凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)继饥饿后恢复生长期间生化组成及能量收支的动态变化

采用氧弹式热量计和常规的动物生化成分分析方法,测定凡纳滨对虾在恢复生长过程中生化组成和能量分配模式的动态变化。结果表明,饥饿状态下,虾体干重、脂肪含量和能值下降,水分和灰分含量升高,但蛋白质含量没有明显改变。恢复投喂后,能量特定生长率显著提高,而虾体各生化组成在不同时间内均恢复到对照组水平。饥饿使对虾恢复生长过程特别是其前期的能量分配模式发生极显著变化。对虾的摄食能分配于生长的比例增大,而损失于代谢消耗的比例则相应减少;摄食能的增加和消化吸收率提高则仅发生在恢复生长的初期。可以认为,凡纳滨对虾继饥饿后的补偿生长效应主要出现在恢复生长的前期,并随时间延长逐步减弱,其生理机制最主要是得益于代谢耗能比例的减少。     

投饵水平对凡纳对虾生长、饲料利用和虾体主要成分的影响

为测定投饵水平对凡纳对虾生长、饲料利用和虾体组成的影响进行了为期一个月的生长实验。实验虾平均体重为0．09g左右,投喂含蛋白质42．15％、能量为18．9kJ/g的饲料,日投饲量分别为虾体重量的4％,6％,7%,8％,10％。结果表明,随着投饵水平的增加,增重率、特定生长率显著提高,而饲料系数、表观消化率和蛋白质效率却显著下降。对对虾虾体组成的分析表明,投饵水平对对虾虾体灰分、脂肪含量的影响显著。根据对虾生长及饲料利用的指标,凡纳对虾幼虾的适宜投饵水平为9．87％。     

二溴海因和碳水化合物水平对凡纳滨对虾生长和免疫的影响

研究了低盐度条件下,二溴海因和碳水化合物水平对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)生长和免疫的影响,共3个实验。实验1研究了二溴海因对凡纳滨对虾存活的影响,发现在0.2、5和20三个盐度水平,随着二溴海因浓度的升高,凡纳滨对虾存活率呈下降趋势;二溴海因对凡纳滨对虾的安全浓度随盐度的增加呈上升趋势。实验2和实验3研究了盐度、二溴海因浓度和饲料中碳水化合物水平对凡纳滨对虾生长和免疫的影响,结果表明:在低盐度养殖条件下,凡纳滨对虾长期生活于二溴海因环境中,可导致对虾处于应激状态,需要消耗体内较多的免疫因子,血清酚氧化酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性降低,生长速度下降,而在饲料中适量增加碳水化合物不仅可促进对虾生长又可起到饲料蛋白质节约作用。     

集约式养殖凡纳滨对虾体长与体重的关系

研究了集约化养殖凡纳滨对虾Litopenaeus vannamei体长与体重的关系,通过全过程采样测试并经回归分析得到不同生长阶段的体长、体重关系式。研究发现当体长大于12．5cm时相同体长的雌虾要明显重于雄虾（p〈0．01）。比较地膜养殖池与沙底养殖池对凡纳滨对虾生长的影响,结果表明当养殖天数大于90d时,地膜养殖池对虾的生长明显优于沙底养殖池对虾（p〈0.05）。     

凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)不同生长阶段体质量的遗传变化

采用条件数量性状加性-显性遗传模型(AD),分析凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)仔虾(S1)、幼虾(S2)、成虾(S3)、亲虾(S4)阶段体质量性状的动态遗传效应。结果显示:仔虾阶段和幼虾阶段体质量非条件加性方差几乎为0,成虾阶段和亲虾阶段分别8.856和24.114,条件遗传方差分别为0.075676±0.0101、0.270944±0.0342、14.013±0.4847、25.68467±1.3631且均达到极显著水平(P0.01),非条件加性方差占表型方差的比例分别为8.062%、0.9765%、11.308%和24.636%,条件加性方差所占比例为8.132%、1.203%、36.122%和29.581%;仔虾、幼虾、成虾阶段控制凡纳滨对虾体质量性状的累加基因效应中显性效应分别占88.666%、98.664%、85.050%,亲虾阶段控制凡纳滨对虾体质量性状的累加基因效应中加性效应占遗传方差总量的60.438%;0|S1和S2|S1期间控制体质量表现的基因效应是以净显性效应为主,分别为其遗传方差总量88.666%和98.156%;S2|S3和S3|S4期间以净加性效应为主,分别为其遗传方差总量的70.386%和88.565%。结果表明,随着凡纳滨对虾生长发育进行控制体质量性状的加性效应表达呈增加趋势;在凡纳滨对虾养成阶段体质量性状主要以显性效应为主,暗示选择性杂交能有效改良其体质量性状。     

黄芪和黄连活性提取物对凡纳滨对虾代谢相关酶的影响

本文研究了黄芪和黄连活性提取物在凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)体内的代谢过程及损伤效应。实验设置6个实验组:黄芪多糖(黄芪提取物)0.5、1g/kg,小檗碱(黄连提取物)0.5、1g/kg,黄芪多糖0.5g/kg+小檗碱0.5g/kg,对照组(投喂配合饲料)。投喂含中草药的饲料6天后投喂配合饲料10天,检测凡纳滨对虾的代谢酶含量、抗氧化指标及组织损伤指标。研究表明:黄芪、黄连活性提取物对凡纳滨对虾代谢相关酶影响显著(P0.05)。各处理组肝胰腺CYP450含量、GST活性均于第6天时达到最大值,停药3天后仍明显高于对照组(P0.05);混合处理组CYP450含量、GST活性高于同浓度单独处理组。投喂6天内,黄芪、黄连活性提取物均显著提高凡纳滨对虾T-AOC、SOD活性、GSH含量及GSH/GSSG;混合处理组各指标高于同浓度单独处理组,各组织抗氧化水平大小为:血淋巴肝胰腺。黄芪多糖0.5、1g/kg及黄芪多糖0.5g/kg+小檗碱0.5g/kg对凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺和鳃脂质过氧化和蛋白质羰基化无显著影响,而小檗碱0.5、1g/kg显著造成凡纳滨对虾组织损伤;停药3天后,脂质过氧化程度恢复至正常水平,而羰基含量保持稳定直到实验结束。研究结果表明,各组织DNA损伤与中草药活性提取物浓度显著相关,表现出明显的时间剂量效应,可作为中草药活性提取物对凡纳滨对虾安全性评价的指标。     

投喂频率对凡纳滨对虾生长、消化酶和免疫酶活力以及氮收支的影响

为了探讨投饵对对虾的影响, 作者研究了投喂频率对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)生长、消化酶和免疫酶活性以及氮收支的影响。结果表明: 投喂频率对凡纳滨对虾的存活率、生长率、饲料系数、氮生长效率以及部分消化免疫酶活力有显著影响。日投喂5 次实验组获得较高的存活率、增质量率和特定生长率以及较低的饲料系数。投喂频率与特定生长率间呈二次曲线关系, 投喂频率为4.45次时, 获得最大特定生长率。摄食氮、生长氮和排泄氮和排粪氮, 以日投喂频率2 次为最低, 5、6 次较高。高投喂频率组获得较高的消化酶和免疫酶活性。     

肉骨粉添加微胶囊蛋氨酸替代鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾生长、饲料表观消化率及体成分的影响

选用均初始体质量为0.91 g的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)540尾,随机分为6个处理组,每组设3个重复,每个重复30尾。用肉骨粉(meat and bone meal,MBM)替代日粮中0、20%、40%、60%、80%和100%的鱼粉,分别添加不同梯度微胶囊蛋氨酸(microencapsulated DL-methionine,MM)配制成6种等氮饲料投喂凡纳滨对虾55 d。结果表明:MBM添加MM替代60%鱼粉对对虾增重率和SGR无显著影响(P0.05),对虾对各试验饲料的饲料系数和蛋白质效率无显著影响(P0.05),而替代80%和100%鱼粉对对虾增重率、SGR、饲料系数和蛋白质效率有显著影响(P0.05);MBM添加MM替代鱼粉后对对虾体成分、体氨基酸含量和蛋白质含量无明显影响(P0.05)。在MBM高水平替代鱼粉饲料中添加MM可通过平衡对虾饲料必需氨基酸,提高了对虾对饲料的表观消化率,而不影响对虾的生长和体营养成分,降低了对虾饲料的成本。     

饥饿和恢复投喂对金鳟体组分和糖原含量的影响

研究在(16±2)℃的条件下饥饿和恢复投喂不同时间后金鳟(Golden Rainbow Trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss)体组分和糖原含量的变化.试验鱼分为4个组,每组设3个平行,分别饥饿7 d,恢复投喂44 d(S7组);饥饿14 d,恢复投喂37 d(S14组);饥饿21 d,恢复投喂30 d(S21组),对照组(S0组)正常喂食.研究发现:饥饿使金鳟的水分和灰分含量升高,粗脂肪和糖原含量显著下降,粗蛋白含量无显著变化.饥饿7 d后,肝糖原和肌糖原含量与试验前和同期对照组相比下降极显著(P<0.01).饥饿至14 d,水分含量上升,与试验前和同期对照组有极显著差异(P<0.01),灰分含量与试验前和同期对照组相比上升显著(P<0.05),粗脂肪含量与试验前和对照组下降极显著(P<0.01).饥饿至21 d,水分含量与试验前和同期对照组相比上升显著(P<0.05),肝糖原和肌糖原含量均有不同程度的回升,但仍与试验前和同期对照组存在极显著差异(P<0.01).恢复投喂后,除S21组肌糖原含量仍极显著低于对照组(P<0.01)外,其他各组的各指标经统计学分析均恢复到与对照组无显著差异水平(P<0.05).结果表明:金鳟饥饿过程中动用储存物质的顺序是首先动用糖原然后动用脂肪,而蛋白质含量变化不明显.金鳟在贮存能源物质时优先积累肝糖原.     

副溶血弧菌、脂多糖和嗜酸小球菌对凡纳滨对虾血清一氧化氮合酶的影响

探讨了凡纳滨对虾Litopenaeus vannamei血细胞中是否存在一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性,进行了副溶血弧菌Vibrioparahaemolyticus和哈维氏弧菌Vibrioharveyi脂多糖(LPS)体外孵育实验,采用亚硝酸盐法对凡纳滨对虾血细胞中NOS活性进行了测定。结果表明,副溶血弧菌和LPS离体孵育血细胞组的一氧化氮(NO)浓度显著高于对照组,而且这一反应能被NOS抑制剂亚硝基L精氨酸甲酯(LNAME)所阻断,证实了凡纳滨对虾血细胞中存在NOS活性。同时进行了副溶血弧菌感染凡纳滨对虾对其血清NO浓度和NOS活性的影响试验。试验表明,副溶血弧菌注射感染凡纳滨对虾后12h血清中NOS活性极显著高于对照组;NO浓度在注射后24h开始升高,72h后各组NO浓度都显著高于对照组。说明副溶血弧菌感染凡纳滨对虾可以诱导NOS的表达,并产生NO来抵抗副溶血弧菌的入侵,从而增强了对虾的免疫力。此外将嗜酸小球菌Pediococcusacidilactici按10.0mg·kg-1添加到饲料里投喂凡纳滨对虾后,血清中溶菌酶活力和NOS活性比对照组有显著提高,且溶菌酶活力和NOS活性存在显著正相关性(r=0.629,r0.05[1,12]=0.532)。从而进一步说明了NOS活性可以作为凡纳滨对虾免疫力高低的有效指标。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.