATHEMATICAL GEOLOGY

正20141243Chen Ge(Hangzhou Research Institute of Petroleum Geology,PetroChina,Hangzhou 310023,China);Si Chunsong Study on Sedimentary Numerical Simulation Method of Fan Delta Sand Body(Journal of Geology,     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20142599Chen Sanming(Guangxi Key Laboratory of Concealed Deposits Exploration,Guilin University of Technology,Guilin541004,China);He Yuzhou Block Model and Reserves Estimation of Panzhihua Iron Deposit Based on 3D Geological Modeling(Journal of Guilin University of Technology,ISSN1674-9057,CN45-1375/N,33(4),2013,p.610-615,9illus.,1table,15refs.)     

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

正20140594 Bai Daoyuan(Hunan Institute of Geology Survey,Changsha 410016,China);Zhong Xiang Faults in the Jingzhou Basin and Their Tectonic Settings(Geotectonica et Metallogenia,ISSN1001-1552,CN44-1595/P,37(2),2013,p.173-183,6illus.,59refs.)Key words:basin evolution,tectonic setting,South China In the Upper Paleozoic and Jurassic se-     

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

正20141912Cao Hui(State Key Laboratory for Continental Tectonics and Dynamics,Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing 100037,China)Gravitational Collapse and Folding during Orogenesis:A Comparative Study of FIA Trends and Fold Axial Plane Traces(Geology in China,ISSN1000-3657,CN11-1167/P,40(6),2013,p.1818-1828,9illus.,35refs.,with