超临界CO2岩石致裂机制分析

超临界CO2是一种介于气体和液体之间的特殊状态的CO2流体,具有低黏、高扩散性和零表面张力等独特的性质。利用超临界CO2作为压裂液,有助于裂缝的起裂和扩展,同时可避免储层伤害。通过研究超临界CO2射流破岩和压裂特性,分析得到了超临界CO2岩石致裂机制。研究结果表明,超临界CO2低黏等特性使其更容易进入岩石微孔和微缝之中,在岩石内部建立大小不一的流体压力系统,使岩石发生拉伸和剪切破坏;常规流体压裂起裂压力较高,裂缝一般为单条或多条平直裂缝,大多沿着同一方向贯穿强度较高的胶结颗粒,且裂缝断面光滑、平整;超临界CO2压裂起裂压力相比于常规流体压裂低,在岩石中形成的裂缝网络较为复杂,裂缝互相连通,一般沿着强度较低的胶结物开裂,较少贯穿胶结颗粒,裂缝断面较为粗糙。该研究结果可为超临界CO2压裂技术的实施提供理论支撑。     

超临界二氧化碳压裂技术研究进展

对于低渗透油页岩矿藏的开发,超临界二氧化碳（SC—CO2）压裂技术有效规避了水力压裂会引起的地层伤害、诱发地震和环境污染等问题,且由于其在起裂压力、沟通微裂缝、形成复杂缝网上的优势,是目前一项热门的无水压裂技术。本文详细介绍了SC—CO2压裂技术的技术特点和近年来SC—CO2压裂的实验与数学模型研究。从裂缝扩展规律性实验、在SC—CO2作用下的岩性变化实验、SC—CO2压裂液体系的研制以及SC—CO2流体携砂流动、井内温度场、裂缝起裂扩展数学模型的相关研究中,探讨目前SC—CO2压裂技术的研究进展与不足,并在增粘剂的设计、裂缝有效性的评价、填砂裂缝网络提高油页岩储集层传热和渗流能力等方面的研究提出了建议,对SC—CO2压裂技术的未来发展具有参考意义。     

基于ABAQUS平台的水力裂缝扩展有限元模拟研究

随着扩展有限元理论的深入研究,利用扩展有限元方法模拟水力压裂具有了一定的可操作性。相比于常规有限元方法,XFEM方法具有计算结果精度高和计算量小的优点。但是,如何模拟射孔孔眼、如何模拟流体与岩石相互作用以及分析水力裂缝的扩展规律仍然是难题。以研究水力压裂裂缝扩展规律为目的,建立了岩石多孔介质应力平衡方程、流体渗流连续性方程和边界条件。通过有限元离散化方法对耦合方程矩阵进行处理。通过富集函数定义初始裂缝（射孔孔眼）,选择最大主应力及损伤变量D分别作为裂缝起裂和扩展判定准则,利用水平集方法模拟水力裂缝扩展过程。数值模拟结果显示：增加射孔方位角、压裂液排量和减小水平地应力差,起裂压力上升;黏度对起裂压力无明显影响。增加射孔方位角、压裂液排量、黏度和减小水平地应力差值有助于裂缝宽度的增加。增加水平地应力差值、压裂液排量和减小射孔方位角以及压裂液黏度有助于裂缝长度增加,反之亦然。基于ABAQUS的水力裂缝扩展有限元法可对不同井型和诸多储层物性参数及压裂施工参数进行分析,且裂缝形态逼真,裂缝面凹凸程度清晰,结果准确。此研究可作为一种简便有效研究水力压裂裂缝扩展规律的方法为油田水力压裂设计与施工提供参考与依据。     

基于PFC2D数值模拟的交替压裂中应力阴影效应研究

为了探究应力阴影效应对交替压裂中压裂间距选取的影响,基于优化后的颗粒流离散元流固耦合计算模型,模拟并分析了双初始水力裂缝下因应力阴影效应产生的诱导应力的分布情况,并与理论解析解进行对比,证明了该数值方法的合理性。在此基础上,分析了应力阴影效应在不同各向异性地应力场及初始压裂间距条件下对新水力裂缝的起裂压力及扩展形态的影响,研究结果表明：初始各向异性应力场不改变裂缝周边的应力场,不影响新水力裂缝的起裂压力;随着初始压裂间距的减小,应力阴影效应增强,新水力裂缝的起裂压力逐渐增加。初始水力裂缝间距与初始各向异性应力场共同影响新水力裂缝的扩展形态,随着初始水力裂缝间距或初始水平地应力场差异系数的增大,应力阴影对新水力裂缝的扩展方向的影响逐步减弱;初始水力裂缝对新水力裂缝的扩展有一定的限制作用,在一定程度上不利于形成复杂的裂缝网络。根据以上分析结果,对交替压裂中压裂间距的优化进行了定性的探讨。     

水力压裂扩展特性的数值模拟研究

采用ABAQUS建立了水力压裂计算模型,模拟了地应力、岩石力学特性、压裂液流体特性等各种复杂因素对水力压裂扩展的影响。通过计算分析得到一些有益结论：（1）在注入压力一定的情况下起裂压力与最小水平地应力、临界应力、初始孔隙压力成正比,而与压裂液黏度、最大水平地应力、弹性模量无关;（2）裂缝扩展长度和最大缝宽与最小水平地应力、初始孔隙压力、弹性模量成反比,而与最大水平地应力无关;（3）水力压裂作业中,缝长的扩展过程可分为无扩展阶段、快速扩展阶段、稳定扩展阶段以及缓慢扩展阶段等4个阶段。研究结论对于水力压裂作业优化具有参考价值。     

青海共和盆地干热岩地热储层水力压裂物理模拟和裂缝起裂与扩展形态研究

水力压裂是青海共和盆地干热岩地热资源开发的难点技术问题之一。本文基于升级改造的大尺寸真三轴水力压裂物理模拟实验系统模拟干热岩储层高温高压环境,利用青海共和盆地露头岩心进行水力压裂物理模拟实验,揭示干热岩储层水力裂缝的起裂和扩展规律。通过物理模拟实验发现：干热岩储层裂缝起裂可以通过文中提出的起裂模型判断起裂方式和预测起裂压力;水力裂缝在岩石基质中的扩展形态简单,仅沿最大主应力方向延伸;但是水力裂缝会受到岩石中弱面的影响,发生转向沿弱面延伸,形成较复杂的裂缝形态。因此,建议在干热岩储层实际施工中,在天然裂缝发育较丰富的层段开展水力压裂,以实现复杂裂缝网络提取地热能。     

定面射孔新工艺对水力裂缝扩展影响研究

定面射孔技术是为了提高体积压裂改造效果而提出的一种新的射孔方案。根据岩石力学及流-固耦合理论,建立了定面射孔地层的三维弹塑性流固-耦合地应力模型,采用数值方法进行求解,结合最大拉应力准则,研究了定面射孔水力裂缝的起裂规律。经过大量计算发现：定面射孔条件下,裂缝首先在射孔面内的射孔眼起裂,然后射孔眼相互贯通而形成扇形裂缝面,增大了水力裂缝的波及体积及井筒的连通性;同一平面内两侧孔眼在中间孔眼上产生的附加应力降低了Y方向主应力而增大了X方向和Z方向主应力,导致正断层采用定面射孔时,起裂压力较大,起裂压力随射孔方位角的增大而降低,只有当射孔方位角大于60°时,定面射孔起裂压力低于螺旋射孔起裂压力;对于逆断层,射孔方位角越小,起裂压力越低,且均低于螺旋射孔起裂压力;减小射孔间夹角、增大射孔直径及深度均可降低起裂压力。     

多级循环泵注水力压裂模拟实验研究

超深储层地层起裂压力较高,水力压裂受现场泵注设备的限制严重,文中重点研究了大尺度水力压裂物模实验水泥样品尺寸（762 mm×762 mm×914 mm）在循环和常规两种泵注条件下的起裂扩展和声发射规律。实验结果显示,（1）相对于普通泵注,采用循环泵注方式进行水力压裂可以有效降低起裂压力,类似于单轴和三轴循环加载岩石力学行为,都是由于循环加载引起疲劳损伤;（2）对于螺旋射孔完井方式,水力压裂裂缝只从最薄弱射孔处起裂,一旦起裂后其他射孔孔眼很难再开启,水力压裂现场应合理选择分段距离和簇间距,实现储层改造效率最优化;（3）循环泵注水力压裂存在Kaiser效应（当加载应力到前次加载最高应力值时出现的声发射信息）。因孔隙流体扩散到岩石并导致孔隙压力的局部上升,破坏模式仍然可以由摩尔圆表示。研究成果对循环泵注条件的裂缝扩展规律研究以及发展新型压裂改造技术具有重要意义。     

不同水力加载条件下非均质储层缝网扩展规律研究

水力压裂可显著提高页岩气等致密储层岩体的渗透性以增加油气产量,然而受多因素影响,水力压裂形成缝网结构的机理和压裂优化设计一直是研究的焦点和难点。本研究基于渗流-应力-破坏耦合计算模拟方法,对不同水力加载条件下的非均质储层水力压裂过程进行了模拟和对比研究。研究结果表明:水力压裂过程中起始注水压力和增量大小对水力压裂缝网扩展和改造区域形态有着显著的影响。当起始注水压力小于等于模型材料体抗拉强度,并缓慢增压致裂时,压裂过程可近似视为稳态应力-破坏-渗流耦合作用过程的不同阶段,这种情况下仅在压裂井孔周围形成两组对称式的伞状水力裂缝带。当对模型体施加高于模型材料体破裂压力的注水压力时,相当于对压裂孔快速施加高动水压力,水力裂缝沿压裂孔全方位迅速萌生并快速扩展,当注水压力值高于破裂压力一定幅值时,压裂改造可形成围绕压裂井全方位的放射状裂缝网络,使压裂储层得以最大范围改造。在拟静力和拟动力两种加载条件下,不同水岩相互作用机理是造成不同水力加载条件出现不同缝网结构的力学机制,而对于实际的页岩气储层改造,压裂产生围绕压裂井全方位放射状的缝网结构则是一种最优的体积压裂改造。     

含有硬包裹体分布的非均质岩石水力压裂特性研究

基于完全流-固耦合的弹塑性理论给出了水力压裂数值计算的弥散裂缝模型,其中材料的弹性部分采用线弹性本构关系,塑性部分采用摩尔-库仑破坏准则及强化准则。依据当前的有效应力状态修正渗透系数来模拟压裂液在裂缝中的流动。渗透系数的修改使用双曲正切函数,并采用平均有效应力作为水力裂缝的起裂判据。在ABAQUS软件中通过用户自定义程序添加了该模型。根据岩石的切面照片建立了含有硬包裹体分布的非均质岩石的有限元计算模型,模拟了中心点注水条件下的水力压裂传播过程,讨论了在常应力状态下非均质岩石中开裂区域、典型位置的应力路径变化和裂缝传播范围随时间变化的特点。进行了多种条件下含有硬包裹体分布的岩石材料的数值试验,得出了基岩材料的弹性模量、凝聚力和渗透系数以及注水速率对峰值注水压力、平均注水压力和裂缝开度的影响规律。     

Impact of water and nitrogen fracturing fluids on fracturing initiation pressure and flow pattern in anisotropic shale reservoirs

A numerical model is proposed to investigate the impact of water and nitrogen fracturing fluids on the fracturing initiation pressure and the flow pattern in anisotropic shale reservoirs. This model considers the anisotropy of shale deformation and permeability, the compressibility of fracturing fluid, and the fluid moving front. A crack initiation criterion is established with the stress intensity factor of mode I crack. Both crack initiation pressure and seepage area are verified and analyzed. These results show that shale deformation and permeability anisotropy, fracturing fluid compressibility, viscosity, and pressurization rate have significant impacts on fracturing initiation pressure and seepage area.     

Microcrack-based coupled damage and flow modeling of fracturing evolution in permeable brittle rocks

Microcracks in brittle rocks affect not only the local mechanical properties, but also the poroelastic behavior and permeability. A continuum coupled hydro-mechanical modeling approach is presented using a two-scale conceptual model representing realistic rock material containing micro-fractures. This approach combines a microcrack-based continuous damage model within generalized Biot poroelasticity, in which the tensors of macroscopic elastic stiffness, Biot effective stress coefficient and of overall permeability are directly related to microcrack growth. Heterogeneity in both mechanical and hydraulic properties evolves from an initially random distribution of damage to produce localized failure and fluid transmission. A significant advantage of the approach is the ability to accurately predict the evolution of realistic fracturing and associated fluid flow in permeable rocks where pre-existing fractures exert significant control. The model is validated for biaxial failure of rock in compression and replicates typical pre- and post-peak strength metrics of stress drop, AE event counts, permeability evolution and failure modes. The model is applied to the simulation of hydraulic fracturing in permeable rocks to examine the effects of heterogeneities, permeability and borehole pressurization rate on the initiation of fracturing. The results indicate that more homogenous rocks require higher hydraulic pressure to initiate fracturing and breakdown. Moreover, both the fracturing initiation pressure and breakdown pressure decrease with permeability but increase with borehole pressurization rate, and the upper and lower limit of the initiation pressure are seen to be given by the impermeable (Hubbert–Willis) and permeable (Haimson–Fairhurst) borehole wall solutions, respectively. The numerical results are shown to be in good agreement with the experimental observations and theoretical results. This coupled damage and flow modeling approach provides an alternative way to solve a variety of complicated hydro-mechanical problems in practical rock engineering with the process coupling strictly enforced.     

Experimental and theoretical study on the effect of unsteady flow on the fracturing pressure in hydraulic fracturing test

Reasonable determination of formation fracturing pressure concerns the stable operation of underground fluid injection projects. In this work, we studied the effect of unsteady flow on fracturing pressure. Hydraulic fracturing tests on low permeable sandstone were conducted with the injection rate between 0.1 and 2.0 ml/min. Then, the fracturing pressure prediction models for hollow cylinder under both unsteady flow and steady flow conditions were deduced. Finally, the effect of unsteady flow on the fracturing pressure was studied based on the experimental result and several influence factors. It was shown that fracturing pressure increased with the elevated pressurization rate in the tests, while the slope of the variation curve decreases. The model considering unsteady flow can reflect the variation tendency of fracturing pressures in experiments, while fracturing pressures from the model considering steady flow are invariant with different pressurization rates. Fracturing pressure decreases with the elevated rock permeability and increases with the elevated fluid viscosity, and these two effects are actually generated by the unsteady flow. Whether to consider the unsteady flow has no significant influence on the effect of rock tensile strength on fracturing pressure when the tensile strength is very low. However, when the tensile strength is high, the effect of unsteady flow cannot be neglected.     

流量对水力压裂破裂压力和增压率的影响研究

水力压裂现场原位测试试验的破裂压力是计算构造地应力的重要参数。为了探究流量对水力压裂破裂压力和增压率的影响,设计4种不同恒定流量情况的低渗透硬脆灰岩室内大型水力压裂试验,结合声发射监测技术分析不同流量下水力裂缝破裂压力、破坏模式和缝网复杂程度的规律以及流量与增压率的内在关系。试验结果表明：流量越大,破裂压力越高,缝网复杂程度越低;典型压力?时间曲线分为缓慢增压段、急速增压段、稳定增压段和突然下降段;稳定增压段增压率保持不变,压力随时间线性增长,其增压率的大小和流量存在明显的线性关系;基于流量与稳定增压段增压率的线性关系,考虑流量因素的Ito理论可以很好地定量解释流量对破裂压力的影响,试验结果与理论预测吻合度较高。     

DEM modeling of hydraulic fracturing in permeable rock: influence of viscosity,injection rate and in situ states

Hydraulic fracturing in permeable rock is a complicated process which might be influenced by various factors including the operational parameters (e.g., fluid viscosity, injection rate and borehole diameter) and the in situ conditions (e.g., in situ stress states and initial pore pressure level). To elucidate the effects of these variables, simulations are performed on hollow-squared samples at laboratory scale using fully coupled discrete element method. The model is first validated by comparing the stress around the borehole wall measured numerically with that calculated theoretically. Systematic parametric studies are then conducted. Modeling results reveal that the breakdown pressure and time to fracture stay constant when the viscosity is lower than 0.002 Pa s or higher than 0.2 Pa s but increases significantly when it is between 0.002 and 0.2 Pa s. Raising the injection rate can shorten the time to fracture but dramatically increase the breakdown pressure. Larger borehole diameter leads to the increase in the time to fracture and the reduction in the breakdown pressure. Higher in situ stress requires a longer injection time and higher breakdown pressure. The initial pore pressure, on the other hand, reduces the breakdown pressure as well as the time to fracture. The increase in breakdown pressure with viscosity or injection rate can be attributed to the size effect of greater tensile strength of samples with smaller infiltrated regions.     

超临界二氧化碳钻井技术

当温度和压力分别达到31．10℃、7．38 MPa及以上时,CO2成为超临界状态,超临界CO2具有类似于液体的密度,而其粘度又比空气和氮气大,可以驱动井下动力钻具旋转破岩,并携带岩屑,形成超临界CO2钻井技术。超临界CO2钻井具备破岩速度快、油气层保护好、驱替效率高等优势,对于非常规油气藏开发具有明显优势。超临界CO2钻井与连续管钻井技术相结合,应用于压力欠平衡钻井和压力衰竭地层前景广阔。介绍了超临界CO2物理特征、超临界CO2钻井技术流程及其技术优势,最后阐述了超临界CO2钻井技术的研究进展及发展趋势。     

注CO2条件下花岗岩破裂特征的试验研究

CO2增强型采热系统（CO2-EGS）工程中CO2作用下岩石的水压破裂行为是目前亟需解决的一个关键科学问题。从福建漳州采取花岗岩露头,利用自主研制的厚壁圆筒式致裂仪进行了不同流体（CO2、水）的水压致裂试验,研究了CO2、水入渗致裂后花岗岩的破裂特征及破裂机制。研究表明：随着致裂液黏度的减小,试样破裂过程会形成更多且更曲折的微裂纹分支,这意味着,采用CO2压裂可能更有利于形成缝网,从而有助于提高增强型采热（EGS）工程中换热效率;试样的破裂压力随着致裂液黏度的减小而降低,而较低的破裂压有助于注入井的安全运行;试验结果可用从对流换热角度分析的流体岩石相互作用机制解释,进而验证了其准确性。     

Study on Effects of Low Viscosity Fluid Pre-injection on Hydraulic Fracture Complexity in Tight Heterogeneous Glutenite Reservoirs

Tight heterogeneous glutenite reservoir is typically not easy to form complex hydraulic fracture (HF) due to its poor physical properties, poor matrix seepage capacity, and small limit discharge radius and undeveloped natural fracture system. To improve the HF complexity and the stimulated reservoir volume (SRV), a novel stimulation technology called CO₂ miscible fracturing has been introduced and its fracturing mechanism has been studied. The CO₂ miscible fracturing modifies the in situ stress field by injecting low viscosity fluid to increase the HF complexity and SRV. Therefore, a series of numerical simulations based on a hydro-mechanical-damage model were carried out to study the effects of low viscosity fluid pre-injection on pore pressure, stress field, and fracturing effect in tight heterogeneous glutenite reservoirs. The results indicate that the low viscosity fluid injection can effectively increase the pore pressure around the wellbore and reduce the effective stress of the glutenite. The FCI and SRV increase with the increase of the pre-injection amount of the low viscosity fluid. The HF complexity and SRV can be improved by pre-injecting low viscosity fluid to transform the in situ stress field. The field application of this technology in a well of Shengli Oilfield showed that low-viscosity fluid pre-injection can effectively increase the width of the fractured zone, improve the SRV, and optimize the fracturing effect.