高速铁路大断面黄土隧道深浅埋分界深度研究

郑州-西安铁路客运专线穿越西部黄土分布的主要地区,该线含大量单洞双线隧道,其开挖面积大于160 m2,跨度大于15 m,属于超大断面隧道。由于黄土的特殊性质以及开挖跨度与断面的增大,隧道围岩压力随埋深的变化尚不清楚,目前对该类型隧道的深、浅埋分界深度界定认识不统一。通过郑西线12座隧道地表裂缝与埋深关系的现场调查,初步确定了大断面黄土隧道的深、浅埋分界范围,指出小于11 m可作为超浅埋,40～60 m为浅埋与深埋分界深度,大于60 m为深埋;基于裂缝调查,按剪切滑移破坏极限状态理论对以上分界范围进行了理论分析与验证;精心设计现场试验,在浅、深埋等地段布置17个量测断面进行围岩-初期支护间接触压力的量测,发现实测围岩压力与界定的深浅埋计算结果吻合良好,表明所给深、浅埋界定范围正确。     

高速铁路膏溶角砾岩深埋隧道支护荷载确定方法

合理的支护荷载确定方法是膏溶角砾岩深埋隧道设计和施工过程中的关键科学问题。以石太客运专线太行山隧道累计穿越4 410 m膏溶角砾岩地层为依托,通过现场支护荷载量测试验,统计得到初支围岩压力和二衬接触压力。采用泰沙基理论、比尔鲍曼理论、谢家烋理论、铁路隧道设计规范和普氏理论共5种方法分别计算围岩压力,并与现场实测值相比较。结果表明：围岩压力以竖向为主,泰沙基理论值与现场实测统计值最为接近;围岩压力在竖向、水平分布模式不同于传统计算方法,推荐竖向压力采用双峰型或均匀分布,水平压力采用折线型分布;初支和二次衬砌共同承担荷载,二衬分担比例为50.1%。研究成果可为高速铁路膏溶角砾岩以及类似地质条件深埋隧道修建提供参考。     

龙滩地下洞室群围岩稳定性分析

大型地下洞室群的开挖和支护结构与围岩的稳定性密切相关,龙滩地下洞室群是布置在陡倾角层状结构岩体的巨型地下结构。应用FLAC3D方法,研究龙滩地下洞室群在开挖和支护过程中围岩的变形特征以及支护结构的受力特点,并将位移计算结果和现场监测结果进行比较,结果表明：数值计算的结果与监测结果规律基本一致,但数值计算位移的量值比监测结果略大。由此可知,采用本计算方法模拟急倾斜岩体内开挖大型地下洞室群具有较强的可靠性。     

基于监控量测的公路隧道二次衬砌受力分担比例

依托垫江至邻水高速公路铜锣山及明月山隧道,对公路隧道二次衬砌受力分担比例进行研究。通过围岩压力实测值与普氏理论、太沙基理论和公路隧道设计规范深埋围岩压力公式计算值进行对比,结果表明: Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级和Ⅴ级围岩压力计算值比较符合实测情况。通过对围岩压力、初期支护与二次衬砌的接触压力现场量测数据进行分析,得出Ⅲ级( 深埋) 、Ⅳ级( 深埋) 、Ⅴ级( 深埋) 和Ⅴ 级( 浅埋) 围岩二次衬砌受力分担比例分别为29. 20%、35. 28%、41. 38% 及32. 17%。研究成果对于公路隧道结构设计有着理论指导作用。     

偏压连拱隧道围岩稳定性分析与现场监控量测

针对偏压连拱隧道围岩稳定性问题,采用GeoStudio软件的SIGMA模块进行数值模拟,以数值模拟的计算结果作为判断围岩稳定性的控制指标,结合现场压力盒进行监控量测,并利用加权回归分析方法对监测数据进行处理,得出各监测点实测围岩稳定压力。通过对数值模拟结果与现场监测数据的对比分析,可知隧道围岩处于稳定状态。结果表明,利用有限元对隧道进行数值模拟和加权回归分析对监测数据进行处理,两种方法相结合对判断偏压连拱隧道围岩稳定性具有很好的效果。     

砂浆锚杆加固效果的等效数值模拟方法研究

针对常规数值模拟计算无法有效地反映锚杆对围岩的加固效果的缺陷,结合岩体变形在锚杆中产生的支护压力计算公式,提出了一种简单、有效的砂浆锚杆加固等效数值模拟方法。该方法首先在有锚杆支护隧道开挖的计算结果中提取每根锚杆的最大轴力;然后根据该轴力值按锚杆支护压力公式计算其所产生的等效均布力;最后将该均布力施加到相同计算工况下无锚杆支护的围岩表面进行模拟计算。将该方法应用于锦屏二级水电站地下厂房枢纽洞室及乌东德水电站4#导流洞0+ 550 m断面的开挖与支护计算,通过与现场实测数据对比,结果表明,该方法能较好地模拟锚杆支护对围岩的加固效果,其模拟结果可为隧洞的施工与支护设计提供可靠的参考依据。     

高地应力条件下深埋洞室围岩损伤区孕育机制

随着人类地下空间开发活动逐渐走向地球深部,高地应力已成为地下岩体工程典型的地质特征之一,并严重影响深埋洞室围岩的安全稳定。本文首先分析了我国地应力场分布规律,然后分别采用理论计算和数值模拟方法,研究了地应力准静态卸荷及瞬态卸荷条件下围岩损伤的产生机理与演化规律,最后结合加拿大URL地下实验室及锦屏二级水电站深埋引水隧洞围岩损伤检测结果,进一步探讨了高地应力条件下不同卸荷方式对围岩损伤区形成及特征的影响。研究结果表明:与地应力准静态卸荷相比,瞬态卸荷会在围岩中产生一个附加动应力,从而放大围岩径向卸载和环向加载效应,使得围岩更容易受损;随着侧压力系数的增大,瞬态卸荷和准静态卸荷诱发的围岩损伤范围均增大,并且在最小主应力方向上围岩损伤主要表现为剪切破坏,而在最大主应力方向上主要表现为拉破坏。     

沿空掘巷合理煤柱宽度综合分析与确定

在总结分析经验法、理论计算法、数值模拟法、现场实测等确定煤柱宽度方法优缺点的基础上,提出了采用现场实测和数值模拟相结合的方法来确定保留煤柱宽度。根据石炭井二矿生产实际,分别对巷道开挖前后,不同煤柱宽度下围岩应力、变形进行了模拟,同时利用21053工作面异型煤柱的有利条件,对不同煤柱宽度下巷道围岩变形、支护结构受力等进行了实测。经过对监测数据的分析,得出了巷道围岩变形、支护结构受力与煤柱宽度之间的关系,结合数值模拟结果,确定了石炭井二矿煤柱宽度。     

脆性岩石破裂及强度的时间效应研究

岩石破裂及其导致的强度时间效应是深埋岩体工程长期稳定性所关心的一个重要问题。近年来,地下结构建设中已面临较为普遍的围岩破裂和强度时间效应问题的挑战。首先从现场现象及既有室内实验成果作为依据,阐述了岩石破裂扩展的一般规律性及强度时效的实验研究方法,并系统性论述了用于描述岩体破裂和长期力学行为的理论方法和进展,特别是基于离散介质力学方法的PSC颗粒流模型。在此基础上,依托锦屏水电站大理岩深埋引水隧洞工程并参考PSC模型核心理论,建立利用围岩质量指标GSI随时间呈指数递减关系的连续介质力学应力腐蚀模型FLAC-SC来表征隧洞开挖损伤区内围岩强度时效特征。以现场已获得锚杆应力测试成果作为基本依据完成了FLAC-SC模型参数的校核,继而就不同支护压力围岩运行期屈服深度预测,以指导锚杆长度及二衬厚度优化设计。     

大型地下洞室考虑开挖卸荷效应的位移反分析

基于现场监测资料的位移反分析是地下工程动态监控、信息化施工的重要组成部分。以乌江彭水水电站大型地下厂房（开挖跨度为30 m,高度为78.5 m）为例,从围岩实测位移出发,建立了基于均匀设计－神经网络－遗传算法的围岩力学参数的系统反分析方法,反演考虑开挖卸荷效应的围岩力学参数。根据数值分析结果形成训练样本,利用BP人工神经网络映射围岩的变形与力学参数的关系,同时针对传统人工神经网络存在初始权值难以确定的问题,应用遗传算法优化神经网络的初始权值;利用现场监测的增量变形反演了围岩的力学参数;最后利用反演出的参数,进行地下厂房开挖预测分析。结果表明,预测位移与现场监测位移较为接近,进行统计检验结果为优,说明该参数反演方法是正确合理的。     

Reflection on the problems in mechanical response monitoring and testing design of deep tunnels

Nowadays the number of deep tunnels is greatly increased. Since there are lacking successful numerical methods and experiences from relevant engineering construction and design of deep tunnels, massive on-site monitoring and testing should be conducted to support the design and safety control. The present monitoring and testing design methods are proposed according to the characteristics of shallow underground engineering. However, when they are introduced into the deep tunnels, great challenges are encountered. In this study, the failure of surrounding rock mass in the field was presented and then the deformation and failure responses of surrounding rock mass were obtained during excavation by various advanced observation techniques. Based on the acquired information, this study analyzed the mechanical response characteristics of surrounding rock mass during excavation and lining at the operating period. Then we discussed the problems arising from the application of current modern monitoring methods. Six suggestions were put forward relating to the monitoring and testing design of the representative section in the deep tunnel. This study can provide helpful guidance to improve the design methods in similar projects.     

深埋隧洞力学响应监测与测试设计的思考

深埋隧洞工程越来越多,但相关工程经验积累不足,设计和计算方法远未成熟,深埋隧洞工程设计和施工安全控制需要大量现场监测和测试数据的支撑,而现有的监测和测试设计方法均针对浅埋工程的特点提出,在深埋隧洞施工过程中应用时遭遇到极大挑战。为此,首先依据现场揭露现象和多种先进观测技术获得的成果,分析了深埋硬岩隧洞施工期围岩的开挖力学响应特征和运行期衬砌的力学响应特征,剖析了现今主流观测方法存在的问题,提出了6条关于深埋隧洞典型断面监测和测试设计的建议,为促进此类工程相关设计方法的完善提供参考。     

水平薄层岩体中大跨度地下洞室工程地质研究

山西西龙池抽水蓄能电站地下厂房围岩为水平薄层岩层,工程竣工发电已多年,施工及运行期安全,但工程开工前,还没有在水平薄层岩体中开挖大跨度高边墙地下洞室的成功范例,鉴于此,以山西西龙池抽水蓄能电站工程为依托,从工程地质角度,对水平薄层围岩岩性特征、岩体结构特征、岩体力学特性、大跨度高边墙地下洞室围岩分类、围岩变形特征等方面进行了研究,依据研究成果,对洞室开挖支护施工、围岩变形监测等进行了分析,依据围岩变形监测成果对围岩力学参数进行了反演,验证了前期勘察成果,取得了在水平薄层状地质环境中开挖大型地下洞室的宝贵经验,进而为在水平薄层状地质体中修建大跨度、高边墙地下洞室提供了更多的技术支持,对此类不良地质条件下大型地下洞室群建设具有重要的指导意义。     

Rock mass characterization for the underground cavern design of Khiritharn pumped storage scheme

A general approach to rock engineering designing aspects adopted at the Khiritharn Pumped Storage Scheme is described. The scheme involves excavation of three large caverns and tunnels in jointed sandstone within a suture zone in Southeast Thailand. Geological condition and engineering properties of the sandstone were investigated. Strength and modulus properties of the intact rock were determined from laboratory tests and properties of rock mass were empirically estimated for the design analysis in the de.nite study stage on the basis of three rock mass classi.cation systems namely the Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Geological Strength Index (GSI) and a Japanese system (EPDC). While the GSI gives strength and modulus of deformation values slightly higher than the RMR classi.cation, the EPDC gives a lower value of modulus of deformation but comparable rock mass strength value for the level of con.ning pressures at the depth of the cavern excavation. The results of stress analysis and loosening wedge analysis for the cavern excavations suggest favorable excavation condition.     

基于修正[BQ]值的软岩隧道挤压变形预测

高地应力条件下,深埋隧道破碎围岩容易发生挤压大变形。挤压变形量的预测对于工程的设计与施工至关重要。经验预测方法因其形式简单、使用方便得到广泛应用,现有隧道挤压变形预测的经验法具有以下特点:(1)考虑的影响因素较少,多数仅能对挤压变形进行分级,无法给出挤压变形量;(2)现有经验变形预测方法多基于围岩Q分级系统,不能直接应用于国内的BQ分级系统。因此,基于对国内外100多条隧道变形监测数据的分析,提出一种新的适用于国内岩体基本质量指标修正值[BQ]的挤压变形预测方法。该方法综合考虑了隧道埋深、跨度、围岩强度应力比、地下水、岩体结构面等影响岩体挤压变形的多种因素。通过与多条大变形隧道监测结果的对比分析,验证了预测方法的合理性,研究成果对高地应力软岩隧道确定支护强度及提前采取超前加固措施具有十分重要的指导作用。     

佛子岭抽水蓄能水电站地下厂房施工开挖过程的FLAC3D数值模拟

选取佛子岭抽水蓄能水电站地下厂房区,采用三维快速拉格朗日法（FLAC3D）模拟施工开挖过程,研究了洞室群围岩的开挖变形形态和应力状态,分析了围岩和调压井高边坡在自重荷载作用下的开挖稳定性。通过对地下厂房洞室群区的加固处理,分析了围岩在加固后的力学特性。利用FLAC3D程序的Ubiquitous模型,引入了一组主要节理裂隙,分析了此组节理裂隙对地下洞室群围岩的开挖变形及整体稳定性的影响,并与无节理裂隙的数值模拟结果进行对比,综合评价了节理裂隙对洞室群围岩稳定性的影响。     

大跨度高边墙地下洞室分层间隔施工方法

结合某大垮度、高边墙地下洞室的施工实践,详细阐述了大洞室纵向预留隔层、隔层上中下同步开挖、最后清除隔层这一新的开挖方法施工全过程。通过数值模拟,对这一新的开挖方法与自上而下台阶式开挖方法引起围岩最大变形、围岩塑性破坏和锚杆轴力进行了对比分析,结果表明,新的开挖方法对围岩的扰动破坏更小。指出了采用这种新方法的适用条件。对于其他用途大跨高边墙地下洞室的施工具有一定的参考价值。     

Analysis of excavations in jointed rock of infinite extent

The subject of this work is the development of a code to study the behaviour of stratified and jointed rock masses around underground excavations. The rock mass is divided into two types of regions, one which is supposed to exhibit linear elastic behaviour and which may extend to infinity, and the other which will include discontinuities that behave inelastically. The former has been simulated by a symmetric direct, boundary integral, plane strain, quadratic, orthotropic module, and the latter by quadratic plane strain, membrane and inelastic joint elements. The two modules are coupled in one program. Sequences of loading include static point, pressure, body and residual loads, construction and excavation sequences, and quasi-static earthquake load. The programe is interactive, with graphics. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the method.     

Rock Mass Stability Investigation Around Tunnels in an Underground Mine in USA

Stability and deformation of rock masses around tunnels in underground mines play significant roles on the safety and efficient exploitation of the ore body. Therefore, understanding of geomechanical behavior around underground excavations is important and necessary. In this study, a three-dimensional numerical model was built and stress analyses were performed by using 3DEC software for an underground mine in USA using the available information on stratigraphy, geological structures and mechanical properties of rock masses and discontinuities. Investigations were conducted to study the effect of the lateral stress ratio (K₀), material constitutive models, boundary conditions and rock support system on the stability of rock masses around the tunnels. Results of the stress, displacement, failure zone, accumulated plastic shear strain and post-failure cohesion distributions were obtained for these cases. Finally, comparisons of the deformation were made between the field deformation measurements and numerical simulations.     

Safety Management Based on Detection of Possible Rock Bursts by AE Monitoring during Tunnel Excavation

Summary. As underground development continues at great depths, the danger of rock bursts will inevitably increase. It is important to consider countermeasures for avoiding rock bursts in underground work. In Japan, rock bursts have actually been experienced during construction of several tunnels, including the Kan-etsu tunnel construction project, during which many rock bursts were observed. Stress analysis of tunnels is performed based on initial stress measurements in the base rock. In addition, AE measurement has been adopted in construction management, allowing safer excavation. Collective analysis of the data obtained has been shown to be effective for safety control during excavation of hard base rock. In this research, initial stress measurements in base rock, secondary stress analysis around a tunnel, and AE measurements are examined. Based on the results of this analysis, it is clear that the generation of rock bursts is related to the presence of geological discontinuities.