我国海砂资源的开发与对策

对国内外海砂开采现状、需求、环境影响综合分析的基础上,认为今后海砂开发势必由近岸向浅海区发展,通过编制海砂开采规划,加强海砂管理,保护海洋环境,加强海砂勘探、开采、洗砂和环境影响评价等工作,为台湾浅滩海砂开采做好技术储备,以促进台湾浅滩海砂开采产业的发展。     

我国海砂资源开发现状与管理对策探讨

<正>我国海砂资源开发情况我国拥有漫长的海岸线和广阔的浅海,岛屿众多,陆架宽广,矿藏资源丰富。根据我国近五十年的海洋调查资料记载,我国的海砂资源大致可以分为两类:一类是分布在海岸和近岸海域的海岸海砂,另一类是分布在陆架浅海的浅海海砂。海岸海     

海南岛东北部海域海砂资源特征及成因

海南岛周边浅海海砂资源丰富,其东北部海域砂、砾质沉积物分布面积可达数百平方千米,平均厚度超过10m,均为全新世海相沉积。通过对海南岛东北部海域的水深、地层、沉积物粒度等方面的调查,研究了该区域海砂资源的分布、范围、规模、厚度及沉积环境,对海砂的质量和开发利用进行了初步分析。其中,位于琼州海峡东口的潮流沙脊区是海砂的主要分布区域,沉积厚度在20m以上,海砂分选好、次圆状,砂含量超过80%,海砂各项指标良好,用途广泛。研究区海砂资源主要受海底地形和潮流的共同作用而形成,属全新世陆架潮流沉积体系,近岸处亦受到陆域物质输入和浅水波浪的影响,沉积物来源主要为琼州海峡内部和粤西,海南岛的物质供给可能相对较少。     

烟台市海砂资源的利用与保护

烟台市海砂资源开发仍存在着无序状态,干群资源保护意识不强,生态环境进一步恶化,工农业生产和人民生活受到严重影响等问题。加强管理,树立以保护为主的可持续发展的观念;制定并实施海砂开发综合管理的法律制度;建立和完善海砂开发利用监测系统和管理信息系统;加强对海岸带功能区划,充分利用和保护海砂资源;用行政手段,制止乱采乱挖,是利用和保护好烟台市海砂资源的有效途径。     

南海北部陆架区表层沉积物粒度特征与沉积环境

对南海北部陆架沉积区244个表层沉积物样品进行了粒度组分、多元统计及输运趋势分析,结果表明:南海北部陆架区共分布9种沉积物类型,粒度组成以砂和粉砂为主,砂含量占绝对优势,沉积物主要粒级为0~8Φ,优势粒级为0~4Φ。研究区东北部粒径较粗,以中砂为主,分选中等-好,负偏,峰态中等-平坦,西南部粒径较细,以粉砂为主,分选较差,正偏,峰态平坦,中间过渡及陆架外缘粒径中等,以细砂为主,分选中等,正偏,峰态尖锐。基于粒度多元统计及输运趋势分析,南海北部陆架划分为3个沉积区:珠江口及粤东近岸沉积区(I区):主要受控于沿岸流,水动力条件较弱,物质来源以珠江、韩江等河流输运物质及近岸基岩风化、岛屿剥蚀作用产物为主,少量东沙群岛海底冲刷剥蚀产物;混合过渡沉积区(II区):受黑潮南海分支、南海暖流及沿岸流共同作用,水动力条件中等,物源复杂多样,为珠江携带陆源物质、台湾浅滩物质以及东沙群岛附近海底剥蚀产物的混合沉积区域;台湾浅滩及珠江古三角洲残留沉积区(III区):受黑潮南海分支、南海暖流、北部九龙江、沿岸流等影响,海洋水动力条件较强,以晚更新世的残留沉积为主,同时可能接受了少量现代沉积物质。     

福建湄洲湾沿岸海滩侵蚀问题及反思

近年来，临海工程建设成为带动沿海经济发展的一个新的经济增长点。许多电站建设、钢铁厂建设都急需土地资源，沿岸海域的围垦为这些项目建设提供了宝贵的土地资源。福建省目前正在进行的三大围垦工程，如福清东壁岛围垦、莆田澄峰围垦、泉州走马埭围垦等以及许多重点项目，如高速公路、渔港、空港建设都需要海砂作为建设填充材料，海砂需求量日益增加。有了市场的需求，许多企业或个人擅自开采海砂现象则变得十分严重。无度、无序的海砂开采造成了十分严重的海洋环境问题。福建省莆田市许多沙滩下蚀、岸线后退、近岸海域生态环境恶化等均与近岸采沙有关；尤其是岸线后退直接威胁到当地老百姓的生命财产。     

海南岛东南浅海表层沉积物粒度特征及沉积环境

对海南岛东南浅海377组表层沉积物样品(平均水深112.3 m)开展粒度测定及沉积物类型划分,并运用统计规律及沉积输运趋势分析,探讨了底质沉积物分布格局与物质来源及沉积动力环境关系。结果表明,海南岛东南浅海沉积物类型复杂,共分布13种沉积物类型,粒度组成以粉砂和砂为主,平均粒径均值为5.73Φ,优势粒级为细粉砂级(6~8Φ),分选差。不同海域沉积物粒径差异明显,北部近岸以含砾沉积为主,中部呈NE-SW向的砂质沉积区(水深80~120 m),西南近岸滨海、北中部海域以及东南部海域多为粉砂、黏土沉积。结合地理位置、沉积物源及水动力条件差异,研究区划分为3个沉积区:I区主要以含砾粗颗粒沉积为主,受控于海南岛上径流及强风浪作用,物质来源以万泉河等河流输运及岸线侵蚀物质为主,强动力(高能)沉积环境;II区以砂沉积为主,受到表层流及风浪等共同影响,可能主要是残留滨海沉积混入了海南岛径流及岸线侵蚀、少量珠江流域及外海复杂来源等现代细粒物质的混合沉积,中等动力沉积环境;III区以细粒沉积为主,主要受华南近岸流、风浪作用及南海暖流影响,推测物质来源主要为海南岛河流输入、岸线侵蚀及复杂外海来源细粒物质的加入,弱动力(低能)沉积环境。     

闽江口及周边海域沉积物输运及资源效应

河流入海泥沙的大部分主要分布在河口、三角洲及近岸陆架地区,发育一系列的粗颗粒沉积体系,是海砂资源重要分布区。本文以福建闽江口为研究对象,初步探讨了沉积物输运过程及海砂资源的形成机制。观测结果表明,闽江河口水体盐度由河口内部向口外海域逐渐增大,水体浊度总体减小;闽江河口附近海域近底部(距离海底25cm)流向表现出一定的旋转流特征,潮周期内余流表现为向海输运,而推移质输运主要发生在涨潮期间,并且潮周期内净向陆输运。表层沉积物粒度分析结果表明,闽江河口水下三角洲前缘表层沉积物主要由粗颗粒物质组成,沉积物类型以砂和砂质粉砂为主,中值粒径小于4Φ;前三角洲地区表层沉积物主要由细颗粒物质组成,中值粒径介于4Φ—6Φ之间。沉积物粒径趋势分析结果表明,闽江入海泥沙经梅花水道和长门水道入海后,在盐淡水混合、径流、潮流的作用下,在闽江河口形成了四个粗颗粒沉积物汇聚区,成为闽江口地区海砂资源的重要分布区;而细颗粒物质在河口羽流和潮流的作用下向偏东方向输运,形成了以黏土质粉砂为主的前三角洲。     

书海拾零

中国海砂资源研究王圣洁 ,刘锡清 ,戴勤奋著　　海洋出版社出版本书是国际合作项目 CCOP- DCGM 数字化编图计划和国土资源部海洋地质工作项目 (中国近海建筑砂砾石矿产资源潜力的可视化评价 )共同资助研究的全面总结。全书首次从建筑集料角度系统地介绍了海砂的类型、实验测试方法和资源评价体系 ,通过对我国陆架调查资料的分析 ,确定了中国海砂资源的潜力和分布规律 ;本书还介绍了海砂开采的技术并结合我国建筑用砂的发展趋势讨论了可能出现的资源、环境和可持续发展问题。本书资料详实、内容丰富 ,特别适合从事海洋地质和资源规划以及…     

泉州海域海砂资源开采区选划与管理

海砂是价值仅次于石油、天然气的海洋资源,在国民经济建设中起着重要的作用,但目前海砂开采处于盲目和无序的状态,不但浪费了巨大的资源,而且导致了部分地区海岸带环境破坏、海滩和岸堤被侵蚀等危害。因此,海砂资源的科学开发与管理已成为海洋资源管理部门的当务之急。文章以泉州地区为例,针对可能存在海砂的重点区域进行选划和分析,对海砂管理的现状及存在的问题,提出了相应的合理对策。     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

<正>~~     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,