非饱和土入渗的数值模拟

入渗引起土中孔隙水压力的变化,是影响非饱和土性状的最重要的原因之一。因此,正确地分析和模拟非饱和土入渗过程具有重要意义。通过对一维和二维降雨入渗问题的研究,展示了湿润锋面、地下水位面及孔隙水压力分布随时间的变化,使得对入渗问题的认识更加直观和清楚。     

降雨入渗条件下预应力锚索加固边坡稳定性分析

根据目前边坡失稳案例统计,导致边坡失稳破坏的原因多为降雨入渗,目前大多学者对自然边坡在降雨入渗条件下的失稳机理做了大量研究,但是对于不同降雨入渗条件下边坡加固结构及其稳定性是如何随降雨强度的变化而发生改变的研究却较少。以云南昆明某边坡为研究对象,考虑土体饱和-非饱和渗流理论及非饱和强度理论,通过有限元软件MIDAS-GTS分析研究降雨动态过程中边坡加固结构内力的变化规律及边坡的稳定性变化规律。研究发现:①当降雨时长一定时,降雨强度越大,非饱和区越小,负孔隙水压力降低越明显,安全系数越差;②随着降雨入渗的进行,边坡下滑力增大,抗滑力逐渐变小;③降雨入渗对原始边坡的稳定性影响较大,但是对加固后边坡的稳定性影响相对较小;④预应力锚索轴力随着降雨时长增大而增大,当降雨时长一定时,锚索轴力随降雨强度增大而增大。     

土石混合体边坡人工降雨模拟试验研究

降雨入渗是诱发土石混合体边坡失稳的主要因素之一,此类问题一直受到人们的关注,但对此问题的研究不够系统和深入。为了对降雨入渗诱发下土石混合体滑坡的失稳机理有较深的了解及研究边坡性状随时间变化的一些重要特性,在上瑞高速公路贵州段选取了一个典型的土石混合体边坡进行人工降雨模拟试验和原位综合监测。监测成果表明：降雨入渗影响下土石混合体边坡的滑动变形区为坡面以下0～4 m之间,变形量以坡面最大,从坡面到坡体深部逐渐减小;在实施降雨的前2 h,平均入渗百分率为86 %,之后,入渗率由于地表径流的增加而随时间逐渐减少,一段时间(6 h)之后,入渗率降到一个相对稳定值(50 %);降雨入渗造成土体中孔隙水压力增加,致使边坡土体的抗剪强度由于有效应力的减少及土体吸水软化而降低,降雨入渗的这一双重效应可能是降雨诱发土石混合体边坡失稳的主要原因之一。     

强降雨作用下强风化泥岩降雨入渗特性试验研究

土体降雨入渗特性是实施坡面泥石流和土体滑坡发育过程研究的重要因素。研制了人工降雨土柱入渗试验装置,实施了10、20、30、40、50、60 mm/h共6种降雨强度下强风化泥岩的入渗试验,最长降雨历时105 min。试验结果表明：可将土体入渗过程可分为无压入渗、有压入渗和饱和入渗3阶段,其中土体的入渗率在无压入渗阶段和饱和入渗阶段均随降雨历时增长近似为常数,在有压入渗阶段则快速降低;通过定义降雨作用下土体入渗锋,包括初始入渗锋和终止入渗锋,分析了入渗锋所处位置随降雨强度的变化关系,初始入渗锋和终止入渗锋之间的幅值随降雨强度的增大而变宽;提出了可表征重庆地区侏罗系强风化泥岩入渗过程的土体降雨入渗公式。研究成果对于构建重庆地区降雨诱发型滑坡及坡面泥石流的预测预报模型有积极意义。     

膨胀土堑坡雨水入渗速率的影响因素与相关性分析

从土体初始含水率和降雨强度2个影响因素出发,通过现场试验分析了膨胀土堑坡雨水入渗速率的变化特性。试验结果表明,对于膨胀土堑坡,一定雨强连续的降雨才能使水分持续有效的入渗;土体含水率的变化主要取决于降雨的历时,而不是降雨强度。雨水入渗过程中,随着土体初始含水率的降低,坡面侵蚀程度有所降低。降雨强度较小时,雨水对坡面侵蚀不大;随着降雨强度的增加,坡面侵蚀逐渐加剧,但侵蚀程度逐渐收敛。植被的存在会改善土体的渗透性,同时也将大大降低雨水对坡面的侵蚀。     

降雨过程中边坡临界滑动场

降雨入渗过程中孔隙水压力的升高与基质吸力的降低引起边坡稳定性的下降,是导致边坡滑塌的主要诱导因素。利用饱和-非饱和渗流有限元计算得到的孔隙水压力场,基于Fredlund提出的非饱和土抗剪强度理论,对边坡临界滑动场进行改进,提出可以考虑降雨过程的边坡临界滑动场数值模拟方法,能够方便、快速地计算出边坡局部、整体安全系数和相对应的临界滑动面在降雨过程中的变化历程。将该法用于一个典型均质边坡和一个非均质边坡在降雨过程中的稳定性计算,分析降雨持续时间、降雨强度和非饱和强度参数取值等因素对边坡稳定性的影响,并将计算结果与其他方法进行比较,结果表明临界滑动场方法能搜索任意形状最危险滑面,计算的安全系数合理。     

斜坡降雨入渗的改进Mein-Larson模型

土壤初始含水率分布是影响湿润锋下移的重要因素之一.传统的降雨入渗模型仅假定初始含水率均匀分布,并没有考虑非均匀分布的情况.以Mein-Larson降雨入渗模型为基础,假定初始含水率随垂直于坡面方向深度呈线性分布,推导了一种新的滑坡降雨入渗函数,弥补了原模型只能用于初始含水率均匀分布情况下的不足.研究结果表明:初始含水率分布对湿润锋下移有较大影响,在初始含水率呈线性分布的情况下,坡体表面含水率越大,含水率随垂直于坡面方向深度的变化率k值越接近零,湿润锋下渗速度越快,当k=0时,新模型退化为Mein-Larson降雨入渗模型,证明Mein-Larson降雨入渗模型是新模型的一个特例.与有限元法得到的结果对比表明,提出的降雨入渗新模型计算的湿润锋下渗深度与数值解结果相接近,证明了该方法的可靠性.      

考虑气相影响的降雨入渗过程分析研究

降雨入渗过程是水在下渗的过程中驱替空气的水-气二相流过程,对这一过程的精确模拟一直是渗流计算的难点,目前的处理方法通常是忽略孔隙气压力变化的影响。根据多相流理论,结合质量守恒定律和达西定律,建立了水-气二相流模型,模型的求解采用积分有限差分法和Newton-Raphson迭代方法,通过变换主要变量来表达相态的变化,实现了水相、气相边界条件及降雨入渗边界的精确模拟。利用上述模型对一土柱试验进行模拟,从而验证了模型的正确性,研究了一均质土层的降雨入渗过程,得到了孔隙水压力、孔隙气压力和毛细压力及含水率的变化过程。根据入渗率与地表孔隙气压力的变化关系,验证了孔隙气压力的增大对入渗水流产生阻滞作用。在求解非稳定渗流问题中,考虑空气压力变化的影响是值得研究的。     

降雨入渗条件下非饱和膨胀土边坡原位监测

为了对降雨诱发的非饱和膨胀土边坡失稳的机理有较深入的了解,在湖北枣阳选取了一个11 m高的典型的非饱和膨胀土挖方边坡进行人工降雨模拟试验和原位综合监测。监测成果表明：降雨入渗造成2 m深度以内土层中孔隙水压力和含水量大幅度增加,致使膨胀土体的抗剪强度由于有效应力的减少及土体吸水膨胀软化而降低;同时,降雨入渗造成土体中水平应力与竖向应力比显著增加,并接近理论的极限状态应力比,以致软化的土体有可能沿着裂隙面发生局部被动破坏,此破裂面在一定条件下（如持续降雨条件下）可能会逐渐扩展,最后发展成为膨胀土中常见的渐进式滑坡。     

三峡库区降雨型滑坡入渗特征及变形机制——基于一维和二维模型试验研究

强降雨诱发古滑坡的浅层变形是三峡库区最为严重的地质灾害,因此,探索暴雨作用下滑坡土体的入渗规律及其浅层变形机制具有重要的研究意义。以三峡库区的降雨型滑坡为研究对象,统计了降雨型滑坡土体的渗透特性分布特征,考虑强降雨作用,分别开展一维土柱入渗试验和二维滑坡模型试验,研究了不同降雨强度条件下滑坡土体的入渗特征以及对应的滑坡浅层变形机制。降雨入渗试验结果表明：降雨入渗土体的速度取决于降雨强度与土体渗透系数的相对大小,当降雨强度小于或等于土体渗透系数时,入渗能力随降雨强度增大而增大。当降雨强度大于土体渗透系数时,入渗能力反而随之减小。模型试验结果表明：强降雨入渗时,会造成地表土体暂态饱和,表层土体以下非饱和区内的气体被暂态封闭并受到表层孔隙水压力作用而压缩,导致孔隙气压力随降雨入渗迅速增大。对于三峡库区的降雨型滑坡,短时的暴雨会产生瞬态饱和区。封闭气体,这也是影响强降雨入渗能力的主要原因;同时封闭气体传递水压使得浅层土体的孔隙水压力骤增,这也是许多滑坡发生浅层变形和破坏的主要原因。     

Incorporating hydro-mechanical coupling in an analysis of the effects of rainfall patterns on unsaturated soil slope stability

Rainfall-induced landslides can cause loss of life and damage to property, infrastructure, and the environment. Rainfall patterns affect the pore-water pressure of unsaturated soil slopes, and are related to the slopes’ stability. Four rainfall patterns were chosen to represent natural rainfall patterns for an examination of rainfall infiltration into soil slopes using numerical models incorporating coupled water infiltration and deformation in unsaturated soils. Our analysis showed that rainfall patterns play a significant role in the distribution of the pore-water pressure in soil slopes, and influence the slope stability. The pore-water pressure profile of soil slopes and the factor of safety are affected by the ratio of rainfall intensity and the coefficient of permeability. The depth and shape of the shallow sliding plane of the landslide is closely related to the rainfall pattern; moreover, the results showed a correlation between the factor of safety of the slope and the rainfall intensity. This relationship can be described by a dimensionless rainfall intensity. The nonlinear relationship can be used to estimate the slope stability resulting from rainfall infiltration when the hydro-mechanical coupling in unsaturated soil slopes is considered.     

降雨入渗条件下非饱和土边坡稳定分析

针对降雨入渗土坡的稳定问题,建立一个考虑水力渗透系数特征曲线、土-水特征曲线以及修正的Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则的非饱和土流固耦合有限元计算模型,进行雨水入渗下非饱和土边坡渗流场和应力场耦合的数值模拟,得到非饱和土边坡变形与应力的若干重要规律。研究成果为降雨入渗条件下非饱和土边坡的稳定分析提供了基础。     

Water infiltration characteristics of unsaturated soil slope and its effect on suction and stability

Rainfall has been considered the cause of the majority of slope failures and landslides that happened in regions experiencing high seasonal rainfalls. The mechanism of the failures was mainly due to the lost of matric suction of soils by rainwater. This paper presents the results of a laboratory model study on the effect of slope angle and surface cover on water infiltration into soil and soil matric suction. A field infiltration test is carried out for comparison. A parametric study is also done to examine the effect of permeability ratio, development of perched water table and rainfall intensity on the factor of safety against instability of a soil slope. Results of the model study show that different surface covers on slopes have an effect on the water infiltration. Generally the covered surface (grass or geosynthetic net) has a lower infiltration rate compared with the bare (no cover) surface. On the effect of slope angle, it was observed that water infiltration decrease with increase in the slope steepness. With regards to the movement of the wetting front, it appears that water infiltration is more at the toe compared with the top of the model slope. Based on the parametric study, it is found factor of safety of the slope against instability drops for slope with higher ratio of permeability for the permeable and impermeable stratum. As the perched water table is formed, the factor of safety decreased. The rainfall intensity also has a marked effect on the slope factor of safety. The higher the intensity of the rainfall, the higher is the infiltration rate into the soil, hence the lower is the factor of safety against slope instability.     

降雨对均质各向异性土质边坡稳定性的影响

采用有限元法分析了非饱和均质各向异性土坡中的降雨渗透过程和土水相互作用的变化过程,使用修改的Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则考虑非饱和土的抗剪强度,根据基质吸力变化引起抗破坏强度变化的原理,寻找最危险的滑移面位置,计算最小稳定安全系数,研究了土坡遭受降雨渗透时的安全稳定问题。实例分析结果表明,该法在评判降雨时非饱和土坡的稳定性方面是合理可行的。同时分析数据表明裂隙的存在对土质边坡稳定性的影响是显著的,在对雨水入渗的土边坡稳定性分析时,必须考虑裂隙的影响。     

An analytical solution for rainfall infiltration into an unsaturated infinite slope and its application to slope stability analysis

Surficial slope failures in residual soils are common in tropical and subtropical regions as a result of rainfall infiltration. This study develops an analytical solution for simulating rainfall infiltration into an infinite unsaturated soil slope. The analytical solution is based on the general partial differential equation for water flow through unsaturated soils. It can accept soil–water characteristic curve and unsaturated permeability function of the exponential form into account. Numerical simulations are conducted to verify the assumptions of the analytical solution and demonstrate that the proposed analytical solution is acceptable for the coarse soils with low air entry values. The pore‐water pressure (pwp) distributions obtained from the analytical solution can be incorporated into a limit equilibrium method to do infinite slope stability analysis for a rain‐induced shallow slip. The analysis method takes into account the influence of the water content change on unit weight and hence on factor of safety. A series of analytical parametric analyses have been performed using the developed model. The analyses indicate that when the residual soil slope, consisting of a completely decomposed granite layer underlain by a less permeable layer, is subjected to a continuous heavy rainfall, the loss of negative pwp and the reduction in factor of safety were found to be most significant for the shallow soil layer and during the first 12 h. The antecedent and subsequent rainfall intensity, depth of a less permeable layer and slope angle all have a significant influence on the pwp response and hence the slope stability. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Efficient stochastic analysis of unsaturated slopes subjected to various rainfall intensities and patterns

Rainfall infiltration poses a disastrous threat to the slope stability in many regions around the world. This paper proposes an extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost)-based stochastic analysis framework to estimate the rainfall-induced slope failure probability. An unsaturated slope under rainfall infiltration in spatially varying soils is selected in this study to investigate the influences of the spatial variability of soil properties (including effective cohesion c′, effective friction angle φ′ and saturated hydraulic conductivity k_s), as well as rainfall intensity and rainfall pattern on the slope failure probability. Results show that the proposed framework in this study is capable of computing the failure probability with accuracy and high efficiency. The spatial variability of k_s cannot be overlooked in the reliability analysis. Otherwise, the rainfall-induced slope failure probability will be underestimated. It is found that the rainfall intensity and rainfall pattern have significant effect on the probability of failure. Moreover, the failure probabilities under various rainfall intensities and patterns can be easily obtained with the aid of the proposed framework, which can provide timely guidance for the landslide emergency management departments.     

Effectiveness of horizontal drains for slope stability

Horizontal drains have been commonly used in stabilising unsaturated residual soil slopes. This study examines the effectiveness of horizontal drains in stabilising residual soil slopes against rainfall-induced slope failures under a tropical climate. The study includes field instrumentation at two residual soil slopes complemented with a parametric study relating to drain position. Field monitoring results indicate that rainfall infiltration is limited to a certain depth below which infiltration becomes insignificant. This zone tends to be unsuitable for horizontal drains. Horizontal drains were found to be most effective when located at the base of a slope. The parametric study indicated conditions under which horizontal drains are effective or ineffective in improving the stability of a slope. It was also found that horizontal drains have little role in minimising infiltration in an unsaturated residual soil slope. Benefits of using horizontal drains can be obtained through the lowering of the water table.     

Analysis of rainfall-induced infinite slope failure during typhoon using a hydrological–geotechnical model

Rainwater infiltration during typhoons tends to trigger slope instability. This paper presents the results of a study on slope response to rainwater infiltration during heavy rainfall in a mountain area of Taiwan. The Green-Ampt infiltration model is adopted here to study the behavior of rainwater infiltration on slopes. The failure mechanism of infinite slope is chosen to represent the rainfall-induced shallow slope failure. By combining rain infiltration model and infinite slope analysis, the proposed model can estimate the occurrence time of a slope failure. In general, if a slope failure is to happen on a slope covered with low permeability soil, failure tends to happen after the occurrence of the maximum rainfall intensity. In contrast, slope failure tends to occur prior to the occurrence of maximum rainfall intensity if a slope is covered with high-permeability soil. To predict the potential and timing of a landslide, a method is proposed here based on the normalized rainfall intensity (NRI) and normalized accumulated rainfall (NAR). If the actual NAR is higher than the NAR calculated by the proposed method, slope failure is very likely to happen. Otherwise, the slope is unlikely to fail. The applicability of the proposed model to occurrence time and the NAR–NRI relationship is evaluated using landslide cases obtained from the literature. The results of the proposed method are close to that of the selected cases. It verifies the applicability of the proposed method to slopes in different areas of the world. An erratum to this article can be found at