蕨类植物化石繁殖器官微细构造研究方法及意义

本文介绍了蕨类植物化石原位繁殖器官微细构造研究的实验技术和方法，讨论了这一研究在蕨类植物化石的分类归属和系统演化研究中的意义．     

水工地下工程围岩稳定性分析方法现状与发展

简要地介绍了多种地下工程围岩稳定性分析方法,对它们进行了初步讨论,并对这一研究的现状与发展趋势做了评述。     

碳硫生物地球化学与沉积环境分析

扼要地介绍了应用沉积岩石中碳和硫含量及比值来确定沉积环境的理论、方法和近年来国外地质学界在这一研究领域中的发展。笔者还介绍了自己的研究成果并探讨了发展趋势。     

大洋多金属结核研究概况

从多金属结核的分布及富集规律、物质成分、内部结构、形成机制等方面论述了目前国内外的一些研究动态,对目前在这一研究领域提出的一些新概念、新方法作了一定的介绍.在分析和总结前人研究成果的基础上,指出了在这一研究领域还存在的一些问题及今后研究的方向.     

变质岩平衡热力学的理论框架

变质岩石学研究定量化是近来变质地质学研究的一个重要方面,变质作用PTt轨迹研究就是这方面的突出例子。所有这些定量研究都涉及到平衡热力学的一些基本概念和理论方法。我们按照平衡热力学逻辑发展纲要,结合变质岩石学的研究现状,建立了变质岩石学中平衡热力学框架。在这一理论框架中不仅对一些重要基本概念和方法作了介绍,更侧重阐述了不均匀体系中独立组分变量和独立体系变量的特点和相互关系,以及这些变量在变质岩定量研究至关重要部分。在此基础上,简单介绍了近来发展的热力学数据库、平均温度压力计算、成因格子建立和环带矿物推算PT轨迹的基本思路和所涉及的方法,这对了解和应用这些知识有着重要意义。     

(U-Th)/He年代学及其地质应用

U Th He年代学是近十余年来发展起来的一种新的高精度低温热年代学定年技术。本文在简单介绍这一技术的基本原理、实验室测试方法的基础上 ,介绍了这一方法在古地形演变、造山带抬升剥露时代和速率及年轻样品高精度年龄等方面的几个研究实例。     

风沙地貌学研究与展望

风沙地貌学在全球环境变化研究中占有重要地位，但与其它地貌学分支学科相比，目前风沙地貌学的研究还显得比较薄弱，这在我国更是如此。通过分析当前这一学科的主要研究内容，介绍国外研究的最新动态，从而指出了我国风沙地貌学今后应注意的主要研究方向。     

扫描探针技术材料表面微形貌定量研究综述

介绍了扫描探针显微镜（SPM）技术及其在材料表面微形貌定量研究方面的应用现状，指出了SPM在这方面研究的不足之处以及SPM技术在表面微形貌定量研究方面的应用前景。     

蛇绿岩中上地幔物质流动和熔融迁移

着重介绍了洋脊扩张环境下的上地幔物质流动和上涌几何学、蛇绿岩中熔融迁移构造和熔融迁移的模式、国内在这一领域的研究现状和存在的问题；强调了上地幔物质流动和熔融迁移是蛇绿岩研究的一个重要方面，今后应加强这一领域的研究。     

定量岩石地层学研究现状

定量岩石地层学自60年代以来有了迅速发展。本文简单介绍有关这方面的研究现状,着重介绍近几年有关的一些新方法,例如,用于复杂地层对比的Martinson方法,旋回类型分析中的环流分解方法以及沉积环境定量研究中的最可预测面方法,并通过一定的实例加以说明。随着科学技术的发展,有必要进一步发展、完善这门新兴学科,促进地质学研究的定量化和自动化。     

土壤入渗特性的空间变异规律及其变异源

以封丘地区典型的4种土地利用类型(传统耕作地、免耕地、金银花地和杨树林地)为例,系统研究了不同土地利用方式下土壤入渗特性的空间变异强度、空间变异结构及其主要变异源。结果表明,频繁的耕作会降低土壤异质性,弱化土壤特性空间变异结构,扰动较小的免耕地和金银花地的土壤入渗特性则具有相对明显的空间变异结构,扰动最小的杨树林地土壤的入渗特性具有最为明显的空间变异结构和最小的变程。容重、有机质含量和初始含水量是耕作地入渗的最主要变异源,初始含水量则是金银花地入渗的唯一显著性变异源;杨树林地入渗变异的主要变异源是有机质和初始含水量;影响免耕地入渗特性变异的变异源并不显著。在有些情况下,水温也可能成为入渗特性空间变异研究的重要干扰因素。     

非饱和土壤水分运动参数空间变异性研究进展与展望

非饱和土壤水分运动参数的空间特征是科学认识大尺度土壤水分动态变化的基础和先决条件。在参考国内外大量文献的基础上,对非饱和土壤水分运动参数的研究进展从模型研究到空间尺度研究进行了分析与评述,指出机理模型研究是未来土壤水分运动参数空间变异性研究的方向,而尺度研究目前研究的精度不够;在对土壤水分运动参数的空间变异性研究各类方法分析和归纳后,指出土壤水分运动参数变异性研究的方法包括直接测定方法和间接估计方法两种,并对各种方法的优缺点及适用条件进行了总结;最后指出土壤水分运动参数空间变异性研究存在的问题主要集中在土壤水分运动参数的空间变异性结果的标准化问题和不同尺度土壤水分运动参数的相互转化等问题。     

Three-dimensional finite element analysis of spatially variable PVD improved ground

A stochastic approach that investigates the effects of soil spatial variability on stabilisation of soft clay via prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) is presented and discussed. The approach integrates the local average subdivision of random field theory with the Monte Carlo finite element (FE) technique. A special feature of the current study is the investigation of impact of spatial variability of soil permeability and volume compressibility in the smear zone as compared to that of the undisturbed zone, in conjunction with uncoupled three-dimensional FE analysis. A sensitivity analysis is also performed to identify the random variable that has the major contribution to the uncertainty of the degree of consolidation achieved via PVDs. The results of this study indicate that the spatial variability of soil properties has a significant impact on soil consolidation by PVDs; however, the spatial variability of soil properties in the smear zone has a dominating impact on soil consolidation by PVDs over that of the undisturbed zone. It is also found that soil volume compressibility has insignificant contribution to the degree of consolidation estimated by uncoupled stochastic analysis.     

Consolidation in spatially random unsaturated soils based on coupled flow‐deformation simulation

This paper integrates random field simulation of soil spatial variability with numerical modeling of coupled flow and deformation to investigate consolidation in spatially random unsaturated soil. The spatial variability of soil properties is simulated using the covariance matrix decomposition method. The random soil properties are imported into an interactive multiphysics software COMSOL to solve the governing partial differential equations. The effects of the spatial variability of Young's modulus and saturated permeability together with unsaturated hydraulic parameters on the dissipation of excess pore water pressure and settlement are investigated using an example of consolidation in a saturated‐unsaturated soil column because of loading. It is found that the surface settlement and the pore water pressure profile during the process of consolidation are significantly affected by the spatially varying Young's modulus. The mean value of the settlement of the spatially random soil is more than 100% greater than that of the deterministic case, and the surface settlement is subject to large uncertainty, which implies that consolidation settlement is difficult to predict accurately based on the conventional deterministic approach. The uncertainty of the settlement increases with the scale of fluctuation because of the averaging effect of spatial variability. The effects of spatial variability of saturated permeability k_sat and air entry parameters are much less significant than that of elastic modulus. The spatial variability of air entry value parameters affects the uncertainties of settlement and excess pore pressure mostly in the unsaturated zone. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

北京典型土层抗剪强度的相关性及变异性分析

新近沉积层是北京地区典型的浅部相对软弱土层,土层力学指标变异性较大。依据北京地区大量实际工程的勘察资料,采用土层分布随机场模型,对北京地区新近沉积典型地层的抗剪强度指标的空间概率特征进行统计分析,北京地区新近沉积土层的自相关距离一般为3~4 m,是比较合适的取样间距。     

Spatial variability assessment of soil nutrients in an intense agricultural area,a case study of Rugao County in Yangtze River Delta Region,China

Topsoil samples (0–20 cm) (n = 237) were collected from Rugao County, China. Geostatistical variogram analysis, sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS), and principal component (PC) analysis were applied to assess spatial variability of soil nutrients, identify the possible areas of nutrient deficiency, and explore spatial scale of variability of soil nutrients in the county. High variability of soil nutrient such as soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), available P, K, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, and B concentrations were observed. Soil nutrient properties displayed significant differences in their spatial structures, with available Cu having strong spatial dependence, SOM and available P having weak spatial dependence, and other nutrient properties having moderate spatial dependence. The soil nutrient deficiency, defined here as measured nutrient concentrations which do not meet the advisory threshold values specific to the county for dominant crops, namely rice, wheat, and rape seeds, was observed in available K and Zn, and the deficient areas covered 38 and 11%, respectively. The first three PCs of the nine soil nutrient properties explained 62.40% of the total variance. TN and SOM with higher loadings on PC1 are closely related to soil texture derived from different parent materials. The PC2 combined intermediate response variables such as available Zn and P that are likely to be controlled by land use and soil pH. Available B has the highest loading on PC3 and its variability of concentrations may be primarily ascribed to localized anthropogenic influence. The amelioration of soil physical properties (i.e. soil texture) and soil pH may improve the availability of soil nutrients and the sustainability of the agricultural system of Rugao County.     

空间递推平均法在估计土性指标自相关距离中的应用

像许多土层一样,黏性土层的土性参数也具有空间变异性。土性参数的空间变异性主要是由沉积和成岩等地质作用和环境因素导致的,而相关距离的确定是分析土性参数空间变异性的关键。为了分析天津南疆港地区土层参数的空间变异性,对确定土性参数相关距离的空间递推平均法及其改进方法进行了汇总分析,并结合地质勘查资料,运用改进的空间递推平均法对天津港地区典型土层的垂直相关距离进行了统计分析,得到了典型土层地区性代表值,对该地区岩土工程的可靠度分析及勘探点位的选取具有重要的指导意义。此外,还结合工程实例讨论了相关距离的贝叶斯估值法,贝叶斯估值法比直接取平均值确定自相关距离的方法更为可靠、合理,应用贝叶斯定理对天津港南疆石化码头淤泥及淤泥质黏土层的自相关距离进行估值,为今后该地区的取样间距选择提供参考,也为可靠度理论在该地区岩土工程中的应用提供有价值的参数。     

Prediction of Probabilistic Settlements by the Perturbation-Based Spectral Stochastic Meshless Local Petrov–Galerkin Method

Originating an attempt of understanding the reliability and serviceability of foundations, an interest of comparing the difference between settlements predicted with and without considering the uncertainty in such as the spatial variability of soil properties is born. This study selectively compares between settlements predicted with and without considering the uncertainty in the spatial variability of Young’s modulus. The tool is a coupling of perturbation expansions of Young moduli and a two-dimensional meshfree weak-strong form in elastostatics. Two further examples show that the spatial variability of Young’s modulus causes apparent difference between probabilistic and deterministic settlement components along the direction of a surcharge. We can derive an autocorrelation function to describe the spatial variability of Young’s modulus and understand how it affects predicted settlements depending upon autocorrelation function values. In addition, the spectral stochastic meshless local Petrov–Galerkin method is a time-saving tool for predicting probabilistic settlements with the uncertainty in the spatial variability of soil properties.     

Three-dimensional slope reliability and risk assessment using auxiliary random finite element method

This paper aims to propose an auxiliary random finite element method (ARFEM) for efficient three-dimensional (3-D) slope reliability analysis and risk assessment considering spatial variability of soil properties. The ARFEM mainly consists of two steps: (1) preliminary analysis using a relatively coarse finite-element model and Subset Simulation, and (2) target analysis using a detailed finite-element model and response conditioning method. The 3-D spatial variability of soil properties is explicitly modeled using the expansion optimal linear estimation approach. A 3-D soil slope example is presented to demonstrate the validity of ARFEM. Finally, a sensitivity study is carried out to explore the effect of horizontal spatial variability. The results indicate that the proposed ARFEM not only provides reasonably accurate estimates of slope failure probability and risk, but also significantly reduces the computational effort at small probability levels. 3-D slope probabilistic analysis (including both 3-D slope stability analysis and 3-D spatial variability modeling) can reflect slope failure mechanism more realistically in terms of the shape, location and length of slip surface. Horizontal spatial variability can significantly influence the failure mode, reliability and risk of 3-D slopes, especially for long slopes with relatively strong horizontal spatial variability. These effects can be properly incorporated into 3-D slope reliability analysis and risk assessment using ARFEM.     

Full probabilistic design of slopes in spatially variable soils using simplified reliability analysis method

ABSTRACT

A simplified reliability analysis method is proposed for efficient full probabilistic design of soil slopes in spatially variable soils. The soil slope is viewed as a series system comprised of numerous potential slip surfaces and the spatial variability of soil properties is modelled by the spatial averaging technique along potential slip surfaces. The proposed approach not only provides sufficiently accurate reliability estimates of slope stability, but also significantly improves the computational efficiency of soil slope design in comparison with simulation-based full probabilistic design. It is found that the spatial variability has considerable effects on the optimal slope design.