桂江流域河流有机碳特征

通过对桂江流域内植物、土壤碳同位素、河流有机碳含量及同位素进行系统取样测试分析发现,桂江流域C3植物的δ13C范围为-37.89‰~-23.27‰,C4植物δ13 C范围为-14.49‰~-12.00‰。土壤碳库的δ13 C范围为-30.43‰~-11.56‰,平均值为-24.32‰。土壤碳库主要受C3途径植物控制,C4途径植物对土壤碳库的δ13 C影响有限,植物残体转化成土壤有机质的过程中产生有机碳同位素分馏效应,造成土壤有机碳同位素比植物碳库偏重4.42‰。桂江河流DOC分布范围0.68~2.16mg/L,平均值为1.39mg/L。ρ(POC)分布范围0.11~1.14mg/L,平均值为0.37mg/L,DOC/POC的范围1.31~9.04,ρ(DOC)ρ(POC),成为水体有机碳的主要形式。流域水体中δ13CDOC值的范围为-29.682‰~-15.377‰,平均值为-24.810‰;δ13CPOC值的范围为-27.886‰~-24.271‰,平均值为-25.868‰;两者均位于土壤有机碳库同位素范围内,说明河流有机碳主要来源于土壤的机械侵蚀和土壤有机质的降解,受人类生产生活有机废弃物和河流自生浮游植物的代谢分泌物影响小。     

黄河口有机碳的时空输运特征及其影响因素分析

通过2004年4月,2004年9月,2005年9月,2006年4月4个航次,结合2003年8月对河道感潮带的连续同步观测,对低流量下黄河口有机碳的输运特征进行了考察。结果发现:黄河输入至河口的悬浮物中颗粒有机碳(POC)含量约为0.51%,主要以陆源输入为主,几乎不受季节变化影响,由于大量POC含量低的陆源泥沙的稀释作用,浮游植物对总颗粒有机碳的贡献只有在悬浮物含量(TSS)<200mg/L时才能显现出来;黄河口TSS超过455mg/L时,有机碳入海以颗粒有机碳为主;反之,以溶解有机碳为主。黄河口悬浮物在低盐度区沉降作用前后的中值粒径降低,Φ>16μm的悬浮物的沉降作用比Φ<16μm的悬浮物更为剧烈,POC含量随悬浮物粒径的降低而升高,黄河携带的颗粒有机碳80%以上集中在Φ<16μm的TSS中;低流量下,黄河口最大混浊带对POC的过滤效率为65%,混浊带对POC的过滤效应能造成黄河口POC的有效通量被高估;由于受黄河口沉积物向水体解析DOC的影响,在盐度小于10时,DOC几乎不受海水稀释作用的影响,但在盐度大于10的区域DOC与盐度表现出良好的负相关关系,黄河口枯、丰水期淡水端溶解有机碳的有效浓度分别高于实测最高值20%和10%左右,从而造成黄河口DOC有效通量被低估。     

基于反射率的太湖典型湖区溶解性有机碳的反演

2004年4月基于野外水下辐照度的测定及实验室溶解性有机碳(DOC)的分析,通过研究典型湖区水体中DOC浓度与反射率之间的关系,选择DOC浓度反演的最佳波段,建立了DOC浓度的遥感定量反演模型。结果表明,DOC浓度在6.60～17.17 mg/L（均值为9.99 mg/L,方差为2.48 mg/L）之间;反射率的峰值出现在560～590 nm;红光波段与绿光波段反射率的对数值能较好的估计DOC浓度,其中又以lg(R670/R530)与lg(DOC)相关程度最高,决定系数为0.82;DOC浓度反演的经验模型为：lg(DOC)=0.654(±0.012)lg\[R(670)/R(530)\]+1.007(±0.086)。对模型进行检验,最小误差为6.7%、最大误差为20.3%,平均误差为12.3%。     

增江颗粒有机碳同位素的AMS研究初报

全球河流每年向海洋输送约1Gt(10¹⁵g)的碳,其中40%为有机碳。然而,在海洋沉积物中却难以寻找到足量的陆地碳的生物地球化学标记[1]。显然,陆地碳在河流搬运过程中经历了复杂的生物地球化学变化,乃至“踪迹全无”。河流有机碳可大体上划分为颗粒态(POC)和溶解态(DOC)两种基本类型。就全球范围讲,河流输送的POC和DOC在数量上相当或DOC略高些。但在一些高浑浊的河流,尤其是亚洲季风区的河流中,POC在有机碳中却占绝对优势。如珠江干流水体中POCDOC比值高达5.0左右^[2]。因此,亚洲季风区河流中所搬运的POC对其注入水域的生物地球化学过程影响深远。河流有机质的来源复     

2012年秋季黄河口及莱州湾颗粒有机碳的地球化学特征及其影响因素北大核心CSCD

根据2012年9月在黄河口及莱州湾取得的悬浮体和水文调查资料,探讨了非调水调沙期间黄河15及莱州湾颗粒有机碳（POC）的地球化学特征及其影响因素。结果表明：（1）2012年秋季黄河口及莱州湾POC浓度介于42．25-1018．87gg／L之间,平均为316．35μg／L,底层POC浓度高于表层,这与沉积物再悬浮有直接关系;（2）黄河口POC呈现近岸区高,远岸区低的趋势,高值区出现在新、老两个河口区域,指示了陆源输入对河口区POC的直接控制作用;（3）在盐度为26～28（psu）之间黄河口POC有高值,表明絮凝沉降作用对POC空间分布的影响;底层POC与浊度显著相关,表明海底沉积物再悬浮对研究区POC空间分布的直接影响;悬浮物含量超过20mg／L时,生命态颗粒有机碳对总颗粒有机碳的贡献明显下降;（4）POC／PN值显示黄河15及莱州湾POC来源的复杂性,生物作用、沉积物再悬浮和黄河水沙输入对研究区的POC生物地球化学过程都有一定的影响。     

BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE OF RIVERINE CARBON IN THE GUIJIANG RIVER: TRACING WITH 14C AND 13C

基于一个水文年度的月周期性采样分析,用河流悬浮颗粒物的有机碳(POC)和溶解无机碳(DIC)的同位素信号探讨了桂江径流中碳的生物地球化学循环.桂江悬浮颗粒物中POC含量多介于1.70％～14.27％之间,平均为(4.54±2.94)％;河流POC的Δ14C值介于-235.8‰～ -26.7％之间,平均为(-135.38±57.27)‰,没有检出“核爆14C”信号,揭示了较为强烈的流域地表扰动和土壤侵蚀状况.桂江POC的稳定同位素组成(δ13C)变化于-29.92％ - -24.71‰之间,平均为(-26.86± 1.29)‰,这与以C3植物为主的流域生态系统的碳同位素组成一致.桂江颗粒有机质的C/N比多介于5.54 11.53之间,平均为7.97,低于全球河流的平均状况.一方面,土壤有机碳、岩石来源的地质碳及藻类生物量的混合比例决定了桂江河流颗粒有机质的C/N比和Δ14C值;另一方面,微生物群落对水体有机质的代谢分解作用也在一定程度上改变了有机质的元素和同位素比值.桂江河流DIC的δ13C值变化于-17.22‰～-10.65‰之间,平均为(- 12.95±1.94)‰.冬半年河流DIC(δ13C值平均为-11.47‰)几乎全部来自碳酸盐矿物的化学风化,夏半年土壤硅酸盐矿物的化学风化对DIC(δ13C值平均为- 14.73％)的贡献达28％.     

喀斯特石漠化治理措施对土壤颗粒有机碳与团聚体有机碳的影响

文章以耕地为对照,分析不同石漠化治理措施（花椒林和次生林）对土壤0~20 cm土层有机碳(SOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)、矿物结合有机碳(MOC)和团聚体有机碳的影响,探讨POC、MOC与SOC、团聚体有机碳的关系。结果表明:与耕地相比,花椒林和次生林均不同程度提高SOC、POC、MOC和团聚体有机碳含量。0~10 cm土层次生林SOC含量和各粒径团聚体有机碳含量均显著高于耕地和花椒林,在10~20 cm土层无显著差异;0~20 cm土层花椒林和次生林土壤POC含量显著高于耕地,MOC无显著差异。POC/SOC范围为20.38%~45.27%,花椒林和次生林显著高于耕地。相反,MOC/SOC为耕地显著高于花椒林和次生林 。退耕为花椒林和次生林后,SOC含量的增加主要以POC含量增加为主。次生林和花椒林>2 mm粒径对SOC贡献率显著高于耕地,但0.25~2 mm粒径、0.053~0.25 mm粒径和 < 0.053 mm粒径对SOC贡献率显著低于耕地。其相关分析表明:POC、MOC与SOC、团聚体有机碳的关系均呈正相关,表现为次生林 > 花椒林 > 耕地。退耕恢复为花椒林和次生林后,SOC、POC和MOC增加量与团聚体有机碳增加量显著相关,其以次生林的相关性较强。石漠化治理措施改变SOC物理组分及其组成以及它们之间的关系,从而促进有机碳的积累。      

普定岩溶水-碳循环模拟试验场水体双碳同位素特征(δ13C-Δ14C)与碳足迹

河流输送到海洋的溶解无机碳(DIC)和有机碳(OC)受自然和人为双重因素的影响。了解DIC和OC的年龄、来源和转化,有助于掌握全球碳收支和提高现在以及未来自然和人类对河流碳循环影响的估算精度。本研究以普定岩溶水-碳循环试验场泉(地下水)-池(地表水)耦联系统为研究对象,利用双碳同位素(¹³C- ¹⁴C)方法,结合水生植物生长和传统水文地球化学特征,揭示了地下水-地表水系统中DIC和颗粒有机碳(POC)的来源及其转化机制。研究发现:(1)泉-池系统中DIC和POC的Δ¹⁴C具有相同的变化趋势,泉水中Δ¹⁴C值低于池水中Δ¹⁴C值,反映后者可能有“较年轻”的CO₂的加入;(2)池水水化学和碳同位素变化由土地利用类型和池中水生植物共同控制;(3)池水中颗粒有机碳(POC)浓度明显高于泉水,且其Δ¹⁴C值表现出与沉水植物和DIC的一致性(表观年龄均为3 200900 a),说明池水POC主要源于池中水生植物光合作用利用了碳酸盐风化产生的老碳(DIC),使新形成的有机质在表观年龄上“偏老”;(4)池水水体内源有机碳对水体POC的贡献在75%以上,内源有机碳通量(以C计)在250 t·km^-2·a^-1至660 t·km^-2·a^-1之间,相对于其他土地利用类型,草地对应的地表水系统具有最大的内源有机碳占比和通量,指示了沉水植物控制型浅水水体初级生产对有机碳循环的重要作用。综上,我们认为在岩溶区通过土地利用调整来调控水生植物群落对于增加碳汇具有重要潜力。     

基于泥沙中碳含量的变化表征黄河调水调沙入海泥沙的扩散范围

主要通过黄河口悬浮物中有机碳和无机碳的含量,表征黄河调水调沙入海的泥沙在黄河口外近海的扩散范围。结果表明:黄河口入海前泥沙中的颗粒无机碳(PIC),颗粒有机碳(POC)具有稳定性,分别为(1.75×0.28)%和(0.51×0.08)%;在悬浮物含量约为30 mg/L时,黄河口临近海区悬浮物中的PIC、POC含量分别出现突跃性降低和升高趋势,叶绿素分析表明,POC含量的升高是由于浮游植物对颗粒有机碳贡献的结果,同时正构烷烃轻重比值ΣC₂₀-/ΣC₂₀+和碳优势指数(CPI)值也分别增加和降低;X衍射发现悬浮物浓度低于30 mg/L时,黄河泥沙在悬浮物中所占比例迅速下降,从而造成悬浮物中PIC突跃性下降;因此,黄河口近海悬浮物含量30 mg/L可以被认为是陆源和海源颗粒物对黄河口近海区悬浮物贡献的有效分界线。调水调沙入海的泥沙在黄河口外近海表层主要扩散到河口以南海域,而底层扩散范围主要集中在河口以北和河口以南海域,这些泥沙最终可能停留在莱州湾中部。     

长江源多年冻土区河流溶解性有机碳的时空动态和同位素特征

溶解性有机碳(dissolved organic carbon,DOC)在全球碳循环过程中起着重要的作用。目前关于泛北极多年冻土区DOC的研究较多,青藏高原多年冻土区DOC的研究较少。为探讨青藏高原DOC的时空动态、来源,以及对气候变化和多年冻土退化的响应及其影响因素,以位于青藏高原长江源区内8个流域(直门达、沱沱河、雁石坪、风火山1～5)为研究区,通过对河流DOC观测、采样和分析,DOC输出通量计算,结合河流中δ¹³C-DOC同位素的特征、流域水文特征、植被覆盖率、冻土覆盖率等观测数据,分析河流DOC输出的季节性变化规律和来源。结果表明：长江源多年冻土区河流DOC浓度全年较低,平均浓度在1.91～3.69 mg·L^-1之间,年内不同季节间变化率较小,上游DOC浓度大于下游DOC浓度。河流DOC的输出主要集中在夏、秋两季完全融化期,随径流量的增加而显著增加,而冬、春两季输出较少,DOC通量与径流量之间的相关系数达到0.92,与径流量的变化趋势一致。直门达水文站和风火山流域DOC年输出量分别为42 539.67 t和137.33 t,完全融化期...     

西江流域的有机碳侵蚀通量

在西江下游的马口水文站对径流进行了4个季节的有机碳采样分析。研究表明,西江径流有机碳的断面构成在各个季节均较为一致;季节性变化表现为,有机碳和悬浮物含量随流量的增加而增加。随着水体悬浮物含量的增加,悬浮物的有机碳含量呈对数趋势降低。西江流域的有机碳侵蚀通量为10.18×106gC/km2·yr.,是全球外流域有机碳侵蚀通量的2～3倍,其中以颗粒有机碳的侵蚀通量为主,达到8.30×106gC/km2·yr.,溶解有机碳的侵蚀通量为1.88×106gC/km2·yr.。反映了流域内较强的机械剥蚀过程,这与西江流域典型的季风气候、较大的地形高差,以及农业耕作历史长久、土地利用强度较大等因素有关。     

武汉市大气干湿沉降中溶解态黑碳的季节分布特征

本研究采集了武汉市城区2018年3月至2019年2月的大气总沉降及湿沉降样品,使用苯多羧酸法测定溶解态黑碳含量,并结合气象条件分析溶解态黑碳沉降通量季节变化特征及其影响因素。结果表明,总沉降中溶解态黑碳月浓度范围为0.12~0.83 mg/L,均值为0.40 mg/L,湿沉降溶解态黑碳浓度范围为0.04~0.18 mg/L,均值为0.10 mg/L;溶解态黑碳总沉降和湿沉降年通量分别为269 mg·m^?2·a^?1和65 mg·m^?2·a^?1。溶解态黑碳总沉降通量季节变化为春季>冬季>夏季>秋季,湿沉降通量季节变化为冬季>春季>夏季>秋季。溶解态黑碳湿沉降通量主要受降雨量影响,而总沉降通量除受降雨量影响外还受风速、风向和空气质量等因素的共同影响。     

Seasonal Dynamics in Dissolved Organic Carbon Concentrations in a Coastal Water-Table Aquifer at the Forest-Marsh Interface

The seasonal dynamics of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in a subterranean estuary were examined in a coastal water-table aquifer extending across a forest-marsh interface into an adjacent tidal creek that leads to North Inlet (SC). The aquifer is characterized by groundwater flow from the forest recharge area towards the creek. DOC concentrations range from 50 to 140 mg L^-1 in the shallow portions of the aquifer below the forest and undergo seasonal changes that are inversely related to temperature and precipitation conditions. Markedly lower DOC concentrations (<10 mg L^-1) in the deep portion of the aquifer are consistent with the loss of a large fraction of the original DOC along the groundwater flow paths. Mass balance estimates indicate that over 60% of the DOC losses are due to sorption reactions whereas the rest appear to be caused by heterotrophic decay. Groundwater DOC discharge from the forest, which occurs in a restricted zone of the high marsh, is 5.5 mg carbon m^-2 d^-1 and accounts for a minor component of the annual carbon export from North Inlet. In contrast, moderately saline (2–12 ppt) ground waters below the marsh display elevated DOC concentrations (20 mg L^-1) that appear to be the result of mixing of fresh ground waters and surface seawater during tidal seepage and concentration during evapotranspiration. The flux of DOC associated with the discharge of these saline ground waters is 600 mg carbon m^-2 d^-1, which represents a significant fraction of the annual DOC budget for North Inlet.     

Distribution of particulate organic carbon in the central Bay of Bengal

Particulate organic carbon (POC) was measured for 77 water samples collected over a 3000 m water column along 88° E in the central Bay of Bengal. The POC values varied from 80 to 895 μg per litre at the surface and 171 to 261 μg per litre at 2000 m. The POC decreased with increasing water depth at all the stations. Deep water concentrations of POC were higher than those reported from other oceanic waters. Distribution of POC was not influenced by water masses. The POC was not significantly correlated with chlorophylla.     

Dissolved Trace Metal–Organic Complexes in the Lot–Garonne River System Determined Using the C18 Sep-Pak System

An 11-month observation of dissolved and particulate organic matter, chlorophyll a(Chl a), C18 Sep-Pak extractable hydrophobic dissolved organic matter (hDOM) fraction and associated dissolved trace metals (Cd, Cu, V, Co, Ni, Mo, U) was performed in the Lot–Garonne River system. This system includes the Riou Mort, the Lot River and the downstream reaches of the Garonne River and represents the fluvial transport path of trace metals between the major point source of polymetallic pollution, located in the Riou Mort watershed and the Gironde estuary. Spatial and temporal variations of dissolved and particulate organic carbon and Chl areflect the presence of different types of organic matter and their relation with the hDOM fraction. Maximum Chl a/POC ratios (up to 0.03), indicate intense phytoplankton production from March to May. In the Lot River (Temple), DOC and POC concentrations were clearly higher and mean Chl a concentration (2.8 mg g⁻¹) was about three times higher than those of the other sites. High Chl a/POC ratios suggest high phytoplankton activity with maxima in spring and late summer. In the Riou Mort River, very high POC concentrations of up to 40 (mean: 20) occurred, whereas Chl a concentrations were relatively low indicating low phytoplankton activity. High, strongly variable DOC and POC concentrations suggest important natural (Carboniferous soils, forests) or anthropogenic (e.g., former coal mines, waste areas, agriculture, sewage) carbon sources within the small Riou Mort watershed. Despite high DOC concentrations in the Riou Mort River, hDOM metal fractions were generally lower than those at the other sites. The general order of decreasing binding strength between metals and the organic hydrophobic phase (Cu, U > Co, Ni > V, Mo > Cd) at all four sites was in good agreement with the Irving–William series of transition element affinity towards organic ligands. Accordingly, the role of the hydrophobic phase in dissolved Cd transport appeared to be negligible, whereas the hDOM–Cu fraction strongly contributed to dissolved Cu transport.     

Carbon Isotopic Constrains on the Sources and Controls of the Terrestrial Carbon Transported in the Four Large Rivers in China

The Changjiang， Huanghe， Zhujiang and Heilongjiang are the four largest rivers in China and they transport large amount of fresh water and terrigenous materials， including both inorganic and organic carbon into the ocean. The sources of the terrestrial carbon transported in the four rivers， however， have not been well constrained and compared. In this study， we used carbon isotopes （¹³C and ¹⁴C） combined with concentration measurements to investigate and compare the sources and fluxes of Dissolved Inorganic Carbon （DIC）， Particulate Inorganic Carbon （PIC）， Dissolved Organic Carbon （DOC） and Particulate Organic Carbon （POC） in the four rivers. The contributions of the potential sources to both DIC and DOC were quantitatively calculated using a dual isotope and three end member model. The results showed that the concentrations and isotope characteristics of the carbon pools in the river depended largely on the geological setting， surrounding environment and the anthropogenic influence of the drainage basins. Compared with other large rivers in the world， the concentrations of DIC in the Changjiang， Huanghe and Zhujiang were higher， but the DIC fluxes in the Huanghe and Zhujiang were lower. The DOC concentrations in the Heilongjiang River were higher and lower in the other three rivers compared with the average value of the world largest 25 rivers. The Changjiang， Huanghe and Zhujiang all transport millennia aged carbon. The old riverine DIC reflects the influence of chemical weathering of carbonate rocks and the old DOC reflects influence mainly from pre-aged soil OC. These ancient terrestrial carbon discharged by the rivers could have significant effects on the carbon cycle and ecosystems in the China's marginal seas.     

Carbon cycling in a shallow turbid estuary of southeast Texas: The use of plant pigment biomarkers and water quality parameters

Particulate organic carbon (POC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and plant pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids) were measured approximately bimonthly from March 1992 to October 1993 in the Sabine-Neches estuary (Sabine Lake region), located on the Texas-Louisiana border. High freshwater inflow into this shallow turbid estuary results in the shortest hydraulic residence time (ca. 7 d) of all Texas estuaries (Baskaran et al. in press). Annual averages of chlorophyll-a (3.0 μg l^?1) and particulate organic carbon (1.1 mg l^?1) in the water column were extremely low in comparison to other shallow estuaries. The highest chlorophyll-a concentrations were observed in October 1993, in the mid and lower regions of the estuary, during the lowest river discharge. Zeaxanthin and fucoxanthin concentrations suggested that much of the chlorophyll-a during this low flow period was represented by cyanobacteria and diatoms that entered from the Gulf of Mexico. The range of DOC concentrations was generally high (4.4–20.9 mg l^?1) and were significantly correlated with POC, but not with chlorophyll-a concentrations. When total suspended particulate (TSP) concentrations were below 20 to 30 mg l^?1, there were significant increases in %POC and %PON of the TSP. The unusually high POC: chlorophyll-a ratios (highest value of 1423) suggested that much of the POC contained low concentrations of chlorophyll-a that had degraded during transport from wetlands in the Sabine and Neches rivers. Based on these data, this estuary can be characterized as a predominantly heterotrophic system, with low light penetrance, short particle-residence times, high DOC, and low inputs from autochthonous carbon sources.     

黑潮与毗邻陆架海域的碳交换

作为沟通陆架边缘海与开放大洋的北太平洋西边界流,黑潮对毗邻中国陆架海域碳循环有着不可忽视的影响。分析总结了黑潮与毗邻陆架海域海水中溶解有机碳(DOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)、溶解无机碳(DIC)和颗粒无机碳(PIC)分布与交换的现有研究成果。分析表明,黑潮通过表层水涡旋、入侵以及次表层以下水体上涌等形式携碳进入毗邻陆架海域。在黑潮与毗邻陆架海域,DOC和POC的分布受生物活动、水团混合以及沉积物—水界面相互作用的共同影响,表层与陆架水中含量较高,DIC受海水碳酸盐体系平衡影响,表层含量低于底层,在陆架海域与上升流区有高值,PIC含量较低。在台湾东北海域,DOC,POC和DIC由东海陆架海域向黑潮有净输出,输出量分别为2 431×109,1 051×109和21 733×109mol C/a,PIC通过陆架源悬浮颗粒物向黑潮主流输送,通量为1 852×109mol C/a。DOC,POC和PIC由南海经吕宋海峡向黑潮有净输出,输出量分别为2 652×109,1 009×109和230×109mol C/a,但DIC由黑潮向南海有净输出,通量为13 005×109mol C/a。台湾海峡碳循环受黑潮输运的影响,但影响机制及过程至今并不清楚。因此,黑潮与毗邻陆架海域的碳交换过程研究还有若干重大科学问题亟待解决,尚需深入系统的研究。     

Distribution of particulate organic carbon in the central Arabian Sea

Particulate organic carbon (POC) of 161 water samples collected from 8 depths (surface to 1000 m) at 21 stations was measured. The POC concentrations ranged from 154 to 554 ¼g per litre at the surface and decreased in the upper 300 m water column. At greater depths (> 300 m), POC concentrations increased and were similar (145 to 542 ¼g1^?1) to those observed at surface. Deep water POC maximum was embedded within the oxygen minimum layer and was also associated with high phosphate-phosphorus. The POC contents increased, whereas oxygen decreased as the distance away from the shore increased. Phytoplankton biomass was a major source of POC. The observed pattern of POC is discussed with respect to some physicochemical and biological factors.