大民屯凹陷烃源岩有机质丰度的恢复

烃源岩有机质丰度的恢复具有重要的现实和理论意义。笔者在对比多种方法的基础上,对大民屯凹陷的烃源岩的有机质丰度进行了恢复。     

鄂尔多斯盆地二叠系烃源岩地球化学特征与沉积环境的关系

鄂尔多斯盆地二叠系烃源岩是盆地重要潜在的生烃岩系,以钻井岩心地球化学分析资料为主,对泥岩、泥质碳酸盐岩的微量元素、稀土元素和有机质地球化学特征进行了系统分析,其中微量元素含量与同类岩石的克拉克值相比,差别较大。轻稀土富集程度较高,重稀土相对较低,Ce/Ce*具有较明显的正异常,反映出烃源岩沉积环境总体为还原环境。研究认为,半深湖—深湖相带沉积的灰黑色泥岩类烃源岩还原程度强,有机质丰度高,有机质能被及时埋藏;河流—沼泽相沉积环境沉积的灰色—绿灰色泥岩类烃源岩有机质丰度较低。还原程度强、具一定深度水体的沉积相带是原始有机质沉积的良好场所,有机质能沉积并及时保存下来;而气候条件相对干燥、降水少、陆源碎屑物补充不足或较长时间处于氧化环境条件下沉积的泥质碳酸盐岩类岩石,有机质丰度明显偏差。     

济阳坳陷下古生界碳酸盐岩的分子有机地球化学特征

本文主要针对济阳坳陷车古、义古和桩古潜山带若干钻井的下古生界碳酸盐岩样品,开展分子有机地球化学研究。研究主要揭示了下古生界碳酸盐岩氯仿沥青A中的生标组成及其碳同位素特征,可为环渤海地区下古生界潜在的原生油气藏的判识提供依据;同时研究表明碳酸盐岩晶包有机质中正构烷烃的分布和碳同位素组成与氯仿沥青A中的存在明显差异,早期有机质的特征仍被保留在晶包有机质中,因此可用于古沉积环境的探讨。     

吐鲁番坳陷二叠系烃源岩地球化学与沉积环境的关系

二叠系烃源岩是中国西部吐鲁番坳陷重要的潜在生烃层系。以地表剖面暗色泥岩的分析资料为主，结合部分井下烃源岩样品分析数据，详细探讨了泥岩的微量元素地球化学特征，利用不同岩类烃源岩有机碳含量、有机质类型及饱和烃气相色谱等特征对烃源岩的沉积环境进行了分析。研究认为，吐鲁番坳陷二叠系烃源岩层系沉积时水体的环境为弱还原相—还原相沉积环境。烃源岩有机质中陆源生物占优势，低等水生生物也有大量的分布。油气为还原环境沉积有机质的转化产物，坳陷具有良好的成烃潜力。还原程度强、具一定深度水体的的沉积相带是原始有机质沉积的良好场所，沉积有机质能及时沉积、保存下来，因此，烃源岩大多有机质丰度高；反之，则明显变差。     

Fluorine mobilization from rocks under the action of organic acids

This paper presents the results of experimental study of fluorine leaching from rocks of various basicity by distilled water and multicomponent organic acid solution, in which the frequency distribution of dissociation constants of carboxyl groups correspond to that of natural soil solutions. It is shown that organic acids significantly enhance the intensity of fluorine leaching from rocks as compared to distilled water. A positive correlation was established between fluorine and magnesium extracted from different rocks by organic acids (r = 0.92). The correlation between fluorine and other main petrogenic elements is absent. Intensity of fluorine mobilization from rocks under the action of organic acids increases with the growth of basicity of the rocks with decreasing their chemical stability in the following sequence: meimechite > basaltic andesite > albitized rhyodacite > alkaline agpaitic granite.     

A Novel Type of Oil—generating Organic Matter —Crystal—enclosed Organic Matter

The comparative study of organic matter in carbonate rocks and argillaceous rocks from the same horizon indicates that the organic thermal maturities of carbonate rocks are much lower than those of argillaceous rocks .Ana extensive analysis of extracted and inclused organic matter from the same sample shows that inclused organic matter is different from extracted organic matter,and the thermal maturity of the former is usually lower than that of the latter in terms of biomarker structural parameters.It seems that carbonate mineras could preserve organic matter and retard organic maturation.The inclused organic matter,abundant in most carbonate rocks,will be released from minerals and transformed into oil and gas during the high-thermal maturity stage.     

羌塘盆地土门地区上三叠统土门格拉组烃源岩地球化学特征

本文在南羌塘盆地土门地区获得一套上三叠统土门格拉组泥质烃源岩。通过有机质丰度、有机质类型和有机质热演化程度的分析,结果表明,土门格拉组泥质烃源岩有机碳含量在0.54%~1.36%之间,达到了中等-好烃源岩标准,局部达到很好烃源岩标准;干酪根镜检结果显示,有机质类型主要为II1型。镜质体反射率Ro为1.61%~2.76%,岩石热解峰温Tmax介于340~544℃之间,干酪根腐泥组颜色为棕色-棕褐色,表明有机质演化达到过成熟阶段。土门地区土门格拉组泥质烃源岩的发现进一步表明羌塘盆地上三叠统烃源岩具备良好的生烃(气)潜力。     

Characteristics of biomarkers in source rocks of the Ganquan Formation in the Dahulishan region, Ejina Banner

Based on gas chromatography and gas chromatography mass spectrometry techniques, the authors examined biomarker characteristics of the Ganquan Formation source rocks in the area of Dahulishan, Ejina, and analyzed the information and petroleum geological significance that were indicated by the source of organic matter, sedimentary environment and maturity and so on. Gas chromatography peak of saturated hydrocarbons from the Ganquan Formation source rocks showed "the former peak" of the single peak distribution, the main peak of carbon being C18 , indicating the main sources of organic matter with marine organic matter. Pr/Ph ranges from 0.3 to 0.6, indicating a strongly reducing sedimentary environment. Biomarker assemblages of the Ganquan Formation source rocks are abundant in tricyclic terpane with long side chains, with a high level of gammacerane, showing dominant distribution of C27 sterane. High contents of gammacerane in organic matter show organic facies of source rocks in the saltwater sedimentary environment. That average hopane/sterane ratio is 0.59, showing that algae have made more contributions to organic matter than bacteria. And the high level of C27 steranes shows that algae are the main source of hydrocarbon precursors. The Ganquan Formation’s methylphenanthrene index, which is an effective molecular parameter index to measure thermal evolution of organic matter, ranges from 0.35 to 0.50, and the conversion of vitrinite reflectance Rc from it is within the range of 2.00-2.09, indicating that the Ganquan Formation source rocks are in the over-mature stage of thermal evolution.     

世界深水含油气盆地烃源岩的发育特征及对中国南海北部深水区烃源岩的启示

国外深水盆地烃源岩发育特征表明:无论是板内的断坳盆地还是板缘的先裂陷后漂移沉积盆地,在裂陷期(断陷期)及坳陷期(漂移期)均有烃源岩分布,大陆边缘盆地不同演化阶段有效烃源岩发育程度存在差别,其中裂陷期非海相(湖相)暗色页岩是最主要和最普遍的生油岩,还可能发育过渡相或近海相的煤系和泥质烃源岩;其次是板内坳陷晚期或板缘漂移期的海陆过渡相、近海相、前三角洲相等有大量的有机质供给或者长期离物源区较近的情况下,烃源岩发育;裂陷晚期和坳陷早期烃源岩一般不发育,但有大量的有机质供给的半封闭浅海—半深海环境可能发育高效烃源岩。国外主要深水盆地中新生界烃源岩发育特征对中国南海北部深水区烃源岩的认识具有重要的指导意义。中国南海北部裂陷早期阶段发育的湖相烃源岩和裂陷晚期发育的海陆过渡相烃源岩为主力烃源岩;南海北部不同盆地坳陷期中新统海相烃源岩差异较大,其中陆源有机质输入不足的琼东南盆地烃源岩稍差些,陆源有机质输入相对充足的珠江口盆地烃源岩较好一些。墨西哥湾和北苏门答腊盆地的勘探实践已经证实了半深海相烃源岩可作为有效油源岩,这对中国南海北部深水区中新统海相烃源岩认识具有很好的借鉴意义。     

北部湾盆地乌石凹陷流沙港组烃源岩地球化学特征

以大量烃源岩样品地球化学分析为基础,综合应用钻井以及地震等地质资料,从有机质丰度、类型、成熟度、母质来源、沉积环境以及生物标志物等方面对乌石凹陷流沙港组烃源岩地球化学特征进行了研究。研究结果表明,流三段发育于还原湖泊环境,有机质丰度较高,类型主要为Ⅱ1-Ⅱ2型;流二段沉积于弱还原至还原环境,有机质丰度最高,尤其是流二段油页岩基本为优质烃源岩,有机质类型以Ⅱ1-Ⅱ2型为主;流一段沉积于偏氧化性湖泊环境,有机质丰度最低,类型以Ⅱ2-Ⅲ型为主。依据烃源岩综合演化剖面,将其热演化过程划分为未成熟、低成熟、成熟和高成熟4个阶段,确定了烃源岩生烃门限深度为2900m,生烃高峰位于3600m。低伽马蜡烷指数显示流沙港组沉积时期水体为淡水环境,丰富的4-甲基甾烷表明水生低等植物对烃源岩母质来源有较大贡献。     

柴达木盆地北缘东段石炭系生烃潜力及其地质意义

依据烃源岩有机质丰度、有机质类型、有机质成熟度和可溶有机质特征分析,发现柴达木盆地北缘东段上石炭统泥质烃源岩有机碳含量平均为1.26%,有机质类型主要以Ⅲ型和Ⅱ型为主;碳酸盐岩有机质丰度较低,平均为0.24%,有机质类型较好,为Ⅱ和Ⅰ型;有机质正处于成熟阶段后期-高成熟早期,有的还处在大量生烃阶段,表明上石炭统烃源岩达到中等—好生油岩级别。石炭系烃源岩有机质形成于较强还原条件下的咸水环境,具有丰富的低等水生生物和藻类母质输入。运用地球化学指标和柴达木盆地北缘各构造带原油系统对比研究,表明石炭系烃源岩对冷湖、南八仙构造带原油没有实质性的贡献。马北构造带个别原油样品中表现出存在来源于石炭系烃源岩的油源,揭示柴达木盆地北缘东段石炭系烃源岩是不可忽视的又一套烃源岩。     

Estimation on organic carbon content of source rocks by logging evaluation method as exemplified by those of the 4th and 3rd members of the Shahejie Formation in western sag of the Liaohe Oilfield

One of the most important tasks of evaluating natural resources of petroliferous basins is to determine the organic matter abundance of source rocks in the basin.The usual method for assessing the organic carbon content of source rocks is based on laboratory analyses.There is a deviation in calculating organic carbon content due to the heterogeneous distribution of organic matter and the artificial factors when sampling.According to the continuous characteristics of information logging,the conventional logging curves(mainly acoustics and resistivity,etc.) were calibrated with the organic carbon experimental data of cores,cuttings or sidewall cores.The organic carbon content of source rocks of the 4 th(Es 4) and 3 rd(Es 3) members of the Shahejie Formation in western sag in the Liaohe depression was estimated directly by a great amount of continuous data including resistivity and acoustic logging,etc.Comparison between the results from computer processing and lab analysis of logging data shows that the organic carbon contents derived from the computer processing of logging data have the same reliability and accuracy as the lab analysis results.The present data show that this method is suitable to evaluate the source rocks of western sag in the Liaohe depression and has great potential in evaluating natural resources of sedimentary basins in the future.On the basis of logging data of source rocks,experimental data and existing geochemical analyses of the Liaohe Oilfield,the corresponding total organic carbon(TOC) isograms of source rocks were plotted.The source rocks of Es 4 and Es 3 of the Shahejie Formation are thought to be beneficial to hydrocarbon accumulation due to the high TOC.     

大杨树盆地中部甘河地区嫩江组烃源岩生烃潜力分析

通过岩石热解、总有机碳、镜质体反射率、饱和烃气相色谱-质谱等测试方法,系统分析大杨树盆地中部甘河地区嫩江组烃源岩有机地球化学、生物标志化合物特征,评价其生烃潜力。结果表明,大杨树盆地中部甘河地区嫩江组暗色泥岩有机质丰度较高,属于中等-好烃源岩,有机质类型主要为Ⅱ型干酪根,处于成熟阶段,是一套好的烃源岩。烃源岩形成于还原性的淡-微咸水的水体沉积环境中,有机质来源为混合来源,且以陆生高等植物来源贡献较大。总体显示大杨树盆地中部甘河地区嫩江组烃源岩具有一定的生烃潜力。     

Anomalous Enrichment of Silver in Organic Matter of the Songxi Shale-hosted Ag-Sb Deposit in Northeastern Guangdong

The silver contents of organic matter in the host rocks of the Songxi shale-hosted Ag-Sb deposit of northeastern Guangdong, South China, have been directly determined using the electron microprobe technique. The silver contents in two types of organic matter, marine vitrinite and solid bitumen, vary in the range from 100×10-6to 350×10-6, which are from tens of times to thousands of times higher than those of the host rocks in the ore deposit. The average silver content of the organic matter is also several times higher than the pay grade of silver for commercial mining of the ore deposit. It is quite obvious that the organic matter of the host rocks in the ore district is characterized by an anomalous enrichment of silver. The results of this study indicate that the silver anomalies in the organic matter have been derived from both the host rocks and the silver-bearing fluids of the Songxi black shale ore source. In the course of sedimentation and later hydrothermal reworking, organic matter was able     

有机质供给和保存在烃源岩形成中的控制作用

烃源岩形成研究一直集中于海相盆地的“生产力模式”和“保存模式”之争, 湖相盆地研究较少.利用二连盆地烃源岩有机碳、碳酸盐碳同位素、热解参数、还原硫等地球化学分析数据, 表征了湖盆古生产力和陆源有机质输入, 研究了有机质供给和保存在烃源岩形成中的控制作用, 发现不同的湖盆中有机质供给和保存对烃源岩形成的控制作用明显不同.有机质供给量大的湖盆原始有机质含量高, 烃源岩形成主要受有机质供给控制, 受有机质保存条件影响小, 即使在含氧的水底也会有部分有机质来不及氧化而富集形成烃源岩; 有机质供给量小的湖盆原始有机质含量低, 氧化环境中大部分有机质被降解难以形成烃源岩, 只有还原环境下有机质才能得到较好的保存, 有机质保存是控制烃源岩形成的主要因素.      

二连盆地侏罗系烃源岩地球化学特征及油源贡献

二连盆地侏罗系烃源岩研究程度较低,但在侏罗系发现有工业油流.本文通过有机岩石学与有机地球化学常规分析,系统研究与评价了此套烃源岩;结合原油与烃源岩的生物标志化合物的对比与分析,探讨其对油源的贡献.结果表明,二连盆地上侏罗统烃源岩有机质丰度低,有机质类型以Ⅲ型为主,成熟度较低,为非或差烃源岩;中下侏罗统有机质丰度较高,有机质类型以Ⅱ2-Ⅲ型为主,成熟度较高,为较好—好烃源岩.侏罗系烃源岩形成于淡水的氧化沉积环境,以陆源高等植物输入为主.此外,阿56井阿尔善组部分原油和图参1井侏罗系原油来源于侏罗系烃源岩.由此推断二连盆地侏罗系烃源岩具有良好的生烃潜力,勘探前景广阔.     

藏北羌塘盆地QK-1井中侏罗统烃源岩地球化学特征

QK-1天然气水合物钻探试验井位于西藏羌塘盆地毕洛错地区,主要钻遇中侏罗统夏里组粉砂质泥岩和布曲组灰岩。其有机质丰度、有机质类型、有机质成熟度等有机地球化学特征表明,南羌塘地区中侏罗统烃源岩的有机质丰度偏低,夏里组泥岩TOC介于0.26%~0.38%之间,达到差-中烃源岩标准,而布曲组灰岩TOC介于0.02%~0.08%之间,仅局部达到差烃源岩标准;两个组的烃源岩有机质类型主要为Ⅱ₂型及Ⅲ型,较利于天然气的生成,其中夏里组的生气能力优于布曲组;该区烃源岩热演化程度较高,Ro为1.31%~1.63%之间,均达到高成熟阶段,而夏里组有可能已进入干气阶段。基于冻土区天然气水合物成藏条件分析,综合考虑夏里组烃源岩及沉积厚度特征,认为中侏罗统夏里组具备良好的天然气水合物勘探前景。     

不同岩石中分散可溶有机质裂解成气特征

通过模拟实验,对碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩中分散可溶有机质裂解生气的模式及产物特征进行了探讨。实验表明,分散于碎屑岩与碳酸盐岩中的可溶有机质在高温热裂解演化过程中,其产气率存在着明显的差别。对于碎屑岩而言,当分散可溶有机质丰度小于0.3%时,裂解产气率与岩石中分散可溶有机质含量呈正相关关系,大于0.3%时几乎不变,而碳酸盐岩中分散可溶有机质产气率与分散可溶有机质含量的关系不是很明显。赋存于两类不同岩石中的分散可溶有机质的裂解气的及干燥系数也存在着较大差异。结果表明上述地球化学特征均与岩石对类烃气体的选择性吸附有关。     

应用岩石热解数据S2-TOC相关图进行烃源岩评价

应用岩石热解数据评价烃源岩的传统方法具有一定的局限性。由于矿物基质的吸附或“死碳”的影响,有机质类型的“范氏图解”往往夸大烃源岩有机质类型的非均质性。对松辽盆地上白垩统不同有机质丰度和有机质类型的烃源岩生烃动力学研究表明,它们具有相似的生烃动力学特征,说明尽管有机质丰度存在较强的非均质性,但其有效源岩类型（区别于应用范氏图划分的有机质类型）是一致的。这些烃源岩的岩石裂解烃（S2）与有机质丰度（TOC）的相关系数很高,与生烃动力学的分析结果一致,表明应用S2-TOC相关图划分烃源岩的有机质类型可以更真实地反映烃源岩的有效源岩类型,S2-TOC相关图是评价烃源岩有效源岩类型的有效手段。过去岩石热解数据用于反映烃源岩成熟度的主要指标是tmax,tmax对于偏Ⅱ／Ⅲ型的烃源岩比较适用,而对于Ⅰ型烃源岩,由于生油窗内变化不明显,tmax不能完全反映有机质的成熟过程;而且tmax也受运移油等其他因素影响。不同成熟度的烃源岩的S2-TOC图分析结果显示,随着成熟度的增加,S2-TOC的回归斜率和TOC逐渐减小;利用不同成熟度的烃源岩建立的S2-TOC图可用于评价烃源岩的成熟度。松辽盆地不同沉积相中烃源岩的S2-TOC相关图的特征表明。只要有有利的有机质保存条件,各沉积相下均可发育优质的烃源岩;S2-TOC相关图可以反映烃源岩形成的沉积环境和有机质保存条件。     

地球生物学方法与海相优质烃源岩形成过程的正演和评价

烃源岩存在生烃和排烃过程, 高-过成熟区还叠加了烃源岩有机质的强烈改造和破坏, 从海相地层残余有机质出发评价烃源岩的反演方法需要进一步完善.以探索生命系统与地球系统相互作用为主题的地球生物学为正演烃源岩形成的动力学过程提供了理论依据.分子地球生物学、地球微生物学、地球生态学和生物地球化学等地球生物学的各分支学科(要素) 为恢复烃源岩形成时的生产力及其组成、沉积有机质的量和类型、有机埋藏量及其过程和类型等提供了技术方法支撑, 分别论述了如何利用地球生物学的技术方法来定量计算原始生产力、沉积有机质和埋藏有机质.表征地球生物学过程的地球生物相则综合和集成了烃源岩生物相、有机相和沉积相的相关信息, 包含了生境型(群落型)、生产力和有机埋藏等定量化指标, 它为建立优质烃源岩的地球生物学评价体系服务.通过烃源岩实验模拟得出的有机质恢复系数对残余有机碳进行恢复, 并与地球生物学得出的埋藏有机质进行量的对比, 由此实现地球生物学方法与传统反演方法的接口和校正.