营养盐对浒苔生长影响的围隔生态实验

2008年6月在青岛近海围隔实验研究了营养盐对浒苔生长的影响。结果表明,添加营养盐的围隔浒苔湿重生物量明显高于未添加营养盐的对照组和海区实验组。一次性添加f/2配方的营养盐和一次性添加N的2组浒苔日均相对增长率分别达10%和9%,围隔外海区对照只达4%。浒苔可在短期内快速大量地吸收营养盐,一次性添加f/2配方的营养盐储备液(水体浓度约f/8)的围隔中,浒苔24 h内对N和P的吸收速率分别为9.25μmol.g-1.h-1、0.63μmol.g-1.h-1。丰富的营养盐能够促进浒苔的迅速生长,营养盐的种类和浓度对浒苔的生长影响显著,种类多、浓度高的营养盐环境有利于浒苔生长。相对于NH4-N和PO4-P,充足的N源是浒苔快速生长的重要影响因素。     

氮磷营养盐对浒苔生长影响的初步探讨

在实验室条件下,设置不同的N、P浓度,研究单因子(P:30μmol/L,N:0～500μmol/L和N:500μmol/L,P:0～30μmol/L)对浒苔(Enteromorpha prolifera)生长的影响。结果表明:在高N、P浓度(N:500μmol/L,P:30μmol/L)条件下浒苔生长态势最好,具有较高的相对生长率(0.451)。添加N可以明显促进浒苔的生长,而且随着添加N浓度的提高促进作用增强,浒苔的相对生长率有较大幅度提高。添加P对浒苔的生长也具有一定的促进作用,但促进作用不如添加N的明显;随着添加P浓度的提高,浒苔的相对生长率提高幅度不大,这说明浒苔生长对N变化更为敏感。     

2008年黄海浒苔绿潮爆发区营养盐浓度化及分布特征

根据2008年7月22-26日和8月5-14日2个航次对黄海浒苔绿潮爆发区的调查数据,研究了调查海域营养盐的浓度变化和分布特征.结果表明,第2航次NH4-N的平均浓度为0.34 μmol/L,低于第J航次,第2航次NO3-N、PO4-P和SiO3-Si的平均浓度分别为4.63 μmol/L、0.39 μmol/L和6....     

浒苔绿潮消亡腐败过程中的营养盐释放及其对近海环境的影响

为探讨浒苔绿潮消亡腐败过程中的营养盐释放规律以及浒苔绿潮聚积腐烂对海水水质的影响，在室外模拟近岸浒苔绿潮聚积腐烂过程，并于2018年6月在浒苔绿潮靠岸前开始对主要浒苔绿潮聚积地(鳌山湾、鳌山湾口的海参池、石老人海域)进行观测，实时记录浒苔腐烂状况及对周边环境的影响。模拟实验结果表明:各形态氮、磷营养盐在浒苔腐烂分解过程中升高明显，且以溶解有机态、颗粒态为主。其中生物量为5 g/L实验组溶解有机氮(Dissolved Organic Nitrogen，DON)、颗粒态氮(Particulate Nitrogen，PN)、溶解有机磷(Dissolved Organic Phosphorus，DOP)、颗粒态磷(Particulate Phosphorus，PP)的浓度在浒苔腐烂分解过程中达本底浓度的5～10倍以上。现场调查结果显示，随着浒苔绿潮在青岛近岸聚积，各调查站点的溶解无机氮(Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen，DIN)、DON、DOP受浒苔绿潮吸收影响均降至最低值，后随着浒苔绿潮腐烂逐渐上升，水质恶化。其中鳌山湾受浒苔绿潮腐烂影响最为严重，在调查期间水体甚至劣于二类水质。PN、PP为调查区内营养盐的主要赋存形式，其中鳌山湾海域PP变化最为明显，随着浒苔绿潮聚积腐烂达到最高值(2.02 μmol/L)。相比于鳌山湾，石老人海域海水交换能力强且在浒苔绿潮靠岸后进行了及时拦截打捞，受浒苔绿潮消亡腐烂影响较小。浒苔绿潮靠岸聚积腐烂，使海域内营养盐含量与结构明显变化，影响海域浮游植物群落结构的稳定,可能引发赤潮等次生生态灾害。因此需要及时清理聚积在青岛近岸的浒苔，避免其腐烂对周边环境造成影响。     

2018年南黄海浒苔绿潮发展规律及氮组分的作用探究

根据2018年南黄海漂浮态浒苔(Ulva prolifera)绿潮规模卫星监测数据以及春、夏季(4月和7月，绿潮前后)水文环境要素和氮营养盐等数据，对2018年绿潮发展规律及不同氮组分在其中的作用进行分析。结果表明:浒苔于4月25日在江苏南通近海首次发现，随后其向北漂移增殖扩展在6月29日达到最大规模，8月中旬消失。绿潮漂移区域集中在122°E以西近海并呈现两个明显的发展阶段:35°N以南江苏近海绿潮快速增殖阶段和35°N以北山东半岛外海域绿潮聚积衰退阶段。各氮营养盐组分受径流输入、冷水团以及生物活动等因素影响，呈现明显的区域和季节特征。不同绿潮阶段受氮营养盐影响不同，绿潮快速增殖阶段，丰富的氮营养盐(总溶解氮(TDN)>20 μmol/L和溶解无机氮(DIN)>20 μmol/L)是浒苔藻快速繁殖生长的物质基础，此阶段为整个绿潮发展提供了主要的氮支撑且以DIN为主要形态。绿潮聚积衰退阶段，较低的可利用氮(DIN<2 μmol/L和尿素(urea-N)<1.5 μmol/L)不利于浒苔藻持续繁殖生长，此阶段内有机氮(如urea-N)在绿潮后期的氮支撑中起到重要作用。     

浒苔和紫菜等2种海藻干体对3种赤潮微藻生长的抑制作用

在添加浒苔和紫菜干体的条件下,通过测定藻细胞数量,观察藻细胞形态,分析海藻干体对米氏凯伦藻、中肋骨条藻和塔玛亚历山大藻的半抑制和完全抑制浓度以及半抑制和完全抑制浓度有效作用的起始藻细胞数量范围,研究了浒苔和紫菜干体对3种赤潮微藻生长的影响.在此基础上,设定海藻干体的添加量为其完全抑制浓度,通过监测微藻培养液中总氮(硝酸态氮、氨态氮和亚硝酸态氮)和总磷等变化,分析海藻干体添加对培养液营养化程度的影响.结果表明:(1)当浒苔和紫菜干体浓度分别大于0.8 g/L 和1.0 g/L 时,海藻干体能显著抑制3种赤潮微藻的生长,它们对赤潮微藻的生长抑制率超过60%(第12 d).(2)浒苔和紫菜干体对3种实验微藻的半抑制浓度(IC50)接近,在0.71~1.22 g/L 之间;但完全抑制浓度(IC10)差别较大,浒苔干体对3种赤潮微藻的完全抑制浓度在2.4~2.8 g/L 范围,其数值约为紫菜干体对它们的完全抑制浓度的2倍.(3)3种赤潮微藻起始藻细胞数量不超过40伊104·mL-1(对于米氏凯伦藻和中肋骨条藻来说,起始藻细胞数量可增大至60伊104·mL-1),海藻干体对3种实验微藻的半抑制浓度和完全抑制浓度均有效.(4)添加海藻干体的实验组培养液中总氮和总磷含量均明显高于对照培养液中总氮和总磷含量.其中,实验组培养液中总氮浓度为382滋g/L,总磷浓度明显低于100滋g/L.综上所述,浒苔和紫菜干体具有强烈的抑藻作用,且不会造成培养液营养加剧现象,可尝试应用于赤潮微藻的控制与治理中.     

2018年南黄海浒苔绿潮迁移发展规律与营养盐相互关系探究

根据2018年4月(春季，绿潮前期)和7月(夏季，绿潮后期) 南黄海营养盐、温度、盐度等水文参数及每日绿潮卫星监测数据，深入分析2018年绿潮的发展规律与营养盐结构特征之间的关系。结果表明：4月25在江苏南通外海首次发现浒苔绿潮，8月中旬在山东半岛近海消亡，其发展区域集中在122°E以西近海，且快速增殖阶段处在35°N以南江苏近海。各组分的营养盐浓度受沿岸径流、冷水团及生物作用等因素影响，均呈现江苏近海高外海以及北部低的特征。对比绿潮发展和营养盐分布呈现3个明显的绿潮−营养盐特征区域：高营养盐−绿潮快速发展区域(35°N以南，122°E 以西，江苏近海)；低营养盐−绿潮消亡区域(35°N以北，122°E 以西，山东半岛外海域)及122°E以东外海无绿潮区域。不同特征区营养盐变化表明，江苏近岸较高的营养盐含量(${\rm{NO}}_3^- $-N>6.5 μmol/L, ${\rm{PO}}_4^{3-} $-P>0.27 μmol/L)和丰富来源是浒苔萌发和绿潮快速发展的重要物质基础，为绿潮发展提供了主要的氮、磷生源要素。北部山东半岛南外海较低的营养盐水平(7月，DIN<2 μmol/L, ${\rm{PO}}_4^{3-} $-P<0.03 μmol/L)是限制绿潮继续发展的重要因素。     

海水温度对衰亡期浒苔释放生源硫影响的模拟研究

为研究浒苔释放生源硫的特征，本文对采集于黄海绿潮中期和末期的浒苔进行了实验室模拟培养，探讨了不同温度对衰亡期浒苔释放生源硫化物的影响。实验结果表明，在10~25℃温度范围内，温度升高能够加速浒苔的衰亡。二甲基硫（DMS）的平均释放速率范围为2.79~150.70 nmol/（L·g·d），二甲基硫基丙酸内盐（DMSP）的平均释放速率范围为2.16~113.26 nmol/（L·g·d）。温度升高能够使DMS和DMSP的释放速率加快，释放量增加，DMS最大平均释放速率在25℃条件下比10℃条件下升高了约60%，培养液中DMS浓度升高了2~3倍。采集于绿潮末期的浒苔培养液中的DMS和DMSP和采集于绿潮中期的浒苔相比，浓度有所增加，采集于浒苔绿潮末期浒苔培养液中DMS的最高平均浓度为418.41 nmol/L，约为中期的4倍；DMSP的最高平均浓度为316.14 nmol/L，是中期的3倍。浒苔绿潮的爆发会对水体中的硫体系循环产生影响，进而影响该海域生态环境。     

绿藻浒苔对浮游植物群落结构影响研究

为了解浒苔(Enteromorpha prolifera)对浮游植物群落的影响,于2011年7月末在青岛第三海水浴场附近海域,现场采集了浒苔鲜组织和含自然浮游植物群落的海水,进行了10d 的浒苔与浮游植物群落室内受控共培养实验。设计4个处理,包括1个对照组和3个实验组,每个处理设置3个平行。对照组未添加浒苔,实验组分别按照0.8(低)、2.4(中)和7.2 g/L(高)的湿质量进行添加。研究结果表明,在整个共培养期间,硅藻的生长受到了浒苔明显的抑制,在3个不同的实验组细胞丰度显著降低(ANOVA, P<0.05),降幅分别达到84.1%、92.1%和95.3%。优势种长菱形藻(Nitzschia longissima)在高实验组的第10天,细胞丰度更是低至对照组的0.38%。甲藻丰度在各组皆表现出先升高后降低的趋势,优势种利玛原甲藻(Prorocentrum lima)在高实验组的第3天,细胞丰度高达对照组的98.7倍。浒苔通过影响浮游植物细胞丰度和优势种演替,改变了浮游植物的群落结构。高密度浒苔的存在会使浮游植物优势种组成趋于单一,物种多样性程度和群落稳定性大为降低。但是,浒苔对单细胞浮游植物的克生作用可以抑制赤潮藻的过度繁殖,有益于赤潮的生物防治和水域环境的生态修复。     

不同温度与营养盐条件对浒苔（Ulva prolifera） 和肠浒苔（Ulva intestinalis） 的生长影响

2010 年4 月采集了江苏省南通市如东县紫菜养殖筏架上的浒苔（Ulva prolifera） 和肠浒苔（Ulva intestinalis） 样品, 对两种浒苔在不同温度和营养盐环境下的生长情况进行了研究,分析了其不同生长特点及对环境变化的响应。结果表明,浒 苔（U. prolifera）在15 益~25 益范围内,在浓度相对较高的营养盐组相对生长率较高。肠浒苔（U. intestinalis）在温度为10 益~ 20 益范围内,在浓度较低的营养盐组相对生长率较高。在两种浒苔相对生长率达到最大的同时,其对于营养盐的消耗量也达 到最大。据此,推测两种浒苔自身的生理生态特征及其对环境变化的响应是影响其生物量的重要因素。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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