改进的多视PolSAR非局部均值滤波算法

像素点间相似性度量是非局部均值滤波算法的关键所在。从信息论角度出发,提出了一种改进的多视Pol SAR非局部均值滤波方法。该算法在综合分析各类矩阵测度基础上,选定Kullback-Leibler距离作为最优相似度量,结合多视极化相干矩阵服从复Wishart分布,给出了极化相干矩阵的KL距离,并在预处理中应用了极化旋转。实验结果表明,改进方法能够在保持边缘细节的同时有效抑制相干斑。     

顾及目标异质性的极化SAR图像非局部均值滤波

相干斑抑制是极化合成孔径雷达(Pol SAR)图像分析的重要预处理步骤。为了更好地抑制极化SAR图像中的相干斑,本文综合目标的异质性和结构信息,提出基于目标异质性的非局部均值滤波方法。首先利用K分布距离度量目标的异质性,并以异质性为基础,保留图像中的点、线等高异质性目标;然后计算图像块之间的异质性差异,最后将其作为度量非局部均值加权滤波像元相似性的权重系数,实现对Pol SAR图像的相干斑抑制。实验对比结果表明:本文方法能够有效地抑制相干斑,同时对细节信息和极化信息也具有良好的保持性,能够为后续的图像应用提供支持。     

改进独立分量分析极化SAR影像相干滤波

极化合成孔径雷达(SAR)影像的相干斑滤波,对其后处理起着至关重要的作用。针对传统的独立分量分析(ICA)算法稳定性差、易陷入局部最优等缺陷,该文提出基于粒子群优化(PSO)改进的ICA滤波算法,用于进行极化SAR影像相干斑滤波。该方法利用PSO算法来改进解混矩阵W的行向量的生成过程,以提高ICA算法的分离效果。采用AIRSAR获取的旧金山海湾地区的L波段极化SAR影像进行实验,并用相干斑指数、迭代次数、收敛时间等指标进行客观评价。结果表明,基于PSO改进的ICA算法具有更高的收敛效率和更好的相干斑抑制性能,能有效地降低影像的相干斑噪声。     

四分量散射模型在极化SAR相干斑滤波中的应用

在分析四分量极化散射理论基础上,提出了一种新的极化SAR数据相干斑滤波算法。该算法首先应用四分量散射模型对原始极化SAR数据进行分解,以获得像素的散射类型和总功率值;然后采用极化特征和空间特征的相似性度量,在滤波窗口内选取中心像素的同质区;最后根据同质区的局部统计特性,应用线性最小均方滤波器进行滤波处理。AIRSAR系统L波段极化SAR数据的实验结果表明,该算法不仅可有效抑制相干斑,而且对极化和边缘等细节信息也有较好的保持。     

单视全极化SAR图像快速非局部均值滤波

非局部均值已应用到极化SAR图像滤波领域,但传统滤波方法的多视处理降低了图像分辨率,且计算量巨大,严重制约了滤波效能。本文针对单视全极化SAR的特点,提出了一种快速非局部均值滤波算法。首先,按照多视求权、单视重构的思路,结合KL(Kullback-Leible divergence)散度重构了新的非局部均值模型;然后,利用积分图设计了新模型的快速实现;最后,用Radarsat-2全极化SAR数据进行了验证。实验结果表明,新算法改善了滤波效果,同时大幅提高了运算效率。     

自交叉双边滤波的极化SAR数据相干斑抑制

相干斑抑制是极化SAR数据预处理的关键步骤。双边滤波是一种空域和值域滤波相结合的优秀边缘保持滤波算法。针对双边滤波在抑制极化SAR数据相干斑的不足,该文将改进的交叉双边滤波引入到极化SAR数据降噪领域,加入散射机制测度来扩展原权重核,根据SPAN图像的局域变差系数自动调整空间方差系数,利用参考图像来度量灰度值和散射机制相似性。实验结果表明:本文方法较经典滤波算法有更强的噪声平滑能力和更好的细节信息保持能力,在保持原数据极化散射信息方面也表现出良好的性能,这为基于极化SAR数据的后续应用提供了支持。     

3维块匹配小波变换的极化SAR非局部均值滤波

极化合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像受相干斑噪声的影响,难以很好地保持结构特性,针对这个问题提出了一种采用3维块匹配小波变换的非局部均值滤波算法NL-3DWT(Nonlocal Filter based on 3-D Patch Matching Wavelet Transform)。该算法使用块匹配的3维非抽样小波变换对极化总功率图进行预滤波,在此基础上使用边界对齐窗提取结构相似像素,同时使用Sigma范围选择极化SAR数据的散射相似像素,共同构成相似像素集合;构建结构保持权重函数增大图像结构信息在块相似性度量时的权重,最终实现极化SAR图像结构保持的相干斑抑制。该算法增强了图像结构特征的表达,提高了结构相似像素选择的准确性,机载极化SAR数据实验结果表明,NL-3DWT算法能够在抑制相干斑噪声的同时,更有效地保持极化SAR图像的结构特性和极化散射特性。     

基于迹的PDE在极化SAR图像相干斑抑制中的应用

作为各向异性滤波器,基于迹的偏微分方程(PDE)滤波算法相对于基于散度的PDE滤波算法在相干斑抑制效果和细节保持方面都表现出了优良的性能。利用基于迹的PDE,结合极化SAR数据的自身特性,设计了基于迹的PDE极化SAR相干斑抑制方案。算法针对极化SAR数据的协方差矩阵进行操作,在保留极化信息的基础上进行滤波处理。分别选用EMISAR机载数据和RADARSAT-2星载数据进行实验,并与RefinedLee去噪算法进行对比,验证了算法的可行性。     

全极化雷达遥感影像的迭代优化非局部均值去噪法

相干斑的存在严重降低了全极化合成孔径雷达（polarimetric synthetic aperture radar，PolSAR）的影像质量，对相干斑进行抑制是使用PolSAR数据必不可少的预处理程序。本文提出了一种迭代优化的PolSAR非局部均值去噪方法。该方法在每次迭代去噪过程中，通过同时考虑原始影像全极化噪声统计特性和前一次迭代所得影像的全极化信息来完善像素间极化相似性的度量，从而实现对影像更精准的估计。试验部分利用模拟的PolSAR数据和真实的PolSAR影像进行了算法效果的验证。结果表明：去噪算法在显著抑制影像噪声水平的同时，也能较好地保持影像的边缘和极化特性等细节信息。     

基于Freeman分解的极化SAR数据相干斑滤波

本文在Freeman分解理论基础上,提出一种极化SAR数据相干斑滤波算法。该算法基于Freeman散射模型对原始极化SAR数据进行分解,以获得像素的散射类型和总功率值;在滤波窗口内选取与中心像素散射类型相同,总功率值接近的像素构成滤波同质区;并根据同质区的局部统计特性,应用线性最小均方滤波器进行滤波处理。试验表明,该算法在有效去除相干斑的同时,对极化和边缘等细节信息也有较好的保持效果。     

阿克苏河-塔里木河水系水质污染遥感监测与评价

 采用Landsat TM数据分析了阿克苏河—塔里木河断面水质污染状况,通过波段的DN值和常规监测数据建立能反映水质状况的 污染物监测模型。结果发现,将2000年常规监测数据代入模型后,与遥感数据的结果基本吻合| 重建阿克苏河—塔里木河的连续水体 污染变化曲线,得出污染物浓度随着远离上游而增加。     

Monitoring drought dynamics in the Aravalli region (India) using different indices based on ground and remote sensing data

The hard-rock hilly Aravalli terrain of Rajasthan province of India suffers with frequent drought due to poor and delayed monsoon, abnormally high summer-temperature and insufficient water resources. In the present study, detailed analysis of meteorological and hydrological data of the Aravalli region has been carried out for the years 1984–2003. Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) has been used to quantify the precipitation deficit. Standardised Water-Level Index (SWI) has been developed to assess ground-water recharge-deficit. Vegetative drought indices like Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCI) and Vegetation Health Index (VHI) have been computed using NDVI values obtained from Global Vegetation Index (GVI) and thermal channel data of NOAA AVHRR satellite. Detailed analyses of spatial and temporal drought dynamics during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons have been carried out through drought index maps generated in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment. Analysis and interpretation of these maps reveal that negative SPI anomalies not always correspond to drought. In the Aravalli region, aquifer-stress shifts its position time to time, and in certain pockets it is more frequent. In comparison to hydrological stress, vegetative stress in the Aravalli region is found to be slower to begin but quicker to withdraw.     

Landslide risk analysis between Giri and Tons Rivers in Himachal Himalaya (India)

The area around Sataun in the Sirmur district of Himachal Pradesh, India (falling between the rivers Giri and Tons; both tributaries of the Yamuna River) was studied for landslide vulnerability on behalf of the inhabitants. The study was made using extensive remote sensing data (satellite and airborne). It is well supported by field evidence, demographic and infrastructural details and aided by Geographic Information System (GIS) based techniques. Field observations testify that slope, aspect, geology, tectonic planes, drainage, and land use all influence landslides in the region. These parameters were taken into consideration using the statistical approach of landslide hazard zonation. Using the census data of 1991, vulnerability of the populace to the landslide hazard was accessed. As most of the infrastructure in the region is concentrated around population centres, population data alone was used for vulnerability studies.     

Gravity Changes Before Large Earthquakes in China: 1998-2005

Although it is well known that coseismic gravity changes take place during an earthquake, previous research has not yielded convincing evidence demonstrating that significant gravity changes occur before large earthquakes. Furthermore, even if we suspect that gravity changes occur before large earthquakes, we have yet to demonstrate how to consistently observe these changes for useful earthquake forecast that would bring benefits to society. We analyzed ground gravity survey data obtained in 1998, 2000, 200...     

GNSS系统及其技术的发展研究

阐述了国际上卫星导航系统的总体发展,对美、俄、欧、中的四大全球系统,以及相关的区域系统和增强系统进行了简单的介绍,研究分析了GNSS系统及其技术的发展趋势,同时分析了我国Compass全球系统面临的机遇和挑战,并提出了我国未来工作的建议.     

“4D”技术及其应用

介绍“４Ｄ”（即数字地面模型、数字正射影像、数字栅格地图和数字线划地图）系列产品的生产流程、关键技术、及其在耕地保护、防灾减灾救灾和城市规划等方面的应用方法。     

Virtual Australia: its key elements – know,think, communicate

Abstract

Virtual Australia is not a well-defined or agreed concept. This discussion paper conceptualises Virtual Australia as a ‘virtual [digital] model containing and representing all non-trivial objects and their contextual environment – from blue sky to bedrock – in real world Australia’. It describes a scenario for Virtual Australia, one or two decades from now, in which the locations and conditions of non-trivial objects and their environment are updated automatically through a combination of remote sensing and wireless communication technologies in support of a ‘Supranet’. It then examines the concept of the ‘Supranet’ – a pervasive information network based largely on wireless technology linking the physical world to a virtual model in real time – and develops and discusses three principal characteristics of the Supranet: the ability to have or collect specific information (know); the ability to process information (think); and the ability to communicate that information. If, in the near future, any or all non-trivial devices are to some extent able to know, think and communicate, the potential for object autonomy will be realised.     

Toward seamless indoor-outdoor applications: Developing stakeholder-oriented location-based services

Location-Based Services (LBS),an emerging new business based on smartphone and mobile networks,are becoming more and more popular.Most of these LBSs,however,only offer non-seamless indoor/outdoor applications and simple applications without giving stakeholders the chance to play an active role.Our specific aim is to solve these issues.This paper presents concepts to solve these issues by expanding the Open Location Services Interface Standard (OpenLS) to allow seamless indoor/outdoor positioning and to extend the content of the services to include information recommended by stakeholders.     

GIS空间数据的采集误差及其分析

本文详细阐述了GIS数据采集过程中的误差来源，重点分析了通过地图、遥感和摄影测量等方式采集数据所产生的误差及其特性，分析了其对GIS数据的影响与消减方法。     

地理数据库的关系模型及其实现

本文从以图论观点分析地理实体入手,系统阐述了地理数据库关系模型的设计法和过程。作者于1984年4～9月间在微型机上设计建立了关系型地理数据库的实方验系统(RGDB)。该系统采用了本文提出的关系模型,采用了可动态扩库的子库组合结构,这种结构具有灵活性和提高空间利用率的优点。RGDB含有多种功能的数据操作命令,除了具有一般检索功能外,还能进行“开窗”选取和十分“自由”的映象选取。本文对RGDB系统的主要性能和实现途径作了扼要介绍。