大兴安岭中北段莫尔道嘎地区含矿斑岩的锆石U-Pb年龄、Hf同位素特征及成矿意义

处于大兴安岭中北段额尔古纳地块的莫尔道嘎地区发育大量花岗质岩石,本文报道了该地区与斑岩钼矿有关的花岗斑岩、花岗闪长斑岩的锆石U-Pb年龄、Hf同位素特征。锆石的LA-ICPMSU-Pb年龄测试结果显示,太平川含矿斑岩体的形成年龄分别为183.6、193.7和199.1Ma,表明花岗岩主要形成于早侏罗世,可能代表蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋闭合阶段的岩浆侵入事件。锆石的Hf同位素研究显示,3件含矿斑岩样品锆石εHf(t)分别为-3.2～0.4、-3.1～1.8和-3.7～-1.1,两阶段模式年龄分别为1322、1276和1394Ma,岩浆起源于中新元古代增生的地壳物质。结合额尔古纳地块已有的花岗岩锆石Hf同位素资料,认为额尔古纳地块在中新元古代曾发生过地壳增生,增生的地壳物质于早侏罗世发生熔融,形成花岗质岩浆并成矿。太平川含矿斑岩具有与乌奴格吐山含矿斑岩相似的大地构造背景、岩石地球化学特征和岩石年龄,推测太平川斑岩钼矿的成矿年代大致在195～180Ma。     

满洲里南部中生代花岗岩的锆石U--Pb年龄及Hf同位素特征

满洲里南部地区花岗岩主要由碱长花岗岩、正长花岗岩、二长花岗岩及花岗斑岩组成。采用LA--ICP--MS技术,对满洲里南部花岗岩进行的锆石U--Pb年龄测定表明,该区中生代花岗岩浆活动分为3期:中—晚三叠世(208~239 Ma)、早侏罗世(179~185 Ma)和晚侏罗世—早白垩世(137~151 Ma),与整个大兴安岭中生代花岗岩的年代学格架基本一致,与东部的张广才岭—小兴安岭地区中生代岩浆活动时代也可以对比。锆石LA--MC--ICP--MS Hf同位素研究显示,本区中生代花岗岩的锆石εHf(t)多数为+0.7~+9.5,二阶段模式年龄为0.6~1.2 Ga,表明花岗岩浆主要源于中—新元古代增生的地壳物质。结合额尔古纳地块其他花岗岩的锆石Hf同位素资料,认为额尔古纳地块在中—新元古代时期曾发生一次重要的地壳增生事件,与兴安地块的地壳增生时间为新元古代—显生宙的特点不同。     

西藏朱诺斑岩铜矿石英闪长斑岩锆石LA-ICP-MSU-Pb定年及Lu-Hf同位素研究

朱诺斑岩铜矿床位于冈底斯成矿带的中段西部,是近年来新发现的大型斑岩铜矿床,矿体受控于新生代复式多期岩浆活动,成矿年龄为13.72 Ma,前人主要针对中新世岩浆活动开展研究,而对矿区另一类含矿石英闪长斑岩却鲜有报道,钻孔编录以及镜下鉴定表明石英闪长斑岩可能提供了部分成矿物质,因此详细开展含矿石英闪长斑岩的研究有利于拓展矿区的找矿方向。通过开展石英闪长斑岩原位锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年和Lu-Hf同位素测试。结果表明测试样品的加权平均年龄为51.47±0.6 Ma,代表该岩体的岩浆结晶年龄为始新世。锆石εHf(t)值介于-5.4~0.8,平均值为-2.4,176Hf/177Hf比值为0.28259~0.28276,平均值为0.28268,二阶段Hf模式年龄(TDM2)介于1.1~1.4 Ga之间,平均值为1.3 Ga。Lu-Hf同位素结果反映朱诺地区始新世岩体具有明显的古老地壳印记,岩浆源区为中-古元古代地壳物质并混染有少量的年轻基性物质,指示在拉萨地体南部,谢通门以西的朱诺地区存在中-古元古代结晶基地。     

福建紫金山地区岩浆演化序列初探:锆石SIMS U-Pb年龄及Hf、O同位素证据

通过对福建紫金山地区不同岩石样品中岩浆锆石的SIMS U-Pb年龄和Hf、O同位素研究,对该地区岩浆序列以及源区组成、壳幔相互作用等进行初步探讨。结果显示,岩石样品中岩浆锆石的年龄(151~1514 Ma)较为分散,包含了从中元古代、震旦纪、早古生代晚期、晚三叠世到晚侏罗世的5个不同岩浆侵入时期。锆石的二阶段Hf亏损地幔模式年龄(t_(DM2)值)主要分布在古元古代,ε_(Hf)(t)数据也显示主要沿基性地壳演化线分布,指示古元古代时期的新生基性地壳可能是研究区中元古代直至晚侏罗世侵入岩形成的主要源区。锆石δ~(18)O及ε_(Hf)(t)值显示中元古代及震旦纪岩浆作用是幔源岩浆与古元古代基性地壳共同作用的结果;早古生代晚期和晚三叠世岩浆作用以壳源为主;至晚侏罗世,亏损地幔物质对岩浆作用的影响增加。     

西藏冈底斯西部江巴、邦巴和雄巴岩体的锆石U-Pb年代学与Hf同位素地球化学

对青藏高原冈底斯带西部中生代花岗岩的研究依然十分有限。本文选择青藏高原冈底斯带西部狮泉河-革吉-雄巴地区的三个花岗岩基进行了锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年和锆石Hf同位素分析,并探讨了中冈底斯带中侏罗世-早白垩世花岗岩的分布特征及其揭示的地壳基底的属性。定年结果表明,江巴岩体花岗闪长岩年龄为170±3Ma,雄巴岩体碱长花岗岩年龄为149±3Ma,它们形成于中晚侏罗世;邦巴岩体寄主岩石正长花岗岩和其中的石英二长闪长岩包体年龄分别为144±3Ma和133±3Ma,形成于早白垩世。锆石Hf同位素和地壳模式年龄结果表明,中晚侏罗世的江巴岩体(εHf(t)为-16.8～-13.4,Hf同位素地壳模式年龄为2.1～2.3Ga)与雄巴碱长花岗岩(-11.3～-6.2和1.6～2.0Ga)具有富集的Hf同位素特征,显示了新元古界的地壳基底年龄。邦巴正长花岗岩(-4～-0.8和1.2～1.5Ga)与其中的闪长质包体(-2.8～+0.6和1.2～1.4Ga)具有一致的Hf同位素特征,显示了岩浆混合作用。本文花岗岩定年与Hf同位素结果进一步揭示出中冈底斯带存在未出露地表的古元古代地壳基底。     

青藏高原南部拉萨地块中新世超钾质岩石中的锆石记录

幔源岩浆上升的过程中捕获的锆石为揭示深部地壳"隐藏"的岩浆作用事件提供了宝贵机会。本文对采自南部拉萨地块学那地区的超钾质脉岩中的锆石进行了U-Pb年代学、微量元素和Hf同位素研究。研究结果表明,学那超钾质岩石中的锆石主要展示出4个主要的年龄峰值,分别是:<100Ma、300~400Ma、450~500Ma以及700~850Ma。这些锆石高U/Yb比值、低Y含量的特征暗示起源于大陆地壳。而新生代-中生代(<100Ma)和晚古生代(300~400Ma)的岩浆活动在南部拉萨地块上广泛发育,这表明南部拉萨地块新生地壳物质对学那超钾质岩浆活动的贡献。但是超钾质脉岩中早古生代和元古代(450~500Ma和 700~850Ma)锆石捕掳晶的存在则证实印度大陆地壳物质的加入。此外,从大约55Ma左右开始,锆石颗粒的(Dy/Yb)_N比值开始逐渐增高,ε_Hf(t)值则从+10~+5迅速下降至-10~-25。考虑到南部拉萨地块新生地壳的同位素组成特征,超钾质脉岩中的这些锆石颗粒可能记录了印度-亚洲陆陆汇聚过程中地壳的显著加厚以及俯冲的印度大陆地壳物质对南部拉萨地块后碰撞岩浆作用的贡献。     

闽西南基性岩脉中捕获锆石SIMSU-Pb年龄及Hf、O同位素特征

测定了闽西南地区5件基性岩脉的全岩主微量元素,锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf,O同位素。5件岩脉主要为辉绿岩,其全岩SiO_2含量为45%~53%,稀土元素显示轻稀土富集的右倾配分模式。基性岩脉中大部分锆石具明显振荡环带和扇状环带,为典型岩浆结晶锆石特征。锆石U-Pb年龄(96~2 400 Ma)分布较为分散。除少量锆石年龄(96~142 Ma)可能指示岩脉形成年龄外,其余均为捕获锆石。捕获锆石年龄主要分布在4个范围:早元古代(2 467~1 796 Ma),中晚元古代—震旦纪(1 343~647 Ma),志留纪—晚三叠世(427~225 Ma),晚侏罗世(159~140 Ma)。Hf-O同位素显示早元古代锆石来源于接近球粒陨石均一储库的地幔。中晚元古代以后年龄的锆石其Hf-O同位素均具有亏损地幔岩浆与地壳组分混合的特征;志留纪—晚侏罗世锆石主要来源于S型壳源花岗岩的重熔;早白垩世晚期的锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值与δ~(18)O值清晰地显示出亏损地幔与地壳岩浆混合的趋势。闽西南基性岩脉中锆石的二阶段Hf亏损地幔模式年龄(TDM2)峰值主要分布在1.6~1.9 Ga,说明早元古代晚期幔源岩浆作用形成的基性岩地壳可能是形成后期花岗岩的主要源区。     

青藏高原纳木错西缘新元古代中期岩浆事件:对北拉萨地块起源的约束

本文报道了青藏高原北拉萨地块纳木错西缘变质辉长岩和花岗片麻岩的锆石U-Pb定年、岩石地球化学和锆石Hf同位素分析结果。锆石LA-ICP-MS定年结果表明,变质辉长岩和花岗片麻岩的原岩形成时代分别为720±6Ma和732±7Ma,相当于新元古代中期。变质辉长岩为钙碱性系列,具有Nb、Ta和Ti负异常,与岛弧玄武岩类似。变质辉长岩中锆石具有较高的εHf(t)值(+5. 2～+9. 7),应当是源自俯冲环境下相对亏损的地幔楔。花岗片麻岩原岩为I型花岗质岩石,并且具有较为均一的锆石εHf(t)值(-3. 3～+0. 3),可能形成于地壳内古元古代变质火成岩的部分熔融作用。结合区域地质资料,变质辉长岩和花岗片麻岩的原岩应当形成于新元古代中期的洋壳俯冲消减过程。北拉萨地块上的前寒武纪岩浆和变质记录与东非造山带的活动时限较为一致,因而北拉萨地块可能与东非造山带具有亲缘性。     

西藏那曲地区嘎加组闪长玢岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄与地球化学特征

西藏那曲地区的中—晚三叠世嘎加组中存在一套闪长玢岩,对这套闪长玢岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素测定,获得的年龄为115.4±0.6Ma,属早白垩世,与区域上多尼组和则弄群时代一致。闪长玢岩SiO2含量均值为57.96%,富集Rb、Th元素,亏损Nb、P、Ti元素,与上地壳具有相似的蛛网图曲线。εHf(t)值在2.0～4.1之间,平均值为3.0,岩浆来自新生地壳。结合地球化学和构造环境综合分析,闪长玢岩可能形成于拉萨地块和羌塘地块碰撞环境,115Ma时研究区洋壳俯冲作用已结束,进入陆—陆碰撞的演化阶段,随着羌塘地块与拉萨地块的碰撞,地壳不断加厚,慢慢聚集在浅部岩浆房中的大量岩浆把已经加厚的地壳不断加热,从而引起上覆地壳的部分熔融。     

湖南七宝山矿床石英斑岩锆石U-Pb定年及Hf同位素地球化学

湖南浏阳七宝山铜多金属矿床位于钦杭成矿带西南段,是湘东北规模最大的铜多金属矿床,矿区内的石英斑岩对成矿贡献非常大。石英斑岩内锆石具有典型岩浆期锆石特征,LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果为154.8±1.8 Ma,代表其形成年龄,属晚侏罗世岩浆活动产物。岩浆期锆石的176Hf/177Hf=0.282120~0.282539,对应的εHf(t)值均为负值,集中在-19.8~-4.9,计算的亏损地幔模式年龄(tDM1)集中在1001~1596 Ma,平均地壳模式年龄(tDM2)集中于1519~2450 Ma,表明石英斑岩的岩浆源区具有明显壳源特征,来自于古元古代至中元古代地壳的部分熔融。结合岩石学研究,七宝山矿区内石英斑岩体成因可能是在华南地块受到伊泽奈奇(Izanagi)板块向西北俯冲的影响下,古元古代至中元古代地壳部分熔融形成岩浆,而后岩石圈拆沉和软流圈物质上涌进入岩浆发生不均匀混合在晚侏罗世上侵形成的。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.