青藏铁路设计与建设——第六届国际冻土工程会议回顾

The 6^th International Symposium on Permafrost Engineering was successfully held in China in September 2004. About 150 scientists and engineers from 7 countries attended the symposium in Lanzhou on 5～7 September, and about 35 people from 6 countries participated in the field trip along the QinghaiTibet Highway/Railway on 8～13 September and the seminar in Lhasa on 14 September 2004. During the Symposium, the latest progress on permafrost engineering and the surveys, design and construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway were exchanged and inspected. Fifty-eight technical papers in English from the Symposium were published in the first volume of the Proceedings of the Symposium, as a supplement of the Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, before the symposium. About 6 papers from the symposium are published in the second volume in the volume 27(1) of the Journal of the Glaciology and Geocryology, after the symposium. The Qinghai-Tibet Railway (QTR) under construction will traverse 632 km of permafrost, and the engineers are facing unprecedented engineering and environmental challenges. With the QTR under construction and to be completed in 2007, permafrost engineering has become the research focus of permafrost scientists and engineers in China. Many encouraging and promising achievements in permafrost engineering have been obtained during the past three years. However, there are still numerous engineering and environmental problems needing to be solved or resolved. In the discussions, some experts pointed out that methods, such as removal of snow cover on the embankments and toe areas, light-color embankments and side slope surfaces, awnings for shading the solar radiation, hairpin or tilted thermosyphons, could be applied to actively cool the roadbed of the QTR. Some new ideas on utilization of the natural cold reserves were proposed to protect the QTR permafrost roadbed from thawing. Many questions and answers on the survey, design, construction, operations, maintenance and environmental protection were exchanged in situ and in the Lhasa seminar with participation by some major railway designers, regulators and administrators.     

应用等效纬度-海拔模型进行地温及多年冻土制图

This research presents a method for permafrost mapping in discontinuous permafrost regions based on equivalent latitude/elevation concept in interior Alaska. In winter months, study site has a strong temperature inversion in air up to 700 m elevation. Air temperature data and the effects of slope, aspect and elevation were used to create an equivalent latitude/elevation model. This model was well correlated with mean annual surface temperature (0.79). In this watershed, the thawing index (It≈1 400 ℃*days) at the ground surface and snow depth do not vary greatly from south facing to north facing slopes. The primary controlled factor that determines the mean annual surface temperature was the winter surface temperature. The permafrost stability is effectively controlled by the freezing index. We determined 37.5% of Caribou-Poker Creeks Research Watershed has unstable or thawing permafrost. At least 2.1% of the permafrost in this watershed may have disappeared in the last 90 years due to climate warming. This method makes it possible to evaluate the permafrost stability in the present, past and future.     

青藏铁路可调式通风管路基的数值仿真分析

Finite Element Method has been used to operate the numerical analysis and comparison between the traditional ventilated embankment and the adjustable ventilated embankment adopted in Qinghai-Tibet Railway construction. The numerical results show that: 1) The adjustable ventilated embankments can prevent the thermal entry from air into ducts during summer from thawing the permafrost beneath the embankments; 2) The cooling effects of the adjustable ventilated embankments on permafrost is much better than the traditional ventilated embankments although two kinds of embankments can generate the thawing bulbs at the beginning of finishing construction; 3) The drop of the mean temperature of permafrost under the adjustable ventilated embankments keeps faster than that of the mean temperature of permafrost under the traditional ventilated embankments. It is clear that the adjustable ventilated embankments can keep the embankment more stable than the traditional ventilated embankments.     

Permafrost Characteristics of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Methods of Roadbed Construction of Railway

Permafrost along the Qinghai-Tibet railway is featured by abundant ground ice and high ground temperature. Under the influence of climate warming and engineering activities, the permafrost is under degradation process. The main difficulty in railway roadbed construction is how to prevent thawing settlement caused by degradation of permafrost. Therefore the proactively cooling methods based on controlling solar radiation, heat conductivity and heat convection were adopted instead of the traditional passive methods, which is simply increasing thermal resistance. The cooling methods used in the Qinghai-Tibet railway construction include sunshine-shielding roadbeds, crushed rock based roadbeds, roadbeds with rock revetments, duct-ventilated roadbeds, thermosyphon installed roadbeds and land bridges. The field monitored data show that the cooling methods are effective in protecting the underlying permafrost, the permafrost table was uplifted under the embankments and therefore the roadbed stability was guaranteed.     

Long-term thermal stability study of the typical embankment along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway in warm permafrost regions北大核心CSCD

Using the long-term ground temperature monitoring data of the permafrost zone along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway from 2006 to 2020,three types of typical roadbed structures were analyzed. Traditional embankment（TE）,U-shaped crushed rock embankment（UCRE）and crushed rock revetment embankment（CRRE）were included the three types of typical roadbed,which were selected to the long-term monitoring sections within the warm permafrost zones. The evolution of ground temperature field,mean annual ground temperature （MAGT）and annual maximum ground temperature（AMGT）in the depth range of 20 m under the embankment were analyzed and studied since 15 years of operation. The monitoring and analysis results show that：the growth rate of MAGT under the left and right shoulders of the TE is always higher than that of the same depth in the natural site. The MAGT under the UCRE is always lower than the natural site and always maintains a certain difference,whereas,the difference in ground temperature under the left and right shoulders is also not negligible. The MAGT of the left shoulder in the CRRE is not much different from that of the natural hole,while the MAGT of the right shoulder is always lower than that of the natural hole,and the differ in ground temperature between the left and right shoulders is smaller than that of the UCRE. The artificial permafrost table（APT）under the TE is always lower than that of in the natural site. Both the UCRE and CRRE,the APT in the left and right shoulders of them has been elevated into the embankment,and the differ of APT between the left and right shoulders is about 1. 0~1. 5 m. the differ of APT between the left and right shoulders in the CRRE is slightly lower than that of UCRE. Overall,because of the influence of thermal disturbance about engineering and climate warming,the TE in the warm permafrost zones cannot keep the thermal stability of permafrost under the embankment. Some active-cooling and reinforcement measures need to be taken. Both of the UCRE and CRRE,have a certain active-cooling effect on the permafrost under embankment,but the differ in ground temperature between the left and right shoulders still needs to be taken seriously. © 2022 Science Press (China).     

Thermal Characteristics of the Embankment with Crushed Rock Side Slope to Mitigate Thaw Settlement Hazards of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway

Abstract: Permafrost (perennially frozen ground) appears widely in the Golmud-Lhasa section of the Qinghai-Tibet railway and is characterized by high ground temperature (≥ ?1°C) and massive ground ice. Under the scenarios of global warming and human activity, the permafrost under the railway will gradually thaw and the massive ground ice will slowly melt, resulting in some thaw settlement hazards, which mainly include longitudinal and lateral cracks, and slope failure. The crushed rock layer has a thermal semiconductor effect under the periodic fluctuation of natural air. It can be used to lower the temperature of the underlying permafrost along the Qinghai-Tibet railway, and mitigate the thaw settlement hazards of the subgrade. In the present paper, the daily and annual changes in the thermal characteristics of the embankment with crushed rock side slope (ECRSS) were quantitatively simulated using the numerical method to study the cooling effect of the crushed rock layer and its mitigative ability. The results showed that the ECRSS absorbed some heat in the daytime in summer, but part of it was released at night, which accounted for approximately 20% of that absorbed. Within a year, it removed more heat from the railway subgrade in winter than that absorbed in summer. It can store approximately 20% of the “cold” energy in subgrade. Therefore, ECRSS is a better measure to mitigate thaw settlement hazards to the railway.     

青藏铁路多年冻土工程地质勘察

The effective and assured measures in criteria of formulation, procedures, techniques and methods for geological prospecting of Qinghai-Xizang Railway have been made. The permafrost engineering geological investigation indicate the talik and those sections with annual average ground temperature higher than 1 ℃ takes up 68.8% of total amount; the high ice content permafrost also account for 50% of real permafrost section. The distribution of permafrost characteristics is obviously influenced by altitude and latitude. The prospecting also shows the distribution of permafrost characteristics is rather complicated. Based on two predications of air temperature-rising tendency, by calculating climate model of permafrost thermal status, and comparing and analyzing geological distribution of Qinghai-Xizang Railway, the tendency of permafrost recession range has been predicated.     

桩基建筑物运行中稳定性的治理措施

The vast majority of buildings in Russia have been constructed on pile foundations incorporating a ventilated air space between the structure and ground surface (passive construction method, or Principle I in the Russian Building Code 2.02.04-88). Warming of the frozen soil during the life of the structure is one of the primary factors leading to structural damage. This paper presents a new technique for preventing failure in engineering structures.     

多年冻土区路桥过渡段的一种新结构

The design of roadbed-abutment transition part is always a challenging problem in transportation engineering, especially in permafrost distribution zone. A new type of roadbed-abutment transition part on permafrost was presented, and long-term observation was conducted for the deformation and the thermal regime of a roadbed-abutment transition part in the constructing Qinghai-Tibet Railway. In this paper, a new structure was presented and the observed settlements both in the subgrade and the base and its dependency with the thermal regime (permafrost table) were analyzed. In conclusion the roadbed-a-butment transition method for permafrost distribution zone was evaluated.     

Comparison of the Surface and Underground Natural Gas Occurrences in the Tazhong Uplift of the Tarim Basin

<正>The oil,gas and water volumes revealed by the productivity of exploratory wells do not reflect the actual underground situations.Under the geologic conditions,a certain amount of dissolved natural gas is stored in oil or water.Based on the production test data of exploratory wells in the Tazhong uplift of the Tarim basin,this paper discusses in detail the differences in occurrence and distribution featrues between the surface and underground natural gases;presents a restoration of the surface gas occurrence to actual underground geologic conditions according to the dissolubility of natural gas under different temperature,pressure and medium conditions;and classifies the natural gas into three states,i.e.the oversaturated,saturated and undersaturated,according to its relative content underground.Through a comparative analysis of the differences in surface and underground occurrences of natural gas,it discusses the hydrocarbon reservoir formation mechanism and distribution rules,thereby providing guidances as new methods and technologies for the prediction of potential natural gas reservoir distribution in the study area.     

青藏铁路多年冻土区普通路基热状况监测分析

基于现场地温监测数据,选取年平均地温不同的监测断面对青藏铁路普通路基的热状况进行分析,包括多年冻土上限变化及其地温变化、下伏多年冻土温度变化、原天然地表附近热收支等方面. 结果表明：在低温多年冻土区,路基下部多年冻土上限均有所提升,且新近形成的人为上限较为稳定,冷季时负温积累显著;路基下伏多年冻土总体热稳定性较好. 而在高温多年冻土区,左（阳坡）路肩下部多年冻土上限多表现为下降,右（阴坡）路肩下部多年冻土上限有升有降,但是新近形成的上限均温度较高且有进一步升温的趋势;与天然场地地温相比,路基下部多年冻土均出现一定的升温. 尤其在高温极不稳定多年冻土区,天然场地多年冻土自身处于吸热升温状态;路基修筑后,下部多年冻土已经出现了融化夹层及双向退化的情况,路基热稳定性较差. 对于普通路基来说,由于青藏高原强烈的太阳辐射及青藏铁路总体走向原因,普通阴阳坡效应显著,左、右路肩下部多年冻土热稳定性差异较大.     

青藏铁路多年冻土区路基变形特征及其来源

基于青藏铁路多年冻土区34个路基监测断面2005－2011年的变形与地温资料,分析路基的变形特征及其来源。监测结果表明：①监测期累计变形量大于100 mm的断面均为普通路基,其变形主要来自路基下部因冻土上限下降而引起的高含冰量冻土的融沉变形以及融土的压密变形,其次为路基下部多年冻土因地温升高而产生的高温冻土的压缩变形。②监测期累计变形量小于100 mm的普通路基与块石结构路基断面,其变形主要来自路基下部多年冻土的压缩变形。③总体而言,块石结构路基变形量明显小于普通路基,从而验证了主动冷却措施的长期有效性。其研究结果可为冻土区路基稳定性判断及病害预警提供数据支持。     

青藏铁路多年冻土区路基变形裂缝发生机理及其防治

青藏铁路多年冻土区路基工程的修建,改变了路基基底多年冻土的热量平衡状态.通过对青藏铁路多年冻土区试验工程和已经施工的路基工程所发生的变形裂缝的调查和分析,认为多年冻土区路基几何尺寸不对称和路基边坡坡向不同导致的路基人为上限形态不同,是造成多年冻土区路基温度场不对称以及基底土体冻结融化过程不同步的主要原因,也是造成路基变形裂缝的主要原因.文章在此基础上提出了减少或消除路基温度场不对称,从而减少或消除这类变形裂缝的主要工程结构形式和工程措施,作者的看法和结论已经在2003年青藏铁路冻土区路基工程设计和成形路基补强工程措施设计中得到广泛应用.     

高海拔冻土区通风管路基管内风速及影响因素研究

在多年冻土地区,路基工程的修筑将对下伏多年冻土的热力稳定性产生显著的影响。为保护多年冻土,保证路基的长期稳定性,通风管作为一种对流换热类主动冷却降温措施被广泛应用。通风管内的对流换热强度与管内风速密切相关,针对这一问题,采用现场监测与数值模拟相结合的方式开展了通风管内风速特征及影响因素的研究。结果表明：随通风管管径的增加,管内风速呈抛物线型增加,当管径达到0.6 m后,管内风速增加不再明显;通风管外伸长度对管内风速的影响较小,但随环境风速的增加这一影响逐渐加强;管内风速随通风管的埋设高度的增加呈线性增加,当通风管的埋设高度达到2 m后,管内风速受路基高度的影响较小;此外,在两幅路基并行条件下,受上风向路基的遮挡作用,下风向路基管内风速明显降低,以两幅路基管内风速差值不超过0.4 m·s^-1为标准,路基高度为3 m时两幅路基最小间距为50 m。     

高海拔冻土地区公路路基风流场特征研究

风流场对于局地条件下地-气能量交换过程与强度影响显著,同时也是多年冻土区对流调控类冷却路基的关键环境边界。结合现场监测与数值模拟,对高海拔冻土路基周边风流场进行特征区划研究并考察路基高度的影响。结果表明：坡前扰动区为低风速区,3 m路基高度条件下迎风坡坡脚0.5~2.0 m高度范围内风速约为环境风速的30%。路基上部为高风速区,迎风坡路肩风速明显大于环境、路面中部及背风坡风速。背风坡坡后扰动区为低风速区,靠近坡脚区域受气流辐散效应作用形成涡旋区,整体风速仅为环境风速的30%。涡旋区水平范围随路基高度增加呈线性增加,3 m路基高度条件下涡旋区水平范围约为12 m。分离式路基即两幅路基并行条件下,受前幅路基影响后幅路基坡前风速下降明显,以两幅路基坡前风速差值不超过环境风速的10%（0.35 m·s^-1）为标准,3 m路基高度条件下两幅路基最小间距为60 m。因此,在路基工程的修建过程中为减少路基间的遮挡所造成的两幅路基间的对流换热强度差异,分离式对流换热类冷却路基的现场修建间距应不低于60 m。     

青藏铁路抛石护坡路基强迫对流特性数值分析

基于多孔介质中流体热对流的连续性方程、非达西流动量方程和能量方程,对强通风条件下青藏铁路典型抛石护坡路基内温度场和流速场的分布形态进行数值研究。研究结果表明,抛石护坡路基对多年冻土保护作用显著,抛石护坡路基的存在使夏季多年冻土上限明显提高,冬季抛石护坡路基下部土体回冻速度较天然地表下部土体更快,由于降温作用主要集中在护坡附近有限范围之内,对路基中部的降温作用相对较弱。整体而言,抛石护坡对冻土路基本体的保护作用有限,从长期降温效果来看,由于全球气候变暖的影响,强通风条件下抛石护坡路基中线以下土体的内部可能产生“似眼球状”融化夹层,不利于路基的稳定。迎风抛石护坡层中空气运动方向大致为沿护坡斜向上,背风抛石护坡层中空气运动方向以从下到上运动为主,抛石层内空气的运动形式为“绕流”,抛石层表面空气速度最大,内部较小,空气速度分布区间为1.24×10-3～12.8 m/s,数值结果与现场试验测得的风速区间基本一致。     

青藏高原多年冻土地区公路路基变形

通过对现场实体工程的长期监测资料和路基破坏机理分析研究,使我们对沥青路面对多年冻土的严重影响,导致多年冻土的升温与退化,使路基产生较严重的不均匀下沉变形,及其它所引起的一系列路基病害问题的发生发展过程有了较为系统和深刻认识,取得了大量现场实测资料及研究成果.讨论了高温多年冻土地区冻土路基的变形特征,以及冻土路基变形与工程地质条件的关系,给出了路基随地温波动变化而发生的变形过程。     

青藏铁路含融化夹层路基热力响应监测分析

基于青藏铁路沿线P32和P33监测断面连续10年的含融化夹层路基的地温和变形场地实测数据,分析了该两处监测断面左路肩下多年冻土人为上限、季节冻结最大深度、融化夹层厚度及多年冻土人为上限附近地温的年变化过程;同时分析了P32和P33监测断面左右路肩的总沉降年变化过程、P32监测断面左路肩地温场对变形的影响及P33监测断面左右路肩地温场差异对左右路肩差异沉降的影响。结果表明:P32和P33监测断面左路肩下多年冻土人为上限逐年下降、季节冻结最大深度基本不变、融化夹层厚度逐年增厚及多年冻土人为上限附近地温逐年升高;观测期内,P32和P33监测断面左右路肩变形均以沉降为主,且P32监测断面左右路肩的总沉降变形量均小于P33监测断面;其中P32监测断面左路肩暖季沉降变形明显,冷季发生轻微的冻胀变形,且发生沉降和冻胀的时间略滞后于路基下部温度场的变化;P33监测断面左右路肩地温场的差异导致左右路肩存在差异沉降,且其差异沉降值随时间逐年变大。     

多年冻土区路基调查中瞬态面波勘探方法应用研究

多年冻土地区铁路路基的振动与环境变化对路基稳定性的影响问题日益突出,为了评价这种影响引起的青藏铁路多年冻土区冻土的变化状况,首次应用了一种简便、高效、环保的瞬态面波勘探方法对其天然地表和典型结构路基及其下部多年冻土层进行了勘探。试验数据良好、频散特征显著,通过反演分析得到了青藏高原多年冻土地区天然地表和典型结构路基下部土体的剪切波速度剖面和多年冻土的分布。勘探结果表明,青藏铁路北麓河试验段勘探区内多年冻土上限一般为2 m,层厚为20 m左右,多年冻土层Vs平均为600 m/s以上。该结果与该区地质钻探编录和钻孔波速测试结果较为一致,说明瞬态面波勘探在自然环境严峻的青藏高原多年冻土地区有着良好的适用性。