Oil-Spill Monitoring in the Coastal Waters of Hong Kong and Vicinity

In this study, we applied the edge-detection method of oil-spill monitoring to extract oil-spill features observed by the ENVISAT Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) images over the coastal waters of Hong Kong and vicinity in northern South China Sea. Two examples in 2007 and 2008 over the coastal waters of the study area show that oil spills can be successfully detected by ASAR images at wind speeds around 4～ 6 m/s independent of wind direction. The study also shows that it could be helpful for evaluating the potential impacts of oil spills on the coastal environment in Hong Kong and vicinity.     

Managing coastal area resources by stated choice experiments

In many coastal regions, oil spills can be considered as one of the most important and certainly the most noticeable forms of marine pollution. Efficient contingency management responding to oil spills on waters, which aims at minimizing pollution effects on coastal resources, turns out to be critically important. Such a decision making highly depends on the importance attributed to different coastal economic and ecological resources. Economic uses can, in principal, be addressed by standard measures such as value added. However, there is a missing of market in the real world for natural goods. Coastal resources such as waters and beach cannot be directly measured in money terms, which increases the risk of being neglected in a decision making process. This paper evaluates these natural goods of coastal environment in a hypothetical market by employing stated choice experiments. Oil spill management practice in German North Sea is used as an example. Results from a pilot survey show that during a combat process, beach and eider ducks are of key concerns for households. An environmental friendly combat option has to be a minor cost for households. Moreover, households with less children, higher monthly income and a membership of environmental organization are more likely to state that they are willing to pay for combat option to prevent coastal resources from an oil pollution. Despite that choice experiments require knowledge of designing questionnaire and statistical skills to deal with discrete choices and conducting a survey is time consumed, the results have important implications for oil spill contingency management. Overall, such a stated preference method can offer useful information for decision makers to consider coastal resources into a decision making process and can further contribute to finding a cost-effective oil preventive measure, also has a wide application potential in the field of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM).     

Limitations of 1992CLC/FC and enactment of the Special Law on M/V Hebei Spirit incident in Korea

Since the adoption of the 1969CLC and the 1971FC, the international oil-spill compensation regime has improved compensation for loss and damage caused by tanker oil spills. However, this regime has inherent limitations, such as protracted compensation payments and controversies over the scope and type of economic losses, including environmental damages, and the cost of environmental restoration. Therefore, given large oil-spill incidents, such as the Erika, Prestige, and Hebei Spirit, each government, respectively, has addressed compensation by enacting special laws or establishing domestic programs. This article contains a historical and legal analysis of the Hebei Spirit incident and discusses the limitations and necessary improvements to the international oil-spill compensation regime.     

基于GA-WNN的极化SAR海洋溢油检测方法研究

海洋溢油对海洋生态和人类生活带来严重的影响。由于合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)具有全天时全天候的工作能力,在海洋溢油检测中发挥重要作用。目前,极化SAR是SAR探测技术的先进手段。本文利用6个极化特征进行溢油检测,通过对比分析这些特征对不同溢油的检测能力,得出单一极化特征在溢油检测中存在不足。通过J-M特征优选方法,提取出溢油检测识别度较高的特征影像,并利用遗传算法优化的小波神经网络(Genetic Algorithm-Wavelet Neural Network,GA-WNN)进行溢油检测。利用2套Radarsat-2全极化数据进行了方法验证,结果表明,该方法优于其他检测方法,溢油检测精度分别达到90.31%和95.42%。     

Temperature and salinity effects in modeling the trajectory of the 2011 Penglai 19-3 oil spill

In this paper, two hydrodynamic models were developed using Delft3D and were then applied to the 2011 Penglai 19-3 accident in the Chinese Bohai Sea. One model includes constant temperature and salinity, while the other model utilizes variable temperature and salinity. The two models both simulate currents fields in the Bohai Sea and utilize wind data from the National Meteorological Service of Germany (DWD) to calculate the drift of spilled oil. The hydrodynamic simulation results are consistent with the results of previous studies. We subsequently predict the surface oil trajectories of the Penglai 19-3 oil spill based on the two models, respectively. Comparing the oil-spill simulation results with remote sensing information, we show that the model with variable temperature and salinity exhibits a better fit with the actual observations. Temperature and salinity were two important factors that influenced the movement of spilled oil on the sea surface. According to the result of the variable thermohaline model, most of the oil particles spread northwest and a small portion spreads southeast to the Chinese Bohai Strait. We conclude that density currents should be considered in future oil-spill studies to generate more realistic results.     

基于模糊综合评判的海洋溢油污染评估模型研究

在分析总结相关研究成果的基础上,利用模糊综合评估方法,对溢油污染程度相关影响因素进行深入分析研究,对溢油污染程度评估指标体系进行改进和完善,提出溢油量和离岸距离两个影响因子新的隶属度函数,构建新的海域敏感区隶属度子集表并计算各指标的权重。最后,应用此模型对2002年渤海绥中36-1油田中心平台溢油事故进行评估,结果显示污染程度评估等级有明显提高,以期为海洋溢油污染评估提供科学依据,并通过提高污染评估等级引起人们对海洋环境的重视。     

Oil-spill fishery impact assessment model: Application to selected Georges Bank fish species

An oil-spill fishery impact assessment model composed of an oil-spill fates model, a shelf hydrodynamics model, an ichthyoplankton transport and fate model, and a fishery population model originally developed by Reed & Spaulding, has been improved and applied to the Georges Bank-Gulf of Maine region to assess the probable impact of oil spills on several key fisheries. The model addresses direct impacts of oil on the commercial fishery through hydrocarbon-induced egg and larval mortality. This early life stage hydrocarbon-induced mortality is estimated by assuming a toxicity threshold approach and by mapping the spatial/temporal interaction between the subsurface oil concentrations caused by the spill and the developing eggs and larvae. Model output is given in terms of differential catch, with a comparison made of hydrocarbon-impacted fisheries.Simulations of tanker and blowout spills at two separate locations for each season of the year in the Outer Continental Shelf lease areas have been completed for Atlantic herring, haddock, and Atlantic cod. Results to date suggest a complex interaction among spill location and timing, the spatial and temporal spawning distribution of the species, and the hydrodynamics of the area. The largest impacts occur for spring and winter spills.     

董家口港溢油漂移数值模拟

采用油粒子模式,以原油为溢油油种,在模拟潮流的基础上分别预测了董家口30万t码头航道溢油油膜在静风、西北风和不利风向3种情况下的油膜动态漂移过程。对溢油油膜漂移路径及扫海范围的模拟,可为码头溢油应急计划的制定提供一定的导向作用。     

舟山海域溢油行为与归宿

研究舟山海域溢油污染的问题,选用"油粒子"追踪模式,在潮流计算的基础上模拟了海上溢油动态.将海上溢油油膜离散为大量油粒子,每个油粒子代表一定油量,在表层海流和风的作用下漂移,而油膜的扩展则通过油粒子的随机走动来实现.本文以柴油为溢油油种,选择静风高潮时、低潮时和不利风向情况下的低潮时作为溢油初始时间,对溢油漂移路径及扫海范围进行了预测.     

基于多核SVM决策融合模型的海面原油多光谱遥感检测研究

海面溢油事故发生后需要进行精准的溢油检测,从而为溢油事故现场应急响应与海面污染的快速有效处理提供支持。利用哨兵二号(Sentinel-2)多光谱遥感影像,基于最佳指数因子(OIF)构建光谱特征指数提取海面溢油光谱特征,基于灰度共生矩阵(GLCM)提取海面溢油纹理特征,利用巴氏距离法进行特征选择,构建海面溢油空谱特征数据集。提出了多核决策融合支持向量机(SVM)海面原油检测模型,对黄海4.27“交响乐号”油轮溢油事故开展检测研究。实验结果表明,在复杂水色背景下,经过筛选的最佳空谱特征数据集检测结果的总体精度可以达到89.25%,Kappa系数为0.854,F₁分数可达0.889;多核SVM决策融合后的总体精度可以达到90.26%,Kappa系数为0.866,F₁可达0.898,总体精度较单核提高了1.0%~8.2%,Kappa系数提高了0.013~0.122,F₁分数提高了0.009~0.097。实验结果表明,海面溢油检测模型具有较高的溢油检测精度和模型鲁棒性,适用于海面溢油检测研究。     

钦州湾溢油数值模块及其应用

本文应用水动力模型及溢油模块对代表性风况下钦州湾金鼓江的溢油事故进行情景模拟,且水动力模型结果与实测潮位和实测潮流吻合较好。低潮时发生溢油,不同风况下油粒子在5.5-8.5h后漂到金鼓江上游养殖区。高潮时发生溢油,油粒子在不同风况下漂移轨迹差别较大,例如无风时油粒子在钦州湾颈和三墩外海附近往复运动,而南风3.3m/s工况下油粒子将最终影响大榄坪港区的东南端。另外,高风速下不利风向会缩减油膜抵达敏感区的时间,同时风速越大,蒸发越快。因此风场对溢油模型有重要意义,今后将在精细化WRF模型基础上优化溢油模型并构建溢油决策系统,为地方经济发展和海洋环境保护提供科技支撑。     

The environmental management of oil tanker routes in UK waters

The recent Haven, Braer, Aegean Sea and Sea Empress incidents have highlighted the need for protective measures against the risks posed by the shipping industry to the UK coast. This is particularly the case in the vicinity of environmentally sensitive areas. The principal objectives of this paper are to investigate the state of environmental management of tanker traffic in the UK by putting the geography of shipping into its environmental context. Regional traffic levels, accident rates, oil spills, and their potential consequences upon the environment have been summarised via a risk assessment which also considers coastal sensitivity. An assessment of measures available at international level then sets the scene for a review of marine traffic management schemes in operation around the UK. The state of management and its approaches are also discussed and a number of recommendations put forward during marine conferences in the last welve months are considered.     

The Norwegian plan for integrated ecosystem-based management of the marine environment in the Norwegian Sea

A White Paper on a new integrated management plan for the Norwegian Sea was launched by the Norwegian government in May 2009. Following international guidelines for ecosystem-based management, the plan provides an overall framework for managing all human activities (mainly oil and gas industry, fishing, and shipping) in the area to ensure the continued production and function of the ecosystem. The plan is based on an assessment of the present and projected future impact of human activities and of the interactions between them, taking into account deficits in current knowledge of ecosystem state and dynamics. Areas of particular value in terms of biodiversity or biological production were identified. In each of these valuable areas, any access for substantial human activity is to be carefully managed. To monitor the overall development of the Norwegian Sea, a set of indicators with associated environmental quality objectives have been selected. The approach used builds upon experience gained from the first integrated Norwegian management plan for a marine area, the Barents Sea–Lofoten region, developed in 2002–2006. Work towards a Norwegian management plan for the North Sea, including Skagerrak, was initiated in 2009.     

On classification of sea surface oil films using TerraSAR-X satellite polarization data

The paper presents the results of applying a new polarization method proposed in [28] to identify the type of surface pollution and differentiate between mineral oil films (crude oil and its emulsion and petroleum products) and films of other origin in sea surface radar images. The method is based on calculation of the quantitative characteristics for the ratios of suppression or intensification of scattered radio signals of different physical nature, viz., caused by capillary ripples several centimeters long, or wave breaking. TerraSAR-X satellite coaxial-polarized (VV/HH) SAR images are used. The data for analysis have been collected in areas where spots and slicks of known origin regularly occur, such as oil spills and natural oil seeps in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caspian Sea, and biogenic films in the Caspian Sea. The results of analyzing radar images from the TerraSAR-X satellite with controlled experimental oil emulsion spills in the North Sea are used for comparison. Based on the analysis of ten TerraSAR-X radar polarization images with surface sensing angles greater than 30°, it is shown that this method makes it possible to distinguish between oil spills and slicks formed by natural oil seeps and biogenic films with an accuracy higher than 80% regardless of the observation area.     

海洋石油平台溢油风险评价研究

通过层次分析法,系统分析了我国钻井平台及生产平台的溢油风险因子,初步建立了该类设施的溢油风险评价指标体系,并运用多级模糊综合评级模型对目标设施的溢油风险进行综合评价。利用该评价方法对渤海某一钻井平台进行溢油风险分析,结果表明该平台溢油风险等级较低,风险因子中海区环境及平台疲劳老化程度的风险相对突出。该评价方法可及时判断目标设施的溢油风险等级,为减少、预防各类平台溢油事故提供技术支持。     

Polarimetric radars and polarimetric SAR data in tasks of detection and identification of marine oil pollution

Detecting and distinguishing different kinds of oil pollution, including spills of crude oil on the sea surface, is one important problem of modern remote sensing. The wide use of imaging radars is not always effective. In this review paper, the main principles and methods of polarization radar imaging and radar data processing are discussed based on present theoretical and experimental approaches and ideas. The efficiency of polarimetric methods for oil-spill detection and accurate identification on the sea surface is demonstrated as well. As is shown, modern methods of multipolarimetric radar-signal processing is a powerful means for improving oil-pollution detection and discrimination algorithms.     

渤海海域溢油应急预测预警系统研究Ⅱ. 系统可视化及业务化应用

本系统基于.NET平台,采用C#作为开发语言,对ArcEngine 9.3进行二次开发,融.NET平台的可移植性与ArcEngine 9.3的可视化和空间显示分析功能于一体,实现了溢油行为与归宿预测模块与GIS平台的统一。把溢油漂移的计算结果与地理信息系统等平台相结合,建立了渤海海域应急预测预警系统。也集成了环境敏感资源信息数据库、应急设备、队伍信息数据库和溢油漂移模型,为溢油应急提供溢油敏感资源及应急资源的日常管理,实现溢油漂移预测结果与敏感资源图的叠加耦合,达到对环境敏感资源的快速预警,形成了溢油敏感资源及应急资源管理系统。作为该系统研制中的第二部分,主要介绍了系统的可视化、系统的预报流程、系统案例验证以及业务化应用的研究工作。     

渤海海域多源遥感溢油风险评价与长序监测

渤海海域溢油事件频发,所以进行海洋溢油风险时空特征分析,对于开展卫星遥感溢油精确监测具有重要意义.作者采用多源高分辨率卫星遥感数据,提取渤海海域船舶及石油平台两类主要溢油风险源分布状况,结合2015—2020年间渤海海域海上溢油卫星遥感监测结果,分析多种传感器下不同类型溢油的成像特征,通过溢油风险源核密度分析方法,获得...     

基于信息熵的溢油对天然渔业可持续承载力损害的评估

作者基于信息熵理论,以溢油事故对海洋天然渔业损害为切入点探讨海洋生态系统可持续承载力损害评估方法。论文从生态系统状态、功能、污染、修复等4个方面构建了熵流和熵产生指标体系,以"塔斯曼海"轮溢油事故为例进行计算和评估,结果表明:溢油使海洋生态系统的价值产出能力下降94.7%、总的承载力下降194.9%,溢油治理的效果小于溢油对生态承载力的损害。本评价是现有溢油生态损害评价的补充,可为长期生态损害评估、生态修复和环境管理决策提供科学依据。     

Integrating economy, ecology and uncertainty in an oil-spill DSS: The Prestige accident in Spain, 2002

Major accidental oil spills still affect sensitive marine areas and shorelines around the world, constituting a challenge for operational as well as strategic contingency management. As a rationale basis for addressing both issues we here propose a Decision Support System (DSS) consisting of a combination of modelling and evaluation methods which in particular assesses various impacts on habitats and local economies. By integrating the state-of-the-art oil spill contingency simulation system OSCAR with wind and current forecasts, environmental GIS data and multi-criteria analysis techniques, the DSS is able to rank different response actions to a chemical or oil spill. In this study, the usefulness of the approach is tested by hindcasting the Prestige accident off the coast of Spain in 2002. In particular, the short- to mid-term economic and ecological consequences of different mitigation measures are estimated. We identified clearly one worst option matching the actual decision taken by the responsible parties and one or two almost equally well performing routes. Two procedures of including uncertainty at various stages of the DSS are tested. The first method averages ensembles of outcomes between each modelling/evaluation stage, while the second one preserves the entire degree of freedom till the final ranking procedure. Results in the Prestige case turned out to be rather insensitive against both ways to account for uncertainties. The robustness as well as clarity of the DSS has the potential to enhance the efficiency of decision making even in politically sensitive situations. Limitations as well as ongoing improvements of the system are highlighted, in particular emphasizing linkages to environmental economics.