海底缓坡场地地震侧移数值分析方法

地震动使海底倾斜土层软化、液化并产生永久变形和位移。基于有限元理论,提出一种海底缓坡场地地震引起水平侧移的数值计算方法,将波浪荷载简化为恒定压力荷载和初始孔压,采用二维有效应力动力有限元分析方法进行液化分析,同时由模量软化理论得到土层在地震动各时段的模量,通过非线性静力方法计算软化、液化引起的水平侧移。由算例分析了土层坡度、液化层及上覆非液化层厚度、波浪荷载等因素对侧移的影响,通过对比分析表明了该方法的有效性,可为近海工程场地地震地质灾害评价提供参考数据。     

倾斜土层地震液化诱发大变形数值分析方法

基于有限元理论,进行了缓坡土层地震液化引起大变形的数值方法研究,即采用二维有效应力动力有限元方法进行分析,在液化分析过程的每一时段考虑地震液化和振动软化得到土单元的模量,通过非线性静力方法计算每时段地震液化引起的大变形,得到土层各深度处的水平和竖向位移。由算例分析了地震动和土层坡度等因素的影响,通过对比分析表明了该方法的有效性,可为工程场地地震地质灾害评价提供参考数据。     

饱和黄土边坡的动力稳定性分析

考虑地震荷载作用下饱和黄土的孔压增长模式及液化规律,建立了饱和黄土无限边坡的动力稳定性分析模型,并将此类边坡的破坏分为液化型破坏和滑动型破坏两种基本类型。分析结果表明,由于孔压的累积,屈服地震系数将随时间而减小,并且明显地受到有效粘聚力、初始孔压比等参数的影响。另外还证实,考虑孔压累积时的永久位移计算值要大于常规的Newmark法分析的结果。     

平面P1波入射下海底隧道与海床土交界面滑移接触效应解析解

基于理想流体波动理论和Biot饱和多孔介质波动理论,考虑工程实际中海底隧道与周围海底土体的滑移接触关系,建立了含滑移界面海底隧道模型,该模型还考虑了海水-海床土-海底隧道的动力相互作用。采用Hankel函数积分变换法和波函数展开法,推导了平面P₁波入射下海底隧道与周围海底土体滑移接触界面效应的解析解。在解析解的基础上,通过数值计算分析了滑移接触条件对海底隧道地震动力响应的影响。计算结果表明：滑移接触条件对海底隧道的位移响应和应力响应影响明显;考虑隧道-海床土界面滑移接触条件下海底隧道的位移响应和应力响应显著高于界面无滑移条件时的位移响应和应力响应。     

饱和土动力方程全显式有限元法在OpenSees中的实现与应用

饱和土的动力响应一直是土动力学重点关注的问题,尤其是在循环荷载作用下饱和砂土容易发生孔压升高、强度降低的液化现象。同时,采用有限元法求解尺寸较大的实际饱和土场地,巨大的自由度数往往造成整体系统的计算效率极低,制约着饱和土数值方法的发展。因此,基于已提出的u-p(u为固相土骨架位移,p为孔压)饱和两相多孔介质动力方程的全显式有限元法,将其嵌入Open Sees开放性平台中,并利用软件自带的饱和多孔介质单元和本构模型,实现了高效、显式计算饱和土的动力响应。通过计算二维弹性饱和土动力响应,与Newmark法的计算结果对比,两者结果吻合较好,验证了嵌入算法的正确性。将提出方法计算非线性自由场海床土的地震响应问题,有效模拟了海床土的液化过程和失效模式以及发生的侧向变形,同时说明了提出方法在计算效率方面具有的显著优势。     

土石坝拟静力抗震稳定性分析与坝坡地震滑移量估算

单独采用拟静力抗震稳定性安全系数,并不能准确地评价土石坝的动力稳定性, Newmark等采用刚塑体滑移量或永久变形评价土石坝地震稳定性的建议得到了逐步认同,但土石坝地震永久变形或滑移量的估算尚缺乏合理方法。为此,将土石坝地震动力响应分析和拟静力极限平衡分析相结合,提出了合理地估算坝坡上潜在滑坡体地震滑移量的数值计算方法。首先,根据土石坝地震动力响应分析,针对圆弧滑动面和非圆弧光滑渐变曲面形式滑动面,分别采用简化Bishop法及改进的简化Bishop法计算坝坡上潜在滑动体的各个时刻拟静力安全系数。随后,对其中安全系数小于1的瞬时超载阶段,通过时间积分确定潜在滑动体的滑移量。最后,结合算例并通过具体数值计算与分析探讨了竖向地震动分量、滑坡体竖向地震响应、振动孔隙水压力等各种因素对土石坝地震位移及抗震性能的影响。     

波浪作用下黄河三角洲粉质土海床动力响应分析

应用饱和土动力固结理论和Pastor-Zienkiewicz III动力本构关系,对波浪作用下黄河三角洲粉质土海床的动力响应特征进行了有限元分析,应用总超孔压准则对海床进行了液化判别,并将计算结果与现场观测资料进行对比。结果表明：波浪导致的海床超孔压由瞬态孔压和累积孔压两部分组成;相比均质海床,拥有表面硬层的海床瞬态孔压沿深度衰减更快,累积孔压在表层增长速度更大;不同波浪条件下,瞬态孔压值及其变化趋势较为一致,累积孔压则具有较大的不同。年平均波浪条件下海床不会发生液化;5 a和50 a一遇极端波浪条件下,考虑三维效应和具有表面硬层的海床更容易液化,最大液化深度在海床表面以下2～3 m范围内。计算所得的海床最大液化深度与实测的黄河三角洲海底灾害地貌深度有较好的一致性,表明了文中方法的有效性和合理性。     

水平液化场地土表位移简化理论解答

水平液化场地地表往返位移的求解是基础和地下工程抗震设计的迫切需求。利用双层模型模拟实际水平场地,提出了可考虑液化层存在下的土表位移简化计算方法并给出频域理论解答,同时采用逐循环累计方法给出水平场地任意荷载下土表位移时域解答。采用适于水平场地孔压增量模型,并逐循环修正土层模量,模拟液化引起的土层的非线性过程。振动台试验结果和提出棋型的计算结果吻合,验证了所提方法能够反映土体液化对土表位移影响的基本过程。提出的方法和解答物理意义明确,可代表土体液化对土表位移影响的基本形态,并可用于频域及时域的无量纲分析。     

饱和砂土中孔隙水压力的计算方法

孔压分解为体变孔压,脉动孔压和渗流孔压三部分,并重点讨论了与砂土液化密切相关的体变孔压的产生机理并给出了计算方法,该方法可以使实际工程计算得到简化,结果是令人满意的;。     

天津地区饱和粉土地震液化的试验研究

地震液化是导致地基失稳和上部结构受损的直接原因之一。通过对天津地区粉土进行原位取土以及现场原位测试分析,研究了粉土土质特点对液化判别的影响,并在动三轴试验基础上阐述了该区域粉土的动力特性和液化机制。结合原位测试方法比较了现有的地震液化判别方法,指出该区域粉土液化判别应考虑粉土成分特征的影响,并提出孔压达到围压的60%～90%,双幅应变达到4%可作为液化的判别标准。     

Development of shallow seismic landslide potential map based on Newmark’s displacement: the case study of Chi-Chi earthquake, Taiwan

With the development of the geographic information system (GIS), the analysis of regional slope stability under seismic loading has evolved rapidly in recent years. In many studies, the Newmark’s method is used for the computation of displacements triggered by an earthquake on a single slope, while for regional analysis, the infinite slope theory is frequently used due to its simplicity when large amount of computations are required. In this research, the infinite slope theory was examined considering various seismic conditions, material properties, and slope geometry to verify the suitability of the method when applied to regional analysis and development of potential shallow landslide maps. The landslide cases induced by Chi-Chi earthquake in central Taiwan were used in this study for verification. It was found that the infinite slope theory is valid for regional analysis when used with discretion. Based on the calculated Newmark’s displacement and combining the GIS technique, procedures for the potential map development are established in this study.     

Computation of sliding displacements of seawalls under earthquake conditions

To understand the serviceability aspects of seawalls, it is essential to study the permanent displacements of seawalls that occur during the earthquakes. Studies in the existing literature have concentrated on displacements of retaining walls with dry backfills; to the authors’ observation there is no specific analytical investigation devoted to the earthquake-induced displacements of retaining walls with submerged backfills. This paper focuses on sliding displacements of gravity type seawall retaining a submerged backfill under active earth pressure condition during the earthquakes. The threshold seismic acceleration coefficients required for initiation of sliding and the amount of sliding displacement due to seismic loading are calculated by adopting Newmark’s sliding block method. One of the prime features of the study is the estimation of seismic inertia forces in the submerged soil and wall applying the modified pseudo-dynamic method. The comparison of the results obtained using the proposed analytical formulation with the existing literature found to be in good agreement. A comprehensive parametric study has been conducted to understand the effects of different parameters such as seismic horizontal and vertical acceleration coefficients, soil and wall friction angles, width of the wall, wall inclination and excess pore water pressure ratio.

     

考虑强度退化效应的堤坝抗震稳定性评价方法

考虑土的动强度随振动孔隙压力上升的衰减效应,将拟静力极限平衡分析和滑动体位移分析相结合,提出了堤坝抗震稳定性评价方法.首先,基于土工动力有限元分析,确定坝坡潜在滑动土体的平均加速度时程,进而,基于拟静力概念,采用极限平衡分析,确定坝坡的安全系数随时间的变化历程,其中当安全系数瞬时小于1时,表明坝坡在地震中处于瞬时超载状态,采用Newmark刚体滑块模型估算瞬时超载所产生的滑动位移,将各个超载阶段的滑动位移叠加,求得设计地震动作用下堤坝边坡的累积滑移量,根据这种方法所进行的数值计算与分析表明,考虑强度循环退化效应后所得到的坝坡滑移量更为合理.     

液化型路堤边坡动力数值模拟分析

液化型路堤边坡动力稳定性问题涉及岩土工程与工程地震两个学科领域,是边坡工程与砂土液化的交叉课题。采用天然地震记录为输入条件,应用Finn本构关系模型,运用有限差分法,对填土+砂土+卵砾土地层组合的路堤边坡进行了全时程动力分析,探讨了地震作用下路堤边坡的液化初步规律和稳定性。数值模拟结果表明:地震作用引起了路基饱和砂土有效应力急剧减小,并导致路基砂土液化,引起路堤变形破坏。孔隙水压力的积累与消散不仅与地震记录序列存在对应关系,也与砂土所处的位置和深度有密切关系。地表变形破坏主要表现为路堤顶面发生震陷和拉裂破坏,坡底面产生挤压隆起变形。地面以下的变形破坏主要包括土体剪切破坏和深部砂土液化引起的侧向流动破坏。     

Assessment of soil liquefaction potential based on numerical method- a case study of an urban railway project

Paying special attention to geotechnical hazards such as liquefaction in huge civil projects like urban railways especially in susceptible regions to liquefaction is of great importance. A number of approaches to evaluate the potential for initiation of liquefaction, such as Seed and Idriss simplified method have been developed over the years. Although simplified methods are available in calculating the liquefaction potential of a soil deposit and shear stresses induced at any point in the ground due to earthquake loading, these methods cannot be applied to all earthquakes with the same accuracy, also they lack the potential to predict the pore pressure developed in the soil. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out a ground response analysis to obtain pore pressures and shear stresses in the soil due to earthquake loading. Using soil historical, geological and compositional criteria, a zone of the corridor of Tabriz urban railway line 2 susceptible to liquefaction was recognized. Then, using numerical analysis and cyclic stress method using QUAKE/W finite element code, soil liquefaction potential in susceptible zone was evaluated based on design earthquake.     

Performance-based assessment of earthquake-induced catastrophic landslide hazard in liquefiable soils

This paper outlines a methodology for evaluating the likelihood of catastrophic landslide occurrence on gentle slopes in liquefiable soils during earthquake. The approach is based on a modified Newmark sliding block model of assessing the earthquake-induced undrained landslide displacements for conditions of no shear stress reversals on the sliding surface. By employing the shear resistance-displacement relationship from undrained monotonic ring shear tests, the simulation model incorporates the sensitivity of computed displacements to variations in yield acceleration. The proposed approach involves an examination of undrained seismic slope performance under various horizontal seismic waveforms scaled to different specific values of the peak earthquake acceleration. An example problem illustrates how the proposed methodology may be used to demarcate, based on the magnitude of permanent seismic displacement, the levels of low, moderate and high risk of catastrophic landslide on a gentle slope in a saturated cohesionless soil susceptible to liquefaction during earthquake.     

A simulation of earthquake induced undrained pore pressure changes with bearing on some soil liquefaction observations following the 2001 Bhuj earthquake

The Bhuj earthquake of January 26th, 2001, induced wide spread liquefaction within the Kachch peninsula. It has been pointed out that inundation due to soil liquefaction was short lived in some parts than in others in the affected region. Several geological, seismological and hydrological factors would have cumulatively contributed to these observed changes. We simulate in this article, undrained or short-term change in pore pressure in a poroelastic half space, in response to a simplified model of the Bhuj earthquake source. We find that the regions of relatively shorter lived inundation due to soil liquefaction may fall in the region where pore pressure responsible for soil liquefaction attributable to strong ground shaking was counteracted by pore pressure changes due to undrained poroelastic effect and vice versa.     

饱和砂土地基上抗滑桩加固边坡的动力离心模型试验研究

动力离心模型试验是研究可液化地基上抗滑桩加固边坡地震动力响应的有效手段之一。使用铜质抗滑模型桩,采用黏度为50 cs的甲基硅油做为孔隙流体,通过抽真空法制作了饱和地基上的加固边坡模型。进行动力离心模型试验,研究了地震作用下饱和砂土地基中动孔压、边坡变形与土体加速度和抗滑桩弯矩的响应特征。试验结果表明,地震作用导致的动力附加弯矩相当于震前静力弯矩的87 %,说明地震作用与地基液化导致的附加弯矩不容忽视,该结论可为边坡进行抗震设计与稳定分析提供有意义的参考。     

Numerical simulation of mitigation for liquefaction-induced soil deformations in a sandy ground improved by cement grouting

This paper presents a numerical study of mitigation for liquefaction during earthquake loading. Analyses are carried out using an effective stress based, fully coupled, hybrid, finite element-finite differences approach. The sandy soil behavior is described by means of a cyclic elastoplastic constitutive model, which was developed within the framework of a nonlinear kinematic hardening rule. In theory, the philosophies of mitigation for liquefaction can be summarized as two main concepts, i.e. prevention of excess pore water pressure generation and reduction of liquefaction-induced deformations. This paper is primarily concerned with the latter approach to liquefaction mitigation. Firstly, the numerical method and the analytical procedure are briefly outlined. Subsequently, a case-history study, which includes a liquefaction mitigation technique of cement grouting for ground improvement of a sluice gate, is conducted to illustrate the effectiveness of liquefaction countermeasures. Special emphasis is given to the computed results of excess pore water pressures, displacements, and accelerations during the seismic excitation. Generally, the distinctive patterns of seismic response are accurately reproduced by the numerical simulation. The proposed numerical method is thus considered to capture the fundamental aspects of the problems investigated, and yields results for design purposes. From the results in the case, excess pore water pressures eventually reach fully liquefied state under the input earthquake loading and this cannot be prevented. However, liquefaction-induced lateral spreading of the foundation soils can be effectively reduced by the liquefaction mitigation techniques. An erratum to this article can be found at