盐水层温室气体地质埋存机理及潜力计算方法评价

针对盐水层CO2地质埋存评价要求,提出了盐水层CO2埋存机理以及埋存潜力计算方法。CO2在盐水层中的埋存机理包括水力圈闭、残余气圈闭、溶解埋存和矿物埋存等4种基本方式。水力圈闭是CO2向上运动到达致密隔层受到遮挡后,在地质体中聚集,形成CO2气相埋存;残余气圈闭是由于驱替和吸吮相渗滞后现象存在,部分CO2以残余气形式被圈闭;溶解埋存是CO2溶解在水中,与水中的钙、镁、铁等离子发生反应生成碳酸盐矿物,实现CO2圈闭;矿物埋存是CO2与储层岩石发生缓慢的化学反应,形成碳酸盐矿物或HCO3-实现CO2封存。各种埋存方式随埋存时间不同,发挥的作用不一样,埋存安全性级别各不相同。埋存潜力只由残余气圈闭和溶解圈闭两部分构成。在此基础上,提出了埋存潜力计算公式及参数确定方法。埋存机理及潜力计算方法的提出为盐水层目标区CO2地质埋存评价提供了方法基础。     

南海西部盐水层CO2埋存潜力评估

南海西部东方1-1、崖城13-1和乐东等气田具有CO2含量高的特点,每年从生产出的天然气中分离出大量的CO2。为了减少CO2在大气中的排放,考虑在莺歌海地区选择合适的盐水层埋存体,拟进行CO2地质埋存示范工程。根据CO2在盐水层中的各种埋存机理,并考虑盐水层构造特征对CO2运移分布的影响,提出了一种较为准确的CO2埋存潜力评估方法,并利用此方法对筛选出的5个备选盐水层进行了评估。评估结果表明,各盐水层埋存潜力巨大,都远远大于示范工程期限内预计的CO2埋存总量,并可将这些盐水层作为将来海南省及临近广东省人为CO2的埋存场所。南海西部东方1-1、崖城13-1和乐东等气田具有CO2含量高的特点,每年从生产出的天然气中分离出大量的CO2。为了减少CO2在大气中的排放,考虑在莺歌海地区选择合适的盐水层埋存体,拟进行CO2地质埋存示范工程。根据CO2在盐水层中的各种埋存机理,并考虑盐水层构造特征对CO2运移分布的影响,提出了一种较为准确的CO2埋存潜力评估方法,并利用此方法对筛选出的5个备选盐水层进行了评估。评估结果表明,各盐水层埋存潜力巨大,都远远大于示范工程期限内预计的CO2埋存总量,并可将这些盐水层作为将来海南省及临近广东省人为CO2的埋存场所。     

华北平原CO2地下埋存潜力研究

以CO<,2>地质埋存的观点开展华北平原CO<,2>埋存地质学研究,通过对主要地质要素的分析,阐述冀中坳陷的地质背景和构造演化,提出在华北平原具有3层区域性的CO<,2>封盖一储存结构:即顶层馆陶组-明化镇组组合,中层古近系多次湖盆演化形成的储盖组合以及底层古潜山碳酸盐岩储层,并且对它们的岩石性质、圈闭类型与水文地质特...     

中国CO2地质埋存关联技术的现状

CO2地质埋存是减少CO2净排放量的有效措施之一。CO2地质埋存技术在发达国家已有十几年的研究历史。目前,我国这方面的研究工作刚刚起步,因此,很有必要对我国CO2地质埋存的技术现状进行调查。CO2地质埋存过程主要包括3个要素：从发电厂或者工业生产过程中回收CO2;将CO2运送到埋存场地;CO2注入与埋存。其中的很多技术在现有工业以及石油、天然气开采等行业中已经存在。对我国现有工业以及石油、天然气开采等行业中涉及到的CO2回收、运输以及注入与埋存等技术的现状进行了初步调查,并与国外进行对比。结果表明,我国CO2地质埋存技术现状与国外存在一定的差距,但还是有一定的技术基础,尤其是在CO2回收与注入方面有一定的实践经验。     

松辽盆地咸含水层埋存CO2储存容量初步估算

沉积盆地深部存在体积巨大的咸含水层,是很好的埋存CO2的地质储体。可靠合理的估计CO2储存容量是选择场址的重要前提。目前国际上较为通用的评价CO2储存容量是金字塔评价方法。松辽盆地咸含水层岩性以白垩系的嫩江组砂岩和青山口组砂岩为主,空隙发育较好,盖层连续完整且封闭良好,决定了其可以作为储存CO2的地质储体。以松辽盆地为实例,估算了咸含水层CO2理论储存容量大约为6916Gt。     

中国CO2地质埋存条件分析及有关建议

化石燃料燃烧产生的温室气体导致全球气候变暖是人类共同面临的重大环境问题.本文提出减排大气CO2含量最为现实和有效的对策是采取CO2地质埋存技术.在总结国际CO2地质埋存研究成果的基础上,全面分析了中国适宜CO2埋存的地质条件和潜在的埋存区域.初步估算,中国CO2地下贮存总容量约为14548×108t.建议近期加强中国CO2埋存地质条件调查和相关重大科技问题的研究.     

CO2地质埋存渗漏风险及补救对策

目前,将CO2埋存于地下深部地质构造（如油气藏、煤层、地下含水层及岩溶盐腔）的减排方案能有效地减缓温室效应而备受关注。无论什么储集体,我们都希望CO2在地下埋存的时间越长越好。然而,对于一项具体工程的实施,必然存在一些客观和主观因素造成CO2渗漏,比如废弃井的不完善或不合理处理、地层断裂系统和水动力系统以及地震所造成的渗漏等等。存在渗漏就可能会对周围人和生态环境造成危害。因此,进行CO2地质埋存的风险评估是相当有必要的,是我们能长期有效安全地进行该项减排方案必不可少的基础和保证。本文即想从建立一套完整的风险评估、管理和监测体系的角度并以加拿大Weyburn油田为例,深入分析CO2地质埋存中可能存在的渗漏风险和途径,建立CO2渗漏风险评估机制,并针对具体的渗漏可能性提出相应的补救对策,为全球范围内,尤其对我国刚刚开展CO2地质埋存研究工作提供一些有益的思路。     

CO2的地质埋存与资源化利用进展

把CO2注入油气藏、煤层提高油气采收率的方法(CO2-EOR、CO2-EGR、CO2-ECBM),因其在提高石油、天然气和煤层气采收率的同时,又能使一部分CO2永久地埋存于地下,实现油气增产和CO2减排的双赢效果,而成为当今CO2减排最具潜力的现实选择.CO2-EOR(Enhanced Oil Recovery)方法适用于油田开发晚期,通过把CO2注入到比较稳定的油藏,一般可提高油藏采收率达10%～15%;另外把CO2注入到气田中,实施CO2-EGR(Enhanced Gas Recovery).一方面,接近枯竭的气田在没有地层水入侵之前具有巨大的埋存能力,为CO2提供巨大的埋存空间;另一方面注入CO2后,使地层重新增压保持储层中原始的压力,可以保持储层的完整性和安全性.同时,原有的油气圈闭可作为良好的埋存箱能有效地阻止CO2泄漏,使部分CO2能永久地埋存于地下.此外,也可以把CO2注入到煤层中,实施CO2-ECBM(Enhanced Coalbed Methane Recovery),利用煤层对CO2和煤层气(主要为甲烷)吸附能力的差异,实现CO2排替CH4,提高CH4的采收率.     

二氧化碳地质埋存研究进展

对二氧化碳地下封存的基本地质学问题及其他相关技术进行阐述,包括地下封存的基本原理、适合的封存场所、油气藏的筛选、储存潜力估算、动态监测、安全性及环境问题、及我国二氧化碳地质储存面临的问题.二氧化碳被注入地下后,以分子状态、溶解状态和化合物状态储存于岩石孔隙中,从而得到封存;合适的封存场所包括:深部盐水层、深部煤层和枯竭的油气藏;对于气驱和水驱油藏可以分别采用不同的公式进行模拟,根据模拟结果可以得到适合埋存的油气藏条件;对于3种不同的埋存场所可以采用不同的公式计算其埋存量以评价它们的地质埋存潜力.     

深部咸水层二氧化碳地质储存场地选址储盖层评价

深部咸水层CO2地质储存属于环保型工程项目,开展地质评价来确定良好的储盖层是实现CO2地质储存长期、有效、安全封存的首要前提。储层地质评价内容主要包括储层的物理性质及其注入能力等;盖层地质评价内容主要包括盖层发育特征及封闭能力等。在规划选址到工程选址的不同阶段,储盖层评价的内容和对象应根据不同阶段的目的依次提高精度和量化程度。通过国内深部咸水层CO2地质储存工程场地选址阶段划分,结合储盖层地质评价的主要内容,初步建立了储盖层适宜性评价指标及其分级标准,对国内深部咸水层CO2地质储存工程场地选址中的储盖层地质评价及适宜性评价工作具有一定的指导意义。     

Evolution of sealing efficiency for CO2 geological storage due to mineral alteration within a hydrogeologically heterogeneous caprock

In CO₂ geological storage (CGS) context, the evolution of the caprock sealing capacity has received increasing attention, particularly on a geological time span (thousands of years). At this time scale, geochemical reactions may enhance or weaken the caprock quality. It is widely recognized that, for the reservoir, geological heterogeneities affect the concentration and spatial distribution of CO₂, and then affect the extent of gas–water–rock interactions, which in turn alters the hydrogeological properties of the reservoir. However, much less attention of these effects has been paid to the caprock. In this study, we presented and applied a novel approach to evaluate the effects of permeability and porosity heterogeneities on the alteration of minerals, the associated evolution of the caprock sealing efficiency and the containment of supercritical CO₂ (scCO₂) within the caprock. Even though this is a generic study, several conditions and parameters such as pressure, permeability, and mineral composition, were extracted from a caprock layer of the Shiqianfeng Formation in the Ordos Basin demonstration site in China. For the sake of simplification, a 2-dimensional model was designed to represent the caprock domain. We firstly generated an appropriate heterogeneous random field of permeability with the average permeability taken from the uppermost mudstone layer of the Shiqianfeng Formation, and then the heterogeneity in porosity was incorporated using a joint normal distribution method based on the available data. Homogeneous mineral compositions of the reservoir and caprock were used in all simulations. Simulations of three cases were performed, including a homogeneous case, a case with only permeability heterogeneity and a case with both permeability and porosity heterogeneities. The results demonstrate dramatic influences of permeability and porosity heterogeneities on the migration of scCO₂ within the caprock, the alteration of minerals, and therefore the evolution of the caprock sealing quality. Specific to the data used in this study, hydrogeological heterogeneities facilitated the overall penetration of scCO₂ within the caprock and promoted the alteration of minerals, thereby weakening the caprock sealing efficiency over the simulation time.     

松辽盆地徐家围子断陷玄武岩气藏储层的CO2 封存潜力研究

玄武岩油气藏储层一方面含有大量可与CO2 反应生成碳酸盐的造岩矿物,另一方面又有枯竭油气藏的良好储（储集
空间）、运（运移通道）、盖（盖层条件）和保（保存能力）等 CO2 封存优势,是潜力大、实施易、成本低和安全性高的碳
汇靶区。该文选取了位于松辽盆地东北部的徐家围子断陷玄武岩气藏开展CO2 封存潜力研究,在对该气藏地质特征和储层
发育特征详细描述的基础上,结合玄武岩矿物组成和化学成分的鉴定分析结果,探讨该气藏的矿物固碳能力和油气储层固
碳能力,并对其封存CO2 的可行性进行了初步评价。研究表明,徐家围子断陷玄武岩气藏有着良好的储集空间,且易碳酸
盐化,其盖层可阻止所充注CO2 的逸散,稳定的圈闭条件可保证所充注CO2 的安全性,因而是CO2 封存的理想靶区。初步的
定量计算结果表明,徐家围子断陷玄武岩油气藏的矿物固碳潜力约为89.33×108 t,油气储层的封存能力约为6.2×108 t,总
计约95.53×108 t,具有十分可观的固碳潜力。     

Application of Binary Permeability Fields for the Study of $${\hbox {CO}_{2}}$$ Leakage from Geological Carbon Storage in Saline Aquifers of the Michigan Basin

The feasibility of geological carbon storage (GCS) sites depends on their capacity to retain safely \({\hbox {CO}_{2}}\). While deep saline formations and depleted gas/oil reservoirs are good candidates to sequester \({\hbox {CO}_{2}}\), gas/oil reservoirs typically have a limited storage capacity compared to ideal targets (\(\sim \) 1 Mt/year) considered for \({\hbox {CO}_{2}}\) disposal (Celia et al. in Water Resour Res 51(9):6846–6892, 2015. doi: 10.1002/2015WR017609). In this respect, deep saline aquifers are considered more appropriate formations for GCS, but present the disadvantage of having limited characterization data. In particular, information about the continuity of the overlying sealing formations (caprock) is often sparse if it exists at all. In this work, a study of \({\hbox {CO}_{2}}\) leakage is conducted for a candidate GCS site located in the Michigan Basin, whose sealing properties of the caprock are practically unknown. Quantification of uncertainty on \({\hbox {CO}_{2}}\) leakage from the storage formation is achieved through a Monte Carlo simulation approach, relying on the use of a computationally efficient semi-analytical leakage model based upon the solution derived by Nordbotten et al. (Environ Sci Technol 43(3):743–749, 2009), which assumes leakage occurs across “passive” wells intersecting caprock layers. A categorical indicator Kriging simulator is developed and implemented to represent the caprock sealing properties and model the permeability uncertainty. Binary fields of caprock permeability are generated and exhibit mostly low permeability, with sparsely-occurring local high permeability areas where brine and \({\hbox {CO}_{2}}\) may leak out of the storage formation. In addition, the feasibility of extending the use of the semi-analytical model to large-area leakage pathways is studied. This work advances a methodology for preliminary uncertainty quantification of \({\hbox {CO}_{2}}\) leakage at sites of GCS with little or no information on the sealing properties of the caprock. The implemented analysis shows that, for the considered site, \({\hbox {CO}_{2}}\) leakage may not be negligible even for relatively low (\(\sim \) 1%) probabilities of finding permeable inclusions in the caprock and highlights the importance of being able to characterize caprock sealing properties over large areas.     

CO2深部咸水层封存选址的地质评价

深部咸水层封存是目前最具前景的CO2地质封存方式。本文通过调研CO2地质封存相关文献，对CO2咸水层封存选址地质评价依据进行分类，总结咸水层封存涉及的定量研究方法并探讨目前CO2地质封存中的不确定性问题。主要认识有：① CO2咸水层封存选址的地质依据可根据在评价中的作用分为两类，第一类是用于可行性评价的通用依据，第二类是用于进一步筛选优选靶区的封存适宜性和安全性指标，其中封存适宜性评价针对的是更加细致的储层特征（相较于可行性评价），而安全性评价则集中在盖层适宜性、场地地震安全性、水文地质条件、地面场地地质条件、储层盖层空间分布和构造六个方面；② 封存潜力评价方面，大范围的可行性评价可首选资料要求较低的面积法进行封存潜力评价，对小范围的优选靶区采取精度更高的容积法和包含更多封存机制的容量系数法；③ 目前CO2地质封存中的不确定性问题主要在于相同依据在不同评价方面产生的不同影响、CO2- 水- 岩反应对储集物性的影响、研究发现的特殊现象、多场耦合模拟研究不系统以及封存潜力计算中参数不确定问题。     

油藏中CO_2矿物捕获能力研究

利用TOUGHREACT软件,根据示范工程实验区大情字井的地层条件,针对含油及非含油储层哪一条件更适宜CO_2地质储存,设置了盐水组与含油组两组方案进行对比模拟。结果显示,含油组地层水中主要离子浓度及总矿化度低于盐水组,主要固碳矿物片钠铝石的生成量和CO_2的封存量明显小于盐水组。残余油的存在降低了矿物与水溶液进行离子交换的比表面积和储层的含水饱和度,并且占据矿物沉淀空间。尽管水岩作用受限,但油藏仍然可完成CO_2地质封存,且诸多优点表明油藏仍是CO_2地质封存的有利场所。     

A numerical study of mineral alteration and self-sealing efficiency of a caprock for CO2 geological storage

Geochemical interactions of brine–rock–gas have a significant impact on the stability and integrity of the caprock for long-term CO₂ geological storage. Invasion of CO₂ into the caprock from the storage reservoir by (1) molecular diffusion of dissolved CO₂, (2) CO₂-water two-phase flow after capillary breakthrough, and (3) CO₂ flow through existing open fractures may alter the mineralogy, porosity, and mechanical strength of the caprock due to the mineral dissolution or precipitation. This determines the self-enhancement or self-sealing efficiency of the caprock. In this paper, two types of caprock, a clay-rich shale and a mudstone, are considered for the modeling analyses of the self-sealing and self-enhancement phenomena. The clay-rich shale taken from the Jianghan Basin of China is used as the base-case model. The results are compared with a mudstone caprock which is compositionally very different than the clay-rich shale. We focus on mineral alterations induced by the invasion of CO₂, feedback on medium properties such as porosity, and the self-sealing efficiency of the caprock. A number of sensitivity simulations are performed using the multiphase reactive transport code TOUGHREACT to identify the major minerals that have an impact on the caprock’s self-sealing efficiency. Our model results indicate that under the same hydrogeological conditions, the mudstone is more suitable to be used as a caprock. The sealing distances are barely different in the two types of caprock, both being about 0.6 m far from the interface between the reservoir and caprock. However, the times of occurrence of sealing are considerably different. For the mudstone model, the self-sealing occurs at the beginning of simulation, while for the clay-rich shale model, the porosity begins to decline only after 100 years. At the bottom of the clay-rich shale column, the porosity declines to 0.034, while that of mudstone declines to 0.02. The sensitive minerals in the clay-rich shale model are calcite, magnesite, and smectite-Ca. Anhydrite and illite provide Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ to the sensitive minerals for their precipitation. The mudstone model simulation is divided into three stages. There are different governing minerals in different stages, and the effect of the reservoir formation water on the alteration of sensitive minerals is significant.     

神华碳封存示范项目中CO2注入分布模拟

CO2咸水层封存被广泛认为是一种具有大规模温室气体减排潜力的地学前缘技术。选取中国第一个全流程CCS项目为研究背景,结合工程实际情况,选取鄂尔多斯盆地为具体研究对象,提取相关参数,建立相应的地质模型,通过数值模拟研究咸水层多层统注时CO2在咸水中的主要封存机制、CO2在地层中的运移分布特征及其与注入能力的关系,并观测由于CO2注入引起的地层压力、CO2摩尔分数、酸碱度等的变化情况,为方案的进一步优化奠定基础。研究表明,CO2注入咸水层后,大部分进入储层上部,且注入能力越大时,注入的层位越多,注入量越大;CO2在咸水层中的存在形式有自由态、束缚态和溶解态。所有探索性研究的目的是给示范性项目的未来提供一个良好的基础优化方案。