对地方电视台转播CCTV时延的测定

讲述了同步广播卫星电视时间信号的测量方法和测量结果，获得了ＣＣＴＶ、ＣＣＴＶ２通过同一颗卫星（亚太－１Ａ）转播的时延差值为１６３．３３μｓ，测量精度在１０ｎｓ以内；ＣＣＴＶ２、ＣＣＴＶ４分别经两颗卫星（亚太－１Ａ，亚洲－Ⅱ）转播，在陕西天文台卫星地面接收站时延差值为１６４４．２０μｓ，严谨为５０μｓ，并分析了影响时延差值和精度的原因，同时测量了地方电视台转播亚太－１Ａ的ＣＣＴＶ信号与直接接收亚太－     

GPS同步恒星钟

主要叙述了利用ＧＰＳ定时接收机输出的时间信息和一系列电路完成平太阳时－恒星时转换的ＧＰＳ同步恒星钟的工作原理,以及“平化恒”时差改正的实现方法。     

空间日冕观测进展

近年来Ｙｏｈｋｏｎ,ＳＯＨＯ和Ｕｌｙｓｓｅｓ等飞船的上天大大提高了日冕观测的范围和精度。如ＳＯＨＯ上的ＬＡＳＣＯ使日冕可观测范围扩展到１．１－３０Ｒ并有分光能力;Ｕｌｙｓｓｅｓ则可以取得黄道面外各纬度处的太阳风实地观测数据。这些资料为日冕物态研究提供了大量有用信息：Ｙｏｈｋｏｈ的软Ｘ射线观测发现了大尺度冕环重联的证据;     

对LF电磁波传播时延实测值准确度的讨论

关于 LF 电磁波传播时延实测值与计算值不一致性的问题,日本 Shigetaka Hjima 先生从收、发两地坐标改正和分析 LF 定时接收机天线时延的角度作过论述,本文试图从授时控制 LF 定时及接收机设备时延两个方面进行探讨。根据1978～1981年三次搬钟实验结果,上海天文台、陕西天文台利用“交响乐”卫星和巴黎天文台进行时间比对的结果(1979年6月18日～27日)以及 Shigetaka Hjima 先生在《日本的时间与频率》一文中所公布的搬钟实验资料。分析这几次实验所反映的 LF 地波传播时延实测值与理论计算值的一致性(偏差小于1μs)与不一致性(偏差大于1μs)的情况和其中的原因,认为这种不一致性的主要原因是由于 LF 时号的发射天线电流相位超前于主钟秒詹号。本文讨论了 LF 定时接收机时延采用值和实测值问题,及其对授时台控制和时间同步准确度的影响.强调了正确测定 LF 定时接收机系统时延值的重要性。     

利用GPS时间传递数据修正接收机天线坐标

在采用ＧＰＳ进行共视时问比对过程中，当两站位置相隔不大长（小于１０００ｋｍ）时，由于卫星轨道误差、电离层和对流层延迟修正的误差可减少至只有几纳秒，可以主为接收天线位置的误差是其主要误差来源．利用ＧＰＳ本身的时间比对数据，不必增加别的数据来源和设备，采用相对定位的方法可提高定位精度，从而提高时间比对的精度．本文利用日本（ＣＲＬ）和北京天文台（ＢＡＯ）之间五天的共视时间比对数据，对（ＢＡＯ）的天线坐标进行修正．在水平方向和高程方向的修正偏差分别为２．９ｍ和５．６ｍ．如果试验数据足够，修正６４效果会更好．     

强IRAS远红外源的CO谱线观测

用紫金山天文台青海站的１３７ｍ射电望远镜对２７个强ＩＲＡＳ远红外源（流量Ｆ１００μｍ５００Ｊｙ）进行了ＣＯ（１－０）的谱线观测．观测表明,２７个强ＩＲＡＳ源全部与分子云成协,并与大质量星的形成或早期演化有关．其中１３个源是第一次给出ＣＯ（１－０）的谱线测量结果．本文对这一类源ＣＯ发射的性质进行了简单的讨论．     

罗兰-C最新进展及其对我国相关系统改造的启示

介绍了罗兰－Ｃ的最新进展。风险评估表明基系统（ＧＰＳ、ＧＬＯＮＡＳＳ）不能作为唯一的导航、定位、定时手段。现代罗兰－Ｃ系统的性能已得到较大改善,也具有发播关分ＧＰＳ、ＤＧＬＯＮＡＳＳ等数据的通信能力。它与星基系统能以多种方式组合,可以获得比单独一个系统更好的民航、定位、授时性能。最后讨论了我国相关系统发展的一些体会和设想。     

强IRAS远红外源的CO谱线预测

用紫金山天台青海站的１３．７ｍ射电望远镜以２７个强ＩＲＡＳ远红外源（流量Ｆ１００μｍ≤５００Ｊｙ）进行了ＣＯ（１－０）的谱线预测。观测表明,２７个强ＩＩＲＡＳ源全部与分子云成协,产与大质量星的形成或早期演化有关。其中１３个源是第一次给出ＣＯ（１－０）的谱线测量结果,本对这一类源ＣＯ发射的性质进行了简单的讨论。     

OMC--3的13CO(1--0)和C18O(1--0)分子辐射

利用紫金山天文台青海站的 １３．７ ｍ毫米波望远镜,对 Ｏｒｉｏｎ Ａ分子云中的 ＯＭＣ－３区域,进行了较高分辨率的１３ＣＯ（Ｊ＝１－０）和Ｃ１８Ｏ（Ｊ＝１－０）分子辐射的成图观测．给出了该分子云中１３ＣＯ和 Ｃ１８Ｏ云核分布的整体结构和平均物理参数．观测发现,该分子云的１３ＣＯ和 Ｃ１８Ｏ的云核中心分别与最年轻的天体－Ｃｌａｓｓ ０类源 ＭＭＳＩ, ＭＭＳ４,ＭＭＳ６和ＭＭＳ７,ＭＭＳ８;ＭＭＳ９成协．此外,通过分析ＯＭＣ－３整个区域的速度场结构,发现沿 Ｃ１８Ｏ和１３ＣＯ云核方向从南到北有一个～ １．７ｋｍ／ｓ的速度场梯度,而分子云的红、蓝移团块则分别趋于云的北部和南部．并对ＯＭＣ－３区的恒星形成特征进行了讨论．     

5个新发现的X选BL Lac天体

利用ＲＯＳＡＴＶＬＡ方法筛选，从ＲＯＳＡＴＸ射线源中选出了一批新的ＢＬＬａｃ天体和类星体的候选体．１９９６年１２月８日至１７日，利用北京天文台２．１６ｍ望远镜和新从美国引进的ＯＭＲ摄谱仪，对这批新候选体进行了光谱认证．经ＳＵＮ工作站处理，又发现了５个新的Ｘ选ＢＬＬａｃ天体．此外，还对去年作者在ＯＭＲ引进之前发现的ＢＬＬａｃ天体进行了检验，结果发现，去年发现的７个ＢＬＬａｃ天体中，２３２２＋３４３的ＣａＩＩＨ＆Ｋ“Ｂｒｅａｋｓｔｒｅｎｇｔｈ”为２６．９％，稍大于判据２５％，因此，２３２２＋３４３到底是ＢＬＬａｃ天体还是射电星系还有待于进一步测光及偏振观测的验证．     

A thermodynamic model of high temperature lava vaporization on Io

We modified the MAGMA chemical equilibrium code developed by Fegley and Cameron (1987, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 82, 207-222) and used it to model vaporization of high temperature silicate lavas on Io. The MAGMA code computes chemical equilibria in a melt, between melt and its equilibrium vapor, and in the gas phase. The good agreement of MAGMA code results with experimental data and with other computer codes is demonstrated. The temperature-dependent pressure and composition of vapor in equilibrium with lava is calculated from 1700 to 2400 K for 109 different silicate lavas in the ONaKFeSiMgCaAlTi system. Results for five lavas (tholeiitic basalt, alkali basalt, Barberton komatiite, dunite, and a molten type B1 Ca, Al-rich inclusion) are discussed in detail. The effects of continuous fractional vaporization on chemistry of these lavas and their equilibrium vapor are presented. The predicted abundances (relative to Na) of K, Fe, Si, Al, Ca, and Ti in the vapor equilibrated with lavas at 1900 K are lower than published upper limits for Io's atmosphere (which do not include Mg). We predict evaporative loss of alkalis, Fe, and Si during volcanic eruptions. Sodium is more volatile than K, and the Na/K ratio in the gas is decreased by fractional vaporization. This process can match Io's atmospheric Na/K ratio of 10±3 reported by Brown (2001, Icarus 151, 190-195). Silicon monoxide is an abundant species in the vapor above lavas. Spectroscopic searches are recommended for SiO at IR and mm wavelengths. Reactions of metallic vapors with S- and Cl-bearing volcanic gases may form other unusual gases including MgCl₂, MgS, MgCl, FeCl₂, FeS, FeCl, and SiS.     

Instructions for authors

正Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics publishes original research papers and reviews on all branches of astronomy and astrophysics.Reviews are by invitation only.Important new results that require rapid publication can be submitted as a Letter(Letters must be restricted in length to 6 printed pages).Authors who submit a paper are expected to be able to certify that the paper is original work,     

Alkali and halogen chemistry in volcanic gases on Io

We use chemical equilibrium calculations to model the speciation of alkalis and halogens in volcanic gases emitted on Io. The calculations cover wide temperature (500-2000 K) and pressure (10⁻⁶ to 10⁺¹ bars) ranges, which overlap the nominal conditions at Pele (T=1760 K, P=0.01 bars). About 230 compounds of 11 elements (O, S, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, F, Cl, Br, I) are considered. The elemental abundances for O, S, Na, K, and Cl are based upon observations. CI chondritic elemental abundances relative to sulfur are used for the other alkalis and halogens (as yet unobserved on Io). We predict the major alkali species in Pele-like volcanic gases and the percentage distribution of each alkali are LiCl (73%), LiF (27%); NaCl (81%), Na (16%), NaF (3%); KCl (91%), K (5%), KF (4%); RbCl (93%), Rb (4%), RbF (3%); CsCl (92%), CsF (6%), Cs (2%). Likewise the major halogen species and the percentage distribution of each halogen are NaF (88%), KF (10%), LiF (2%); NaCl (89%), KCl (11%); NaBr (89%), KBr (10%), Br (1%); NaI (61%), I (30%), KI (9%). We predict the major halogen condensates and their condensation temperatures at P=0.01 bar are NaF (1115 K), LiF (970 K); NaCl (1050 K), KCl (950 K); KBr (750 K), RbBr (730 K), CsBr (645 K); and solid I₂ (200 K). We also model disequilibrium chemistry of the alkalis and halogens in the volcanic plume. Based on this work and our prior modeling for Na, K, and Cl in a volcanic plume, we predict the major loss processes for the alkali halide gases are photolysis and/or condensation onto grains. Their estimated photochemical lifetimes range from a few minutes for alkali iodides to a few hours for alkali fluorides. Condensation is apparently the only loss process for elemental iodine. On the basis of elemental abundances and photochemical lifetimes, we recommend searching for gaseous KCl, NaF, LiF, LiCl, RbF, RbCl, CsF, and CsCl around volcanic vents during eruptions. Based on abundance considerations and observations of brown dwarfs we also recommend a search of Io's extended atmosphere and the Io plasma torus for neutral and ionized Li, Cs, Rb, and F.     

Born–Infeld type phantom model in the ω–ω′ plane

In this paper, we investigate the dynamics of Born–Infeld (B–I) phantom model in the ω–ω′ plane, which is defined by the equation of state parameter for the dark energy and its derivative with respect to N (the logarithm of the scale factor a). We find the scalar field equation of motion in ω–ω′ plane, and show mathematically the property of attractor solutions which correspond to ω _φ ∼−1, Ω _φ =1, which avoid the “Big rip” problem and meets the current observations well.      

A Comparison of Several Image Locating Algorithms in Astronomical Instruments

In astronomical observations at optical wavelengths, a fast image tracking system can be adopted to reduce the effects of the atmospheric seeing and telescopic tracking error, and therefore improve the observing efficiency. Aiming at the need of astronomical observations, totally 5 kinds of algorithms in two categories were selected to make a comparative study on their accuracies and stabilities under different noise conditions by both numerical experiment and laboratory test. The results indicate that the normalized cross-correlation method and barycenter method have not only a higher accuracy but also a better reliability against interferences, they will be applied to the high-resolution spectrograph of the Xinglong 2.16 m telescope and the scienti?c instruments of the SONG (Stellar Observations Network Group) project, respectively.     

Shear and vorticity in a combined Einstein-Cartan-Brans-Dicke inflationary lambda-Universe

A combined BCDE (Brans-Dicke and Einstein-Cartan) theory with lambda-term is developed through Raychaudhuri’s equation, for inflationary scenario. It involves a variable cosmological constant, which decreases with time, jointly with energy density, cosmic pressure, shear, vorticity, and Hubble’s parameter, while the scale factor, total spin and scalar field increase exponentially. The post-inflationary fluid resembles a perfect one, though total spin grows, but the angular speed does not (Astrophys. Space Sci. 312: 275, 2007d).      

The climatic and physiographic controls of the eastern Mediterranean over the late Pleistocene climates in the southern Levant and its neighboring deserts

Modern-day synoptic-scale eastern Mediterranean climatology provides a useful context to synthesize the diverse late Pleistocene (60–12 ka) paleohydrologic and paleoenvironmental indicators of past climatic conditions in the Levant and the deserts to its south and east. We first critically evaluate, extract, and summarize paleoenvironmental and paleohydrologic records. Then, we propose a framework of eastern Mediterranean atmospheric circulation features interacting with the morphology and location of the southeast Mediterranean coast. Together they strongly control the spatial distribution of rainfall and wind pattern. This cyclone–physiography interaction enforces the observed rainfall patterns by hampering rainfall generation south and southeast of the latitude of the north Sinai coast, currently at 31°15′.The proposed framework explains the much-increased rains in Lebanon and northern Israel and Jordan as deduced from pollen, rise and maintenance of Lake Lisan, and speleothem formation in areas currently arid and semiarid. The proposed framework also accounts for the southward and eastward transition into semiarid, arid, and hyperarid deserts as expressed in thick loess accumulation at the deserts' margins, dune migration from west to east in the Sinai and the western Negev, and the formation of hyperarid (< 80 mm yr^− 1) gypsic–salic soils in the southern Negev and Sinai. Our climatic synthesis explains the hyperarid condition in the southern Negev, located only 200–250 km south of the much-increased rains in the north, probably reflecting a steeper rainfall gradient than the present-day gradient from the wetter Levant into its bordering southern and eastern deserts.At present, the rainiest winter seasons in Lebanon and northern and central Israel are associated with more frequent (+ 20%), deeper Cyprus Lows traversing the eastern Mediterranean at approximately the latitude of southern Turkey. Even these wettest years in northern Israel do not yield above average annual rainfall amounts in the hyperarid southern Negev. This region is mainly influenced by the Active Red Sea Troughs that produce only localized rains. The eastern Mediterranean Cyprus Lows also produce more dust storms and transport higher amounts of suspended dust to the loess area than any other atmospheric pattern. Concurrent rainfall and dust are essential to the late Pleistocene formation of the elongated thick loess zone along the desert northern margin. Even with existing dust storms, the lack of rain and very sparse vegetation account for the absence of late Pleistocene loess sequences from the southern Negev and the formation of hyperarid soils.When the north Sinai coast shifted 30–70 km northwest due to last glacial global sea level lowering, the newly exposed coastal areas supplied the sand and dust to these active eastern Mediterranean cyclones. This enforced the latitude of the northern boundary of the loess zone to be directly due east of the LGM shoreline. This shift of coast to the northwest inhibited rainfall in the southern Levant deserts and maintained their hyperaridity. Concurrently, frequent deep eastern Mediterranean Cyprus Lows were funneled along the northern Mediterranean increasing (probably doubling) the rains in central and northern Israel, Lebanon, southwestern Syria and northern Jordan. These storms and rains formed lakes, forests, and speleothems only a short distance north of the deserts in the southern Levant.     

Active hot star shells

Interferometry in the visible provides milliarcsecond spatial resolution and thus has been used for studying the circumstellar environment of active hot stars. In this paper I will illustrate how the visibility modulus and phase can be used to better constrain the physics of Be disks through results from the VLA, the MkII and the GI2T interferometers. I will insist on the importance and the potential of coupling high angular resolution with high spectral resolution to the study of Be shells. Finally I will present a possible study of the circumstellar disk of Be stars using the VLTI. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.