量热法与测温法在冻土未冻水测试中的应用

冻土未冻水含量不但是评价冻土中水分迁移特性的重要指标,而且也是冻土热工计算中常用的参数。分别对量热法与测温法的原理进行分析,指出测温法原理中存在混淆温度概念的问题。量热法可以测定土样任一含水量任一负温条件下的未冻水含量,而测温法试验曲线中查得的数据仅是某一冻结起始温度对应的初始含水量,不能反映冻土中未冻水含量随温度的变化规律。选取2种细粒土料配置6种不同含水量土样进行了2种方法的对比试验和测温法中土的起始冻结温度的平行试验。试验结果表明,由测温法确定未冻水含量具有不可靠性。建议在试验条件允许的情况下,使用量热法进行冻土未冻水含量的检测。     

硫酸钠盐渍土未冻水含量的实验研究

土体中的未冻水含量影响冻土的物理力学性质,也是评价冻土中水分迁移的重要指标.利用核磁共振技术对含有不同浓度硫酸钠溶液的兰州黄土的未冻水含量进行测试,并分析了温度、含盐量对未冻水含量的影响.同时,测试了不同含盐量下黄土的液塑限及液塑限含水率下土体的冻结温度,计算了不同含盐量下的未冻水含量并与实测值进行比较,给出了不同含盐量下幂函数方程w_u=at^-b中的参数值.在此基础上,分析了-5、-10、-15和-20℃条件下未冻水含量随含盐量的变化规律,建立了4个温度下不同含盐量区间的未冻水-含盐量拟合公式.     

基于CT图像直方图技术的冻结岩石未冻水含量及损伤特性分析

未冻水含量是影响岩石低温冻结过程中热力学性质的重要因素, 是冻土科学研究中的重要问题. 采用CT无损识别技术进行不同温度梯度下岩石CT扫描实验, 获得了20℃、-2℃、-5℃、-10℃、-20℃、-30℃下岩石的CT扫描图像. 以数字图像处理理论为依据, 运用CT图像直方图技术进行不同温度梯度下冻结岩石CT图像解析, 完成了冻结岩石未冻水含量及损伤信息的定量分析. 研究结果表明: -2~-5℃是岩石内未冻水含量急剧减小的温度区间; 当温度降到-10℃时, 岩石内未冻水全部冻结成冰. 根据CT数直方图峰形形状可判别低温环境下冻结岩石的损伤大小及分布均匀性. 论文所提出的冻结岩石CT图像直方图技术为定量分析不同温度梯度下冻结岩石未冻水含量、损伤扩展随温度的变化规律提供了新的方法和思路.     

NaCl溶液对土体冻结特征影响的试验研究

冻结特征曲线(SFCC)是指冻土中温度和未冻水含量之间的关系,采用核磁共振系统和低温恒温冷浴获得了采用不同浓度Na Cl溶液饱和的黏土的冻结特征曲线。根据试验结果分析不同浓度的孔隙溶液对冻结特征的影响规律,结果表明:随着溶液浓度的增大,冻结特征曲线向上移动,也就是说在相同未冻水含量下,浓度越大,冻结温度越低。这主要是因为盐溶液引起了渗透势能,使得孔隙水中总势能降低,从而降低了孔隙水的冰点。在冻土中,孔隙水的冻结温度与能量状态有关,其中孔隙水的势能包括基质势能和渗透势能,而基质势能部分又分为毛细部分和吸附部分,渗透势能与孔隙溶液的浓度有关。当土体中未冻水含量较低时,主要是吸附效应在起作用。此时未冻水是以吸附膜的形式吸附在土颗粒的周围,将非饱和土的概念引入到冻土中,采用分子间作用力和吸附水膜厚度之间的关系,以描述处于吸附状态的冻结特征曲线。结合渗透势能来模拟不同浓度下的冻结特征曲线,与试验数据拟合结果较好。     

考虑吸附与毛细作用的饱和冻土SFCC模型

土体冻结特征曲线（SFCC）是对冻土中未冻水含量随负温变化关系的数学描述,是研究冻土水热迁移、冻胀、本构关系等问题的重要基础。目前对于SFCC的研究,其经验表达式居多,而物理机制研究相对较少。通过考虑土颗粒与冰界面的吸附作用及冰相尖点的毛细作用,基于冰水相变平衡压力由吸附压力与毛细压力两部分共同组成,从孔隙尺度提出一个新的饱和冻土SFCC模型。模型计算结果表明,当颗粒半径逐渐增大时,相同温度下未冻水含量将不断减小,SFCC也会变得更加陡峭。基于核磁共振设备对单分散SiO2微球冻融过程SFCC进行测试,试验结果与数学模型进行比较验证,结果表明新的SFCC模型与试验结果吻合较好,且具有明确的物理意义,可以为冻土基础研究提供理论依据。     

盐分对土的冻结温度及未冻水含量的影响研究

利用测温法和核磁共振法测量了不同浓度典型盐溶液（NaCl、Na2CO3）饱和重塑粉土的冻结温度及冻结特征曲线，并与不同浓度的NaCl、Na2CO3纯溶液作对比分析，研究初始含盐量对冻结温度及未冻水含量的影响。结果表明：土样冻结温度随初始含盐量的增加而逐渐降低；相同浓度NaCl溶液饱和土样的冻结温度低于相应纯溶液的冻结温度，但相同浓度 （<0.6 mol/L）Na2CO3溶液饱和土样的冻结温度却比纯溶液的冻结温度高；同一负温下，土样中未冻水含量随NaCl初始含盐量的增加而增多，但随Na2CO3初始含盐量的变化不明显。通过机制分析，表明盐类型和含盐量对土水势具有不同的影响。基于改进的广义Clapeyron方程，将含盐分土冻结温度表达式引入未冻水含量预测模型，得到了能够考虑不同含盐量影响的土体未冻水含量的定量表达，并与实测数据进行对比，验证了该模型能够较为合理的预测不同温度下含盐土体的未冻水含量。     

盐分对土的冻结温度及未冻水含量的影响研究

利用测温法和核磁共振法测量了不同浓度典型盐溶液（NaCl、Na_(2)CO_(3)）饱和重塑粉土的冻结温度及冻结特征曲线,并与不同浓度的NaCl、Na_(2)CO_(3)纯溶液作对比分析,研究初始含盐量对冻结温度及未冻水含量的影响。结果表明：土样冻结温度随初始含盐量的增加而逐渐降低;相同浓度NaCl溶液饱和土样的冻结温度低于相应纯溶液的冻结温度,但相同浓度（0.6 mol/L）Na_(2)CO_(3)溶液饱和土样的冻结温度却比纯溶液的冻结温度高;同一负温下,土样中未冻水含量随NaCl初始含盐量的增加而增多,但随Na_(2)CO_(3)初始含盐量的变化不明显。通过机理分析,表明盐类型和含盐量对土水势具有不同的影响。基于改进的广义Clapeyron方程,将含盐分土冻结温度表达式引入未冻水含量预测模型,得到了能够考虑不同含盐量影响的土体未冻水含量的定量表达,并与实测数据进行对比,验证了该模型能够较为合理地预测不同温度下含盐土体的未冻水含量。     

基于分层核磁测试新技术的未冻水变化规律研究——以砂土冻融过程为例北大核心CSCD

土体冻融过程中的未冻水动态变化与冰-水相变过程密切相关,是冻融过程中非饱和土研究的重要基础。利用在线控温以及分层扫描的核磁共振新技术直观测试冻融过程中非饱和砂土的未冻水含量。结合T_(2)分布曲线(曲线上不同的T;值对应着孔隙水类别特性,曲线下方的面积对应试样水分含量)在冻融过程中的峰值大小和峰面积数据反演土体中含水量的大小与赋存的位置,而曲线的峰形态以及弛豫范围(各峰起始值以及终止值)等信息反演不同类型水分(吸附水与毛细水)以及土体结构的分布。在处理试验结果时,首先依据测试得到的冻结温度划分试样冻结区与未冻区。冻结区与未冻区未冻水含量及其孔隙变化差异明显,究其原因是冰水相变与水分迁移。在土样冻结区域冰水相变占主导地位,水分主要由未冻区向冻结锋面附近的e、f层迁移。首先以中大孔隙中毛细水迁移为主,其次以小孔隙中的吸附水迁移为辅。依据水相变成冰体积增大和孔隙体积占比数据分析可知,冻结区微小孔隙会在冻结过程中连通形成中大孔隙;而在未冻区水分迁移占主导地位。未冻区受固结作用中大孔隙压缩形成为小孔隙。试验过程中冻结锋面附近的e、f层孔隙变化最为剧烈。     

离子浓度对冻土核磁共振响应信号的影响分析及研究

离子浓度在一定程度上会引起冻土冻融过程中其未冻水的含量变化,进而影响冻土的核磁共振响应。为了研究冻土冻融过程中离子浓度对其核磁共振响应的影响规律,笔者采用的试验样本是将不同浓度的NaCl溶液与马兰黄土混合,配制成NaCl含量不同、初始含水量相同的各样本,研究其弛豫特性。通过分析不同温度点下各样本的核磁共振响应特征,得到不同离子浓度对冻土核磁共振响应的影响规律。结果表明,核磁共振信号幅值随着离子浓度的增大而增大,但是横向弛豫时间T2不受离子浓度影响;在冻土冻融过程中,冻土中流体受温度和离子结晶物化作用的双重影响,样本的未冻水含量在不同温度区间的变化有所不同,但是在大于5℃和低于-20℃区间内,未冻水含量趋于稳定。     

基于BP神经网络的土壤冻结温度及未冻水含量预测模型

土壤冻结温度与未冻水含量是冻土的重要物理参数,影响因素多,关系复杂.利用BP网络模型来描述冻结温度与未冻水含量及其与主要影响因素之间的关系,效果良好.该模型直接根据试验数据通过神经网络的自学习能力寻求输出变量与输入变量间的内在非线性规律,其优点在于可利用一个神经网络同时描述多个因素对冻结温度及未冻水含量的影响.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the