1989年以来我国海洋灾害类型、危害及特征分析

根据1989年以来我国沿海地区的海洋灾害资料，综合分析了危害我国沿海的海洋灾害类型，主要有海洋气象灾害、海洋水文灾害、海洋地质灾害、海洋生态灾害4种类型。我国海洋灾害的特征主要表现为：海洋灾害经济损失和人员伤亡的年际变化很大；广东省、福建省和浙江省是我国海洋灾害最严重的省份；台风风暴潮影响范围广，灾情严重，风暴潮灾害带来的损失巨大；赤潮灾害有所上升；大型海洋溢油事件有上升趋势，形势严峻；海啸灾害发生次数少等。     

天津市海洋灾害及其影响分析

根据主要致灾因子,将天津市沿海海洋灾害分为水文气象灾害、海洋地质灾害和海洋环境灾害3大类型,并在统计资料分析的基础上,综合归纳出天津市海洋灾害具有发生频繁和损失严重,以及致灾因子和各灾害间关系复杂的基本特点;从地理位置、地形、气象、天文潮因素和全球海平面上升、区域构造沉降、沉积物压实、人为地面沉降因素,以及海区生物、环境、人为污染等因素,分别分析阐述了风暴潮、相对海平面上升和赤潮这3种主要海洋灾害的形成原因和发展趋势,及其对天津市沿海地区社会、经济和生态环境方面施加的严重影响。     

台风风暴潮对我国沿海地区的影响及其防御对策

台风风暴潮是一种严重海洋灾害。我国是世界上台风风暴潮灾最严重的国家之一。本文在分析了台风风暴潮致灾因子的基础上探讨了我国若干个台风风暴潮重灾区的地理分布及其对我国沿海地区的影响,并提出了一系列防灾措施和防御对策。     

我国台风风暴潮灾害研究

我国是世界上台风登陆最频繁、灾害损失最多的国家之一。本文基于热带气象局发布的热带气旋资料(1990-2018)及自然资源部发布的《海洋灾害公报》(2000-2018)资料,对影响我国的台风特征及风暴潮灾害进行分析研究,结果显示:1990-2018年间登陆我国的台风不仅次数多,强度大,而且登陆的频率和强度都在增加,这对我国沿海地区的威胁进一步加剧;登陆我国的台风季节性特征明显,主要集中在7-9月份;登陆地点遍布中国沿海地区,主要集中在浙江省及其以南沿海省市;受台风风暴潮灾害影响,南部沿海地区受损严重,尤其是广东省、福建省、海南省和浙江省,这与台风登陆地点有很好的相关性。随着我国防灾减灾意识的加强,近年来台风风暴潮灾害给我国沿海地区带来的灾害损失有所减弱,但是每年的损失依旧很高,我国需要努力完善台风风暴潮风险评估体系,提高灾害预警能力,采取更多的措施来降低台风风暴潮对我国沿海地区的不良影响。     

近十年来中国大陆沿海地区重大海洋灾害分析

伴随中国海洋经济的发展,沿海重大海洋灾害已成为沿海地区可持续发展的重要影响因素。近十年来,中国沿海灾害直接经济损失数十亿元到数百亿元,并造成严重的人员伤亡。台风、温带气旋引起的风暴潮和海浪灾害是造成中国沿海重大海洋灾害的主要致灾因素。初步分析了近十年来重大海洋灾害和厄尔尼诺之间的关系,指出强厄尔尼诺年前后,多发生严重的海洋灾害,加强灾害预报和实施必要的减灾对策,对中国沿海的可持续发展具有重要意义。     

我国沿海地区重特大海洋动力灾害应对策略研究

我国沿海地区是极端天气和气候事件易发频发区,也是重要的人口和经济聚集地。在全球气候变化背景下,风暴潮、海浪、海冰和海啸等海洋动力灾害的形成机理、发生规律、时空特征、损失程度呈现出新的特点,重特大海洋动力灾害对我国沿海地区造成的威胁不容忽视。文章阐述海洋动力灾害时空分布特征,在分析我国沿海地区应对海洋动力灾害现状基础上,提出我国沿海地区应对重特大海洋动力灾害的对策与建议:建议开展重特大海洋动力灾害防御相关立法研究,制订国家层面应对重特大海洋动力灾害专项应急预案,建立健全重特大海洋动力灾害保险风险补偿机制以及提升重特大海洋动力灾害科技支撑能力。     

中国沿海地区对全球变化的响应及风险研究

中国沿海地区对全球变化的响应及风险具有高度的复杂性及不确定性,亟需深入开展相关研究。本研究着重回顾了近年来有关我国沿海地区陆域及海域对全球变化的响应特征、机制以及风险的若干研究成果。分析表明,自1960年代以来,全球变暖背景下我国沿海地区陆域及相邻海域的表面温度上升趋势十分显著,上升幅度和速率均高于全球平均值;生物与非生物的物候变化显著,温暖期(春、秋季)明显变长,并以东中国海(渤、黄、东海)最为显著;海洋物种地理分布变化、生物季节演替和群落结构与功能异常突显,赤潮、绿潮等生态灾害频繁,赤潮有年代际增加现象,热带海域珊瑚白化加剧。分析还表明,自1980年以来,我国沿海地区出现越来越多的高温热浪,沿海海平面持续上升并不断达到新高度,特别是破纪录的极端高海温事件、超强台风-风暴潮和极端高水位频发,这使得沿海地区社会-生态系统的气候暴露度不断增大;同时,沿岸海域富营养化、大规模围填海、破坏性以及过度捕捞等人类活动加剧了社会-生态系统的气候脆弱性,沿海地区的洪涝灾害严重,滨海湿地生境和生物多样性减少。未来不同气候情景下中国东部尤其是东中国海很可能是全球升温和海平面上升幅度最大的海区之一。这表明未来我国沿海地区的灾害风险格局趋于复杂多变。为此,本研究指出了急需深入研究我国沿海地区全球变化综合风险的若干科学问题与关键技术。     

山东省海洋灾害及防治研究

根据主要致灾因子,将山东省沿海发生的海洋灾害分为海洋气象灾害、海洋水文灾害、海洋地质灾害和海洋生态灾害4类,在此基础上综合分析了山东省沿海各类海洋灾害发生的时空规律,将山东沿海分为3个海洋灾害区：黄河三角洲-莱州湾沿岸风暴潮、赤潮和海水内侵海洋灾害区,龙口-成山头海岸侵蚀、海水内侵和海雾海洋灾害区,半岛南部-鲁南台风、暴浪和海岸侵蚀海洋灾害区。提出了山东省沿海各海洋灾害区防御海洋灾害应采取的主要对策。     

我国海洋灾害及防灾策略

我国近海生沿岸经济的发展，使海洋灾害成为其重要问题之一。每年由海洋灾害造成的损失几亿至几十亿元，死亡几百几千人。本文概要地介绍了我国沿海的风暴潮、海啸、海浪、海冰、海雾、海平面上升、海岸侵蚀、海水入侵、赤潮等海洋灾害，并提出了一些减灾，防灾的对策。     

海平面上升、强台风和风暴潮对厦门海域极值水位的影响及危险性预估

气候变化背景下海平面上升、强台风和风暴潮对我国东南沿海地区的洪涝灾害影响日益严重,为应对气候变化的影响,本文以位于我国东南沿海的厦门地区为例,应用多种海洋大气观测资料和数理统计及模拟方法,分析了历史上9914号和1614号两次台风对厦门海域极端海面高度(极值水位)的影响,预估了未来海平面上升情景下厦门海域极值水位的变化及其危险性。结果表明:(1) 9914号台风期间,天文大潮、风暴增水和强降水的同时出现造成了厦门沿海地区超警戒极值水位(732 cm)的出现;(2) 风(向岸强风)、雨(强降水)、浪(巨浪)、潮(高潮位)、流(急流)等多致灾因子的共同作用是厦门沿海地区发生严重灾情的重要原因;(3) 在温室气体中等和高排放(RCP4.5和RCP8.5)情景下,到2050年(2100年),当前百年一遇的极值水位将分别变为30年(2年)一遇(RCP4.5)和25年(低于1年)一遇(RCP8.5)的频繁极端事件。这表明未来厦门沿海极值水位的危险性将显著上升,应采取充分的适应措施降低洪涝灾害风险。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.