山东灵山岛晚中生代滑塌沉积层的发现及区域构造意义初探

灵山岛位于青岛胶南市东南黄海近岸海域中,为中国北方第一高岛,构造上属于苏鲁造山带,但岛上很多重要的地质现象尚未在地质文献中披露过.本文作者对灵山岛进行了初步地质考察,在被看做早白垩世莱阳期的地层中发现远源浊积岩及其内部大量的滑塌沉积层,孢粉鉴定初步结果显示该地层的时代很可能为侏罗纪.滑塌构造以同沉积滑塌褶皱为主,而在滑...     

灵山岛晚中生代浊积岩中发现巨大滑积岩块

位于山东青岛胶南市东南海域中的灵山岛出露有晚中生代浊积岩,而浊积岩中发育大量的滑塌沉积及其相关的软沉积物变形构造,揭示了扬子板块和华北板块之间在晚侏罗世—早白垩世还存在着残余洋盆(吕洪波等,2011).这一重要发现打破了以前地学界对苏鲁造山带的传统认识,为华北板块东部南北黄海形成、胶莱盆地演化、郯庐断裂活动、苏鲁造山带等诸多问题的研究提供了重要的新资料.最近本文作者等又在灵山岛南端老虎嘴景点下方盘山路西北边(靠近观景亭)的浊积岩剖面中识别出巨大的砂岩滑积岩块,进一步揭示了该盆地的西北侧在晚中生代紧靠着强烈活动的造山带.     

灵山岛中生代沉积岩是深水远源浊积岩、还是陆内三角洲沉积?——与吕洪波教授商榷

中国石油大学(华东)的吕洪波教授等(2011,2012)首先对山东青岛胶南市灵山岛的发育了多尺度软沉积变形构造的沉积岩进行了较为深入的研究,对于灵山岛这套特殊沉积岩的研究具有重要意义.吕洪波等(2011,2012)认为这套地层是一套远源浊积岩,并把它的地质意义延伸到了昭示扬子板块与华北板块的碰撞造山,并指出期间还发育有洋盆.但笔者认为这是一套以三角洲相为主体的较浅水沉积,主要为(水下)天然堤、(水下)决口扇、三角洲前缘或侧缘斜坡,而不是远源浊积岩.这套沉积岩是一套陆内体制下的三角洲沉积,与板缘无关,更与碰撞造山无任何牵连.特提出几点证据与吕洪波教授等讨论.     

山东灵山岛早白垩世复理石软沉积物变形期次解析

前人对软沉积物变形期次研究多数集中于触发变形的地震事件的周期,而对滑塌体内部软沉积物变形期次研究较少。山东灵山岛早白垩世复理石形成于残余盆地背景,且由于地震频发导致滑塌沉积广泛发育。滑塌沉积层中发育有丰富的软沉积物变形构造,如：同沉积滑塌褶皱、底模构造、剖面X形共轭逆断层、同沉积布丁构造、砂岩层断块及变形团块、微型地垒—地堑组合和叠瓦状倒转紧闭褶皱等。不同类型和不同部位的软沉积物变形构造显示出发育期次不同的特征。本文以灵山岛修船厂附近滑塌沉积层为例,分析软沉积物变形构造的变形机制,并将其发育期次大致分为滑塌前、滑塌中和滑塌后三个阶段。只有部分滑塌中的软沉积物变形构造具有滑塌指向意义,而滑塌前的变形构造不能用来判别滑塌体的搬运方向。     

西藏冈底斯构造带侏罗纪浊积岩特征及构造环境判别

侏罗系浊积岩在冈底斯构造带多个沉积分地中均有分布，以发育较为典型的浊积岩鲍马序列为特征 ，可划分为近源砂质浊积岩、远源细屑浊积岩、碳酸盐浊积岩和滑塌角砾岩等4种主要浊积岩类型。论文对泥质浊积岩的主元素和微量元素地球化学特征进行了研究，在构造环境判别图上投均落入活动大陆边缘区，稀土分布曲线呈近水平状，负Ce异常不明显，显示出冈底斯构造带侏罗纪浊积岩形成于活动大陆边缘的弧后盆地环境，其物源为沉积盆地两侧有古老变质岩出露和弧火山活动的岛弧带。     

青岛灵山岛晚中生代重力流沉积特征及环境分析

青岛灵山岛晚中生代发育一套重力流沉积,国内学者对其成因机制存在争议。笔者通过对造船厂、灯塔、千层崖、羊礁洞、老虎嘴、背来石等剖面的重点观察发现:灵山岛晚中生代地层出露以厚度不等的细粒砂泥岩与火山熔岩、火山碎屑岩为主,夹沉火山碎屑岩和侵入体,地层从老到新组合为一个水体变浅的水退序列。地层中发育不同类型、不同尺度、不同期次的软沉积变形构造,如软沉积变形褶皱、布丁构造、负载构造和火焰构造、软双重构造等。灵山岛晚中生代重力流沉积碎屑岩主要是块体搬运沉积(砂质滑塌和砂质碎屑流)和浊流沉积,向上过渡为陆相三角洲前缘沉积,其成因机制是物源供应充足的湖盆三角洲前缘在构造坡度或沉积坡度控制下,受地震和火山活动影响发生的块体搬运沉积和浊流沉积。初步研究认为沉积时的古斜坡方向为南东—北西方向。     

南黄海海域中生代前陆盆地形成的构造背景

南黄海盆地占据了下扬子板块的主体,自元古宙以来经历了多期构造运动,受到华北板块、扬子板块、华南板块、太平洋板块多个板块相互作用的影响,形成多期盆地演化阶段的叠合盆地。分析了南黄海盆地前人钻井资料及最新二维地震资料,并与下扬子苏北盆地地层及构造特征进行对比,认为整个下扬子区域受华北—扬子板块碰撞的影响,经历了中生代前陆盆地演化阶段。下扬子陆域部分地区发育相对完整的中生代沉积,记录了华北—扬子板块之间洋壳消减、陆陆碰撞、前陆盆地发育及碰撞后活动。而在下扬子对应海域延伸部分的南黄海盆地中,仅在盆地北部烟台坳陷东北缘通过钻井证实有侏罗纪前陆盆地地层,钻遇地层仅发育侏罗系上部陆相沉积,在地震剖面中可以解释出侏罗系下部海陆交互相地层,向上转变为陆相沉积地层。对比下扬子陆域与海域地层发育情况,华北—扬子板块碰撞造山过程对于下扬子整个区域的影响因地而异,在三叠纪末期—侏罗纪时期南黄海盆地内沉积缺失,南黄海海域区处于广泛抬升状态,印支运动期间地层挤压活动强烈,烟台坳陷内海相地层中逆冲断层广泛发育。在南黄海盆地东北缘,前陆盆地侏罗系地层发育于南倾边界断层的上盘,认为南黄海盆地侏罗纪前陆盆发育的构造背景受到同期北侧千里岩超高压变质带从深部折返影响,随着千里岩隆起带的快速抬升,为南黄海盆地北缘提供了沉积空间及物源,沉积了大套的侏罗系前陆盆地地层。     

上扬子地区中生代沉积盆地演化

以地层分区为单位对上扬子地区中生代沉积建造进行了详细分析, 对盆地原型进行了初步划分, 建立了中生代上扬子陆块沉积盆地时空分布格架.结合年代地层和生物地层划分对比、生物古地理、岩相古地理和构造演化规律的综合分析, 对上扬子地区中生代3个阶段的盆地演化过程进行生动刻画, 并以此为依据分析了盆地形成演化的大地构造环境.早三叠世上扬子陆块受印支造山运动的影响不断抬升, 海相盆地水体变浅, 形成一系列混积陆表海、台盆-台地构造相; 晚三叠世-早侏罗世上扬子西缘与其西侧的特提斯域地块或多岛弧盆增生体发生碰撞拼合, 且华南陆块与华北陆块的碰撞拼合, 使上扬子陆块西南缘、西缘和北缘发育了前陆盆地和周缘前陆盆地, 与此同时雪峰隆起进入造山过程; 中侏罗世之后, 由于受古太平洋板块向西对亚洲大陆的俯冲, 上扬子陆块进入了以陆内造山作用为主的新的构造阶段, 以雪峰山为界, 东部发育一系列断陷-坳陷盆地, 西侧则发育陆内大型压陷盆地.      

鄂尔多斯盆地西峰油田三叠系延长组浊流沉积及成因模式

鄂尔多斯盆地西峰油田三叠系延长组发育典型的浊流沉积体。本文通过对西峰油田延长统野外露头的观察和室内岩心的描述与分析,根据钻井、测井资料,识别出了层状浊积岩、浊流水道、辫状浊流水道。槽状充填浊积岩以及滑塌浊积岩等浊流微相。并基于浊流的两种形成机制(洪水 沉积物→浊流和滑塌沉积物 水→浊流)和沉积动力学原理在该区建立了陆相湖盆浊流沉积模式,即洪水型浊流成因模式和滑塌型浊流成因模式,在此基础上探讨了浊流沉积对构造环境的沉积响应,认为构造背景在宏观上控制了浊积砂体的时空展布,鄂尔多斯盆地该时期的前陆发展演化特征构筑了其浊流沉积地层层序的充填特色。     

鄂尔多斯盆地晚三叠世深湖区同沉积变形构造特征及成因

通过对鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠统延长组野外露头、岩心剖面的细致研究,发现深湖区发育有类型多样的同沉积变形构造。露头剖面中见有同沉积砂岩墙、砂泥岩脊、砂岩脉、微断层和褶皱变形构造等,岩心中也观察到砂岩揉皱构造,砂泥质角砾,微断层和砂岩脉等变形构造,在对其特征描述和层系结构分析的基础上,结合三角洲前缘砂体向深湖区滑塌形成富含火焰状构造的鲍马层系,指出同沉积构造成因与古地震作用关系密切。时间上同沉积变形构造与火山灰沉积物几乎同期发育,相伴而生,且略早于广泛发育的长7浊积岩; 古地震、邻区火山作用或深部热作用导致盆地基底沉降、山体隆升,有利于滑塌浊积岩的形成。空间上同沉积变形构造主要分布于盆地南部和西南部,并且从南西至北东方向有强度减弱的趋势。综合对比同期周邻造山带的演化历史及深湖区同沉积变形构造的分布特征后认为,同沉积变形构造是对盆地南部秦岭碰撞造山和盆地内深部热作用的耦合响应,指示了深湖盆发育期对应于盆地构造相对活动的动力学背景,对同期优质烃源岩的发育有重要贡献。     

钦-杭接合带之构造特征

华南大陆壳由扬子地块和华夏地块两个主要的地质构造单元组成,其间发育一条板块碰撞拼接带——钦-杭接合带,依据地层组成、构造变形差异,进一步划分为鄣公山构造混杂岩带、绍兴-江山对接带,前者叠加发育在扬子地块南部陆缘江南古岛弧之上,后者代表两地块间消减了的大洋及边缘海混杂体,经历了晋宁-加里东多期碰撞拼贴：晋宁期华夏陆块向扬子陆块俯冲、碰撞、走滑,形成了透镜-网结状韧性剪切系统争三期褶皱变形;加里东运动,华夏陆块再次与扬子陆块碰撞、仰冲,导致华南加里东造山带逆冲推覆在晋宁期造山带之上。至此,两者最终焊接成一体,形成了统一的晚古生代沉积盖层。     

Paleomagnetism of Palawan,Philippines

Paleomagnetic studies have been carried out on Palawan and on the island of Busuanga to the north. Results from the Cretaceous Espina Basalts of the Calatuigas Ophiolite in the South Palawan Block (SPB) pass a fold test, yield normal and reversed directions with a magnetic intensity and AF demagnetization characteristics consistent with a primary TRM. The mean direction is 293.9° and an inclination of 5.8°, with a k of 37.7 and an α₉₅ of 12.6°. This suggests that these ophiolites have moved northward and rotated counterclockwise by 66°±+13° with respect to the geocentric axial dipole (GAD) field. It also suggests that they were obducted from the south.Paleomagnetic directions from the Jurassic Busuanga Cherts and the Cretaceous Guinlo Formation from the island of Busuanga in the North Palawan Block (NPB) and from the Guinlo on the main island of Palawan are similar, fail regional fold tests, and have AF demagnetization characteristics consistent with secondary magnetization. Their inclinations are statistically indistinguishable at a 95% significance level, but variation in declination suggests differential local rotation about a vertical axis. The paleolatitude is comparable to that of regions of pervasive Cretaceous remagnetization in the South China borderland and may reflect similar remagnetization, consistent with the NPB’s proposed South China origin.     

Geochemical Characteristics of Danfeng Meta-Volcanic Rocks in Shangzhou Area,Shaanxi Province

The Danfeng meta-volcanics in the Shangzhou area, Shaanxi Province are characterized by oceanic island arc volcanic geochemistry. They are a suite of low-K tholeiitic series and calc-alkaline series meta-volcanic rocks derived from different sources respectively.These meta-volcanics have high Th/Ta ratios and low contents of Ni,Ta,Ti,Y and Yb, suggesting that they were influenced by the subduction zone components.Many lines of evidence show that the Danfeng meta-volcanics were produced in an oceanic island are setting of the supra-subduction zone at the southern margin of the North China Block during the Early Paleozoic.     

Late Proterozoic Colisional Orogen and Geosuture in Southeastern China：Petrological Evidence

The Jiangshan-Shaoxing fracture belt(JSFB)is a Late Proterozoic geosuture due to island arc-continent collision in South China,The Cathaysian Block(CT),lying on the southeast side of JSFB,is composed of green schist-amphibolite complexes in the form of a series of tectonic flakes. On the northwest side of JSFB,which is located in the border area of Zheijiang,Jiangxi and Ahhhi provinces(abbreviated as ZJP-JXP-AHP),are distrbuted and ophiolite suite and other rocks,constituting the Jiangnan ancient island arc(JN)on the southeast margin of the Yangtze Block(YZ).The collision between JN and CT at-0.9Ga ago led to the folding of JN.followed by the intrusion(-0.9-0.8Ga ago)of many dioritic and ultramafic stitching plutons along the fracture belt.As a result,the basic Precambrian tectonic framework of southeastern China was shaped.     

Carboniferous foraminifers from the lower part of Paleo-Tethyan seamount-type carbonates in the Changning-Menglian Belt, western Yunnan, Southwest China

The Changning-Menglian Belt in West Yunnan, Southwest China is well-known as a closed remnant of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean in East Asia (Wu et al., 1995; Liu et al., 1996). It is delineated to the east with the Lincang Massif by the Changning-Shuangjiang Fault and to the west with the Baoshan Block by the Kejie-Nandinghe Fault, and is generally subdivided into three zones: east, central, and west zones. In the central zone, various kinds of oceanic rocks such as harzburgite, cumulate websterite, gabbro, both mid-oceanic ridge basalt and oceanic island basalt, Devonian-Triassic radiolarian chert, and Carbonifer-ous-Permian massive and huge carbonates with basaltic effusives as their pedestal are exposed (Liu et al., 1991, 1996; Wu et al., 1995; Ueno et al., 2003). These Central zone rocks are now interpreted to have been emplaced as nappes structurally overlying the East and West zones, which are considered as consisting mainly of passive margin sediments of the Baoshan Block (Wu, 1991; Ueno et al., 2003).     

Geochronology and Tectonic Evolution of the West Section of the Jiangnan Orogenic Belt

As an important part of South China Old Land, the Jiangnan Orogenic Belt plays a significant role in explaining the assembly and the evolution of the Upper Yangtze Block and Cathaysia, as well as the structure and growth mechanism of continental lithosphere in South China.The Lengjiaxi and the Banxi groups are the base strata of the west section of the Jiangnan Orogenic Belt.Thus, the research of geochronology and tectonic evolution of the Lengjiaxi and the Banxi groups is significant.The maximum sedimentary age of the Lengjiaxi Group is ca.862 Ma, and the minimum is ca.822 Ma.The Zhangjiawan Formation, which is situated in the upper part of the Banxi Group is ca.802 Ma.The Lengjiaxi Group and equivalent strata should thus belong to the Neoproterozoic in age.The Jiangnan Orogenic Belt consisting of the Lengjiaxi and the Banxi groups as important constituents is not a Greenville Orogen Belt(1.3 Ga–1.0 Ga).The Jiangnan Orogenic Belt is a recyclic orogenic belt, and the prototype basin is a foreland basin with materials derived from the southwest and the sediments belong to the active continental sedimentation.By combining large amounts of dating data of the Lengjiaxi and the Banxi groups as well as equivalent strata, the evolutionary model of the western section of the Jiangnan Orogenic Belt is established as follows: Before 862 Ma, the South China Ocean was subducted beneath the Upper Yangtze Block, while a continental island arc was formed on the side near the Upper Yangtze Block.The South China Ocean was not closed in this period.From 862 Ma to 822 Ma, the Upper Yangtze Block was collided with Cathaysia; and sediments began to be deposited in the foreland basin between the two blocks.The Lengjiaxi Group and equivalent strata were thus formed and the materials might be derived from the recyclic orogenic belt.From 822 Ma to 802 Ma, Cathaysia continued pushing to the Upper Yangtze Block, experienced the Jinning-Sibao Movement(Wuling Movement); as result, the folded basement of the Jiangnan Orogenic Belt was formed.After 802 Ma, Cathaysia and the Upper Yangtze Block were separated from each other, the Nanhua rift basin was formed and began to receive the sediments of the Banxi Group and equivalent strata.These large amounts of dating data and research results also indicate that before the collision of the Upper Yangtze Block with Cathaysia, materials of the continental crust became less and less from the southwest to the east in the Jiangnan Orogeneic Belt; only island arc and neomagmatic arc were developed in the eastern section.Ocean-continent subduction or continent-continent subduction took place in the western and southern sections, while intra-oceanic subduction occurred in the eastern section.Comprehensive analyses on U-Pb ages and Hf model ages of zircons, the main provenance of the Lengjiaxi Group is Cathaysia.     

越南东北部早中生代构造事件的年代学约束

越南东北部-海南岛-粤西南构造带整体上呈NW-SE走向展布于华南板块的南缘,是理解华南构造演化的关键地区.作为印支运动代表性地区的越南东北部地区Song Chay构造带上,下古生界浅变质沉积岩、上古生界至早-中三叠世未变质的沉积盖层中都发育向北东逆冲推覆,韧性变形域表现为NE-SW向的矿物拉伸线理和上部指NE的剪切变形,而脆性变形域则记录了大量NE极性的褶皱和冲断构造.两广交界的云开地体和海南岛地区存在着相同样式的构造变形.关于这期变形的时间,本文通过对野外地层以及所出露不同时期岩体变形特征的综合研究,并结合高质量的锆石U-Pb年代学数据,在越南的东北部厘定为237 ～ 228Ma.这期广泛分布于华南板块南缘构造事件的动力学机制同Day Nui Con Voi(大象山)微陆块与华南板块在早中生代的构造拼合事件相关.本文认为华南板块在早三叠世开始沿着越南东北部的Song Chay缝合带俯冲拼合于Day Nui Con Voi微陆块之下,因此在早-中三叠世时期,在作为俯冲盘的华南板块南缘发育一系列的褶皱和逆冲推覆构造,晚三叠世印支造山作用结束.因此,华南板块南缘的越南东北部-海南岛-粤西南构造带被一同卷入早-中三叠世同印支板块的碰撞造山体系之中.     

青海南部治多—杂多一带二叠系尕笛考组

青海南部二叠系尕笛考组厚度变化大,分布广,空间上呈链状展布。通过在该区地质调查对该组进行厘定,尕笛考组岩性组合为玄武岩、火山集块岩、火山角砾岩夹灰岩、砂岩和泥岩,与上覆九十道班组呈整合或假整合接触,为火山—沉积体系。尕笛考组产类Misellina-Schwagerina组合、非有孔虫、珊瑚Wentzellophyllum-Szechuanophyllum组合和腕足类等,表明地质时代为早二叠世罗甸期,与华南、西秦岭、藏东等地同期生物群可很好地对比,揭示出昌都地块在二叠纪时生物古地理区系属于特提斯大区华夏区,在构造古地理上为泛华夏大陆群或扬子板块的一个组成部分。     

皖南浅变质岩区的构造演化及矿产分布规律

皖南浅变质岩地区由四个不同构造单元拼合而成。中元古早期皖南为一古岛弧;约1000Ma前,华南板块沿江山-绍兴一带俯冲,是岛弧向扬子板块增生;约900Ma前左右,皖南沿祁门-三阳坑一带产生弧后扩张盆地;而850Ma前,华夏古陆沿江山-绍兴一带与扬子板块对接拼合,弧后盆地被动俯冲结束,标志增生的完成,同时深部发生重熔,形成初生陆壳改造型(S型)花岗岩类侵入体,如休宁、许村、歙县等岩体;约780Ma,华南洋壳的俯冲使洋盆逐渐缩小,华南板块和扬子板块发生碰撞,以至祁门-三阳海盆关闭,形成祁门-三阳坑陆壳碰撞地缝合线。这时期的碰撞挤压,使初生陆壳重熔形成板内改造型灵山、莲花山和白际山侵入岩体,最终形成白际岭火山岩推覆席,标志皖南构造格局形成。这些构造演化既奠定了本区的构造格局,又控制着该区的矿产分布。本区主要矿种的成矿期为晋宁期和燕山期,中生代的成矿作用是在晋宁期变质基底上局部演化的结果,即中生代的矿产分布仍反映了基底格局对区域成矿的控制。     

河南南召盆地上三叠统碎屑岩地球化学特征及物源示踪

三叠纪是秦岭造山带全面碰撞造山的关键时期,随着扬子、秦岭和华北板块分别沿勉略、商丹缝合带的汇聚拼合, 秦岭造山带逐渐形成并从板块构造体制向陆内造山体制转化,同时强烈的造山作用控制着周缘盆地的形成与演化。文章通 过研究区的碎屑岩元素地球化学分析,对河南南召盆地上三叠统的物源区及构造背景特征进行探讨。结果表明,上三叠统 源岩成分主要为上地壳长英质火山岩;源岩经历了中等的化学风化强度,校正后CIA值指示其形成于温暖潮湿的气候和相 对较强的构造活动环境;太山庙组源区构造背景主要为大陆岛弧与活动大陆边缘,太子山组源区构造背景主要为大陆岛弧 与被动大陆边缘。根据南召盆地近源沉积特征和秦岭造山带构造演化过程推断,秦岭造山带和华北南缘是南召盆地晚三叠 世的重要物源区,前期太山庙组物源主要由北秦岭隆升基底提供,后期太子山组物源可能来自南秦岭、北秦岭和华北南缘 沉积再循环。南召盆地上三叠统物源区的转变是晚三叠世秦岭造山带逆冲推覆作用逐渐增强的体现,对研究恢复秦岭构造 带造山隆升过程和周缘盆地盆山系统演化具有重要的意义。