土−桩基−隔震支座−核岛地震反应试验研究

通过开展大型地震模拟振动台试验,对比研究了土−桩基−隔震支座−核岛结构和土−桩基−核岛结构的地震反应。试验采用橡胶铅锌支座作为基础隔震,放置于桩基承台和上部核岛结构之间,地基土采用某工程场地的均匀粉质黏土,试验输入的地震动时程,是由美国核电设计的 RG1.60 反应谱拟合而成。试验结果表明：隔震支座不仅可以改变上部结构频率、减小加速度和反应谱幅值大小,还可以减少下部桩的弯矩,起到降低上部结构的反应的隔震作用。但隔震支座的使用会改变桩基础的弯矩分布,核电工程采用隔震支座时应对桩基受力和变形进行特殊抗震设计,以保证土−桩−上部结构整体系统的抗震稳定性。     

液化场地桩-土-桥梁结构地震相互作用简化分析方法

液化场地桩-土-桥梁结构地震相互作用分析属于桩基桥梁抗震设计中的一个关键科学问题,而目前尚缺乏合理的简化分析方法。鉴于此,直接针对振动台试验,基于Penzien模型,建立了液化场地桩-土-桥梁结构地震相互作用的数值分析模型与相应的简化分析方法。通过振动台试验验证了数值建模途径与简化计算分析方法的正确性,可用于液化场地桩基桥梁结构地震反应的分析,并且特别考虑砂层中孔压升高引起的砂土承载力衰减效应,推荐了计算参数的合理选取方法;据此进行了桩径、桩土初始模量比、砂土内摩擦角、上部桥梁结构质量等重要参数对液化场地桩-土地震相互作用影响的敏感性分析。研究表明：在液化场地条件下,随桩径和桩土初始模量比的增大,桩的峰值加速度、峰值位移减小,而桩的峰值弯矩则增大;随砂土内摩擦角增大,桩的峰值加速度、峰值弯矩、峰值应力均增大,而桩的峰值位移则减小;随上部结构配重增大,桩的峰值位移、峰值弯矩均增大。     

高桩码头抗震简化分析方法

国际贸易的迅速发展,加快了港口工程建设的速度,同时对港口工程的抗震性能提出了更高的要求。高桩码头作为港口工程中最常用的结构型式之一,在我国港口工程建设方面得到了广泛应用。目前对高桩码头的抗震简化分析方法以及桩基特性对高桩码头地震响应的影响方面研究较少。基于此,本文利用开源有限元数值计算平台OpenSees,介绍了高桩码头简化分析方法模型的建立途径,并分析了桩基特性参数对高桩码头关键地震响应量的影响。研究结果表明：钢筋弹性模量对码头桩基的地震响应影响较小,可减少考虑;钢筋的强化阶段对截面达到屈服曲率后的弯矩承载力起主要作用;混凝土抗压强度的增加可降低结构的位移响应峰值;过大或过小的混凝土抗压强度和钢筋屈服强度,都不利于码头结构对地震能量的耗散。     

液化场地桩基桥梁震害响应大型振动台模型试验研究

采用大型振动台进行液化场地桩基桥梁震害响应模型试验,很好再现了自然地震触发场地液化及结构破坏的各种宏观现象。0.15gEl Centro波输入下,上部砂层局部液化,桩-柱墩加速度主要表现为低频反应,桩动应变幅值自下而上很快增大、到达地表则大幅度减小。0.5gEl Centro波输入下,整个砂层全部液化,桩被折断且加速度也主要表现为低频反应,桩动应变幅值自下而上很快增大、到达地表则大幅度减小。砂层液化与否,对桩-柱墩动力反应影响很大。     

液化自由场地震响应大型振动台模型试验分析

开展了含上部黏土层、饱和砂土层、密实砂土层的可液化自由场地在水平地震动激励下的大型振动台模型试验研究,分析了地震动激励时饱和砂土液化后场地加速度、位移、孔压比时空响应等动力响应。试验结果表明：在小震激励时,场地动力反应较小,加速度反应自下而上不断放大,各深度处孔压比均较小,模型地基整体处于弹性反应阶段;0.3g汶川地震卧龙台地震记录输入时,孔压积累迅速,可液化土体最上部土层孔压比达到1,饱和土体液化,模型地基表现出明显的非线性反应特征,加速度反应在饱和砂土层中未有明显放大,土体卓越周期对应的反应加速度自下而上有不断增大趋势。该研究是土-群桩-上部结构体系大型振动台系列试验中可液化自由场动力反应部分,可供今后做对比分析和验证数值模拟参考。     

可液化场地微型桩地震响应特性研究

可液化场地微型桩的地震响应分析是确保工程安全和优化抗震设计的前提。应用动态离心机试验和三维有效应力数值分析方法,研究了微型单桩桩台的侧向变形和加速度、不同埋深桩身弯矩、可液化场地的加速度及超孔隙水压力等响应特征。首先开展了相对密实度为57%饱和土层、输入波是频率为1 Hz和峰值加速度为1.516 m/s2正弦波的微型桩40 g动态地震响应离心机试验,进而应用基于多重剪切机构塑性模型和液化前缘状态面概念的三维有效应力分析方法,反演了试验结果,并进行了对比分析,结果表明,数值模拟与离心机试验结果吻合,液化场地特性控制着建于其中微型桩的地震响应特征,微型桩桩台的水平变形和残余变形可达78、30 mm,桩身最大弯矩和最大残余弯矩呈现向桩身底部迁移特点,同时表明,基于动态土工离心机试验和数值分析相结合的研究方法,分析可液化场地微型桩地震响应特性是有效可行的,研究结论为可液化场地微型桩的抗震设计提供了可靠的依据和参考。     

排水刚性桩群桩抗液化性能的振动台试验研究

排水刚性桩是一种将竖向排水体与刚性桩相结合的新型抗液化处理措施。为研究排水刚性桩群桩的抗液化作用效果,开展了桩顶竖向荷载作用下排水刚性桩处理可液化地基的振动台试验研究,分析了地基土体的超孔压响应、加速度响应及桩顶结构的水平位移响应,并与未设置排水体的普通桩群桩工况进行对比。结果表明：加载开始后,排水桩桩身排水通道有大量超孔隙水排出,普通桩桩身没有排水现象。采用排水桩时超孔压比峰值比普通桩中减小12%,孔压消散稳定后超孔压比减小13%左右,排水桩桩身的排水通道对超孔压的消散作用集中在振动作用的前期。排水桩桩顶的侧向永久位移较普通桩桩顶侧向永久位移减小约27%。试样土体液化前,剪应力-应变滞回圈包络面积较大,土体呈现一定的剪胀特性。液化后,排水桩的剪应力-应变滞回圈的割线模量更大。上述试验结果均表明了排水刚性桩在抗液化方面的有效作用。     

粉土及粉质黏土对静压沉桩桩端阻力影响机制现场试验

为探讨在粉土及粉质黏土中桩端阻力随贯入深度的变化规律,通过在试验桩P1的桩端安装轮辐压力传感器,以及在试验桩P1、P2距桩端200 mm处安装光纤光栅（FBG）传感器,采用两种不同的测试技术全程监测了两根闭口预应力高强度混凝土（PHC）管桩现场贯入过程中的桩端阻力。试验结果表明：桩端阻力与土层的变化密切相关,土层越硬,桩端阻力越大,当桩端从粉质黏土层进入粉土层时,桩端阻力明显增大,粉土中的桩端阻力达到粉质黏土层的2倍;整个贯入过程中,同一土层不同位置的差异性对桩端阻力也存在较大影响,在距离地面1.50 m处,P1和P2桩FBG传感器桩端阻力的差值达到了89.29 kN,而在距离地面3.50~4.50 m处,两桩的桩端阻力则相差较小。     

强震作用下液化场地群桩动力响应及p-y曲线

为研究液化场地中群桩在强震作用下的动力响应特征及桩侧土抗力-桩土相对位移（p-y）曲线规律,依托海文大桥实体工程,基于振动台模型试验,开展了0.15g～0.35g地震动作用饱和粉细砂土层不同埋置深度下的砂土孔压比、桩身弯矩及p-y曲线动力响应研究。结果表明：地震动强度达到0.25g时,不同埋置深度下的饱和粉细砂土层孔压比均大于0.8,产生液化现象,且随埋置深度增加,孔压比增长时刻明显滞后;不同埋置深度下,桩身弯矩最大值均位于液化土层和非液化土层分界面处;同一埋置深度时,随地震动强度的增大,p-y曲线所包围的面积逐渐增大,其整体斜率逐渐变小,说明桩-土相互作用动力耗能逐渐增大,桩周土体刚度逐渐减小;随埋置深度增加,p-y曲线所包围的面积逐渐减小,其整体斜率逐渐增大,说明桩-土相互作用动力耗能逐渐减小,桩周土体刚度逐渐增大。因此,液化场地桥梁群桩抗震设计时,应综合考虑液化土层与桩基础的相互位置关系,确保桩基础在液化土层与非液化土层分界处的抗弯承载能力。     

强震区桩−土−断层耦合作用下桩基动力响应

为研究桩-土-断层耦合作用下桩基动力响应特性,利用振动台试验选取0.35g地震动峰值加速度时4种类型地震波,研究断层上下盘桩基加速度响应、桩顶相对位移、弯矩及桩基损伤情况。试验表明：断层上盘桩基各项参数明显大于断层下盘,呈现出上盘效应;桩顶峰值加速度大于桩底峰值加速度,上部土层对输入地震波具有滤波作用;桩顶加速度响应相较于桩底具有滞后性;桩顶峰值加速度与桩顶加速度放大系数α在输入El-Centro波时最大;上、下盘α 差值在输入Kobe波时最大;弯矩和桩顶相对位移峰值在输入Kobe波时最大;弯矩在土层分界面处较大,输入不同地震波时弯矩峰值均未超过桩身抗弯能力;提出了强震区近断层桩基可根据验算内容选取合理地震波进行验算的抗震设计建议。     

Analysis of soil–pile–structure interaction in a two‐layer ground during earthquakes considering liquefaction

This study is conducted with a numerical method to investigate the seismic behaviour among certain soils, single piles, and a structure. A series of numerical simulations of the seismic behaviour of a single‐pile foundation constructed in a two‐layer ground is carried out. Various sandy soils, namely, dense sand, medium dense sand, reclaimed soil, and loose sand, are employed for the upper layer, while one type of clayey soil is used for the lower layer. The results reveal that when a structure is built in a non‐liquefiable ground, an amplification of the seismic waves is seen on the ground surface and in the upper structure, and large bending moments are generated at the pile heads. When a structure is built in a liquefiable ground, a de‐amplification of the seismic waves is seen on the ground surface and in the upper structure, and large bending moments are generated firstly at the pile heads and then in the lower segment at the boundary between the soil layers when liquefaction takes place. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

强震区软弱土层差异厚度下单桩动力响应振动台试验

为探明不同类型地震波作用下软弱土层差异厚度对单桩动力响应特性的影响,采用振动台试验,开展了不同软弱土层厚度变化下桩基础的加速度、水平位移、弯矩动力响应变化特性及桩基损伤分析。试验结果表明：地震波作用下,桩周土体的约束作用受软弱土层厚度的影响显著。桩身加速度在软弱土层中的放大效果最为显著,桩顶加速度放大系数与软弱土层厚度呈正相关;桩顶水平位移在软弱土层厚度最大时达到最大;桩身弯矩最大值出现在软弱土层中,随其厚度增大而增大。不同土层厚度下,桩身弯矩最大值均小于抗弯能力设计值,桩基完整性较好。桩基础抗震设计计算时,应重点加强桩基础在软弱土层中的抗震能力,并选择多种地震波进行抗震验算。     

Centrifuge shaking table tests on 4 × 4 pile groups in liquefiable ground

A series of centrifuge shaking table model tests are conducted on 4?×?4 pile groups in liquefiable ground in this study, achieving horizontal–vertical bidirectional shaking in centrifuge tests on piles for the first time. The dynamic distribution of forces on piles within the pile groups is analysed, showing the internal piles to be subjected to greater bending moment compared with external piles, the mechanism of which is discussed. The roles of superstructure–pile inertial interaction and soil–pile kinematic interaction in the seismic response of the piles within the pile groups are investigated through cross-correlation analysis between pile bending moment, soil displacement, and structure acceleration time histories and by comparing the test results on pile groups with and without superstructures. Soil–pile kinematic interaction is shown to have a dominant effect on the seismic response of pile groups in liquefiable ground. Comparison of the pile response in two tests with and without vertical input ground motion shows that the vertical ground motion does not significantly influence the pile bending moment in liquefiable ground, as the dynamic vertical total stress increment is mainly carried by the excess pore water pressure. The influence of previous liquefaction history during a sequence of seismic events is also analysed, suggesting that liquefaction history could in certain cases lead to an increase in liquefaction susceptibility of sand and also an increase in dynamic forces on the piles.     

Influence of seismic motions on behavior of piles in liquefied soils

In the present study an analytical procedure based on finite element technique is proposed to investigate the influence of vertical load on deflection and bending moment of a laterally loaded pile embedded in liquefiable soil, subjected to permanent ground displacement. The degradation of subgrade modulus due to soil liquefaction and effect of nonlinearity are also considered. A free headed vertical concrete elastic nonyielding pile with a floating tip subjected to vertical compressive loading, lateral load, and permanent ground displacement due to earthquake motions, in liquefiable soil underlain by nonliquefiable stratum, is considered. The input seismic motions, having varying range of ground motion parameters, considered here include 1989 Loma Gilroy, 1995 Kobe, 2001 Bhuj, and 2011 Sikkim motions. It is calculated that maximum bending moment occurred at the interface of liquefiable and nonliquefiable soil layers and when thickness of liquefiable soil layer is around 60% of total pile length. Maximum bending moment of 1210 kNm and pile head deflection of 110 cm is observed because of 1995 Kobe motion, while 2001 Bhuj and 2011 Sikkim motions amplify the pile head deflection by 14.2 and 14.4 times and bending moment approximately by 4 times, when compared to nonliquefiable soil. Further, the presence of inertial load at the pile head increases bending moment and deflection by approximately 52% when subjected to 1995 Kobe motion. Thus, it is necessary to have a proper assessment of both kinematic and inertial interactions due to free field seismic motions and vertical loads for evaluating pile response in liquefiable soil.     

Pseudostatic Seismic Response Analysis of a Pile Group in a Soil Slope

This paper presents a simple approximate pseudostatic method for estimating the maximum internal forces and horizontal displacements of a pile group located in a soil slope. The method is extension of an existing similar method developed by the authors for the case of a horizontal ground surface. The method employed for horizontal ground case involves two main steps: first, the free-field soil movements caused by the earthquake are computed; Then, the response of the pile group is analyzed based on the maximum free-field soil movements as static movements, as well as a static loading at the pile head, which depends on the computed spectral acceleration of the structure being supported. This newly developed methodology takes into account the effects of group interaction and soil yielding. Simple modifications are applied to take into account the effect of slope on seismic deformations of the pile group, making use of the Newmark sliding block method. The applicability of the approach and the developed program is verified by comparisons made with both experimental shaking table tests and the results of a more refined analysis of a pile-supported wharf. It is demonstrated that the proposed method yields reasonable estimates of the pile maximum moment and horizontal displacement for many practical cases, despite its relative simplicity. The simplifying assumptions and the limitations as well as reliability of the methodology are discussed, and some practical conclusions on the performance of the proposed approach are suggested.     

深厚场地大型桥梁桩基础随机地震反应及可靠性分析

以苏通长江大桥主墩特大型群桩基础为研究背景,考虑地震动的不确定性,将地震激励作为平稳随机过程,采用随机地震反应分析方法,对深厚场地上群桩基础受上部桥墩荷载下的地震反应进行研究。土体动力非线性性能采用等效线性化方法考虑。由于桥墩惯性作用以及软土土层对桩身位移的约束作用,地震激励下桩身位移呈三角形分布。土体位移与土体和基础间距离有关,桥墩-桩-土相互作用对基础两侧1.5倍基础宽度的土体位移有较大影响。桩体内力反应结果表明,桩顶及桩身上部剪力及弯矩均较大,边桩剪力显著大于中间桩剪力。此外,基于强度破坏准则,对以桩身屈服剪力作为控制指标的群桩基础动力可靠性进行了分析。