复合采动影响下边坡岩体变形机制的数值分析

在各类矿产资源的开采过程中,有许多矿区属地下与露天复合开采情况。依据采区的空间对应关系,两种采动影响域中的一部分相互重叠,致使其采动效应相互作用和相互叠加,从而组成一个复合动态系统,因此,边坡岩体变形机理更加复杂,与单一露天开采相比有较大的差异。然而,过去在处理此类问题时近似地按单一露天采动影响下的分析方法,结果与实际情况有一定差异。     

露天采矿活动对矿区土地资源影响因素分析

矿产资源开发在促进地方经济快速发展的同时也对区域土地资源带来严重影响。基于对甘肃敦煌某花岗岩矿开采状况实地调研,利用灰熵理论和主成分分析法分析了露天采矿对土地资源破坏主要影响因素及其关联度,建立了以主要影响因素为参数的矿山开采对土地资源影响预估模型。结果表明：采坑对矿区内土地资源影响最为显著,矿堆和矿渣堆的影响接近且较为显著,剥离表土堆和矿区内建筑物的影响接近且较小,矿山道路的影响最小;矿山资源开采过程中应严格控制采坑开挖面积,并制定合理的开挖方案;基于露天采矿挖损和压占土地的主要影响因素建立了露天采矿对土地资源影响预估模型,其可为预测和评价类似地区采矿活动对土地资源影响提供借鉴。     

Mining Method Selection and Optimization for Hanging-Wall Ore-Body at Yanqianshan Iron Mine,China

In order to smooth ore production during the transition from open pit to underground mining at Yanqianshan Iron Mine, China, it is necessary to select an appropriate mining method to operate simultaneously open-pit mining and underground mining for inner-slope (hanging-wall) ore-body. Based on practical geologic setting of the hanging-wall ore-body, a comprehensive evaluation model for selecting the underground mining method to extract handing-wall ore-body was proposed, which is constituted by 3 sub-systems of safety factors, production factors and technical–economic factors. This evaluation model could be analyzed by the mutation progression method, which based on catastrophe theory and fuzzy mathematics. In addition, the FLAC^3D is employed to simulate the mining process of hanging-wall ore-body, and finally the optimal mining scheme is determined. By using mutation progression analysis and numerical modeling, some useful conclusions for hanging-wall ore-body mining have been drawn, which will be beneficial to mining safety during transitional period from open-pit to underground mining.     

露天采矿活动对矿区土地资源影响因素分析

矿产资源开发在促进地方经济快速发展的同时也对区域土地资源带来严重影响.基于对甘肃敦煌某花岗岩矿开采状况实地调研,利用灰熵理论和主成分分析法分析了露天采矿对土地资源破坏主要影响因素及其关联度,建立了以主要影响因素为参数的矿山开采对土地资源影响预估模型.结果表明:采坑对矿区内土地资源影响最为显著,矿堆和矿渣堆的影响接近且较...     

矿山复合采动效应的时空属性

在各类矿产资源的开采过程中,有许多矿区属于地下与露天复合开采情况,依据采区的空间对应关系,两种采动影响域中的一部分相互重叠,致使其采动汀互作用和相互叠加,从而组成一个复合动态系统,本文在理论与实例分析的基础上,研究地下与露天复合采动体系中岩体的变形机理及其不同时序开挖间的影响特点的记忆关系与空间变化特征,并在此基础上总结出矿山复合开挖岩体变形特点与规律性。     

Geotechnical applications in open pit mining

Detailed geotechnical data is often a major unknown factor in open pit design and mining, the lack of which constitutes a significant risk in any mining venture. As geotechnical data is accumulated so the risk of unforeseen conditions reduces, and so safety and productivity can be increased. Previously, most geotechnical work undertaken at open pit mines has focused on the slopes. The work done at Sandsloot open pit situated on the northern limb of the Bushveld Complex, 250 km north east of Johannesburg, however, has involved using geotechnical data for production, as well as slope stability benefits. Solutions to production problems encountered in a rapidly developing open pit are best formulated once some geotechnical control at the pit has been attained. At Sandsloot open pit this was achieved by delineation of geotechnical design zones from a detailed face mapping and drilling programme. Optimum design parameters then were assigned to these zones and geotechnically related problems assessed. This allowed slope management programmes to be initiated, as well as slope optimization of the hangingwall. The latter resulted in an improved slope configuration and an increase in the ultimate angle of the wall by 7°. This resulted in substantial savings, as well as an improvement in safety. In addition, the zones can be used for planning, costing and pit scheduling. The methods have proved successful in optimizing blast fragmentation and thereby loading, crushing and milling rates; in reducing secondary blasting and improving floor conditions; and in reducing drilling, blasting and comminution costs.     

井工开采对露天矿边坡稳定性影响的试验研究

露天边坡的稳定性是关乎矿山安全生产的重要因素之一。以安家岭露天煤矿29211工作面开采为例,采用相似材料模型试验研究方法,研究井工开采对露天矿边坡变形破裂过程的影响。试验结果表明：29211采面的推进使得上覆岩层发生垮落和下沉变形,形成“拱式”结构,对边坡产生较大的水平推力作用,导致边坡向临空面方向发生较大的水平位移,同时也造成了边坡不同程度的拉裂和沉降变形;当29211工作面推进至合理停采线2时,边坡岩体内出现局部裂缝,推进至设计停采线时,边坡岩体内裂缝已逐渐形成并贯通至坡底,因此,29211工作面推进至合理停采线2时为适宜停采位置;29211工作面开采完毕后工作面中部正上方沉降量最大,边坡岩体最大下沉量约为8 m,边坡体内裂缝逐渐贯通,有被挤出的趋势。研究结果对露天矿现场开采安全提供理论指导。     

Determination of optimum cutoff grade with considering dilution

In open pit mining, cutoff grade is one of the most important factors in production planning, which is simply defined as a grade that discriminates between ore and waste. It is also a sensitive parameter can have a major impact on the net present value and cash flow of the projects. On the other hand, dilution is one of the most important and sensitive parameters in the mining projects, which is closely related to the cutoff grade. Choosing the optimum cutoff grade is of considerable importance, since it has a significant impact on the mining operations. One of the most popular algorithms for determination of the optimum cutoff grade is the Lane’s algorithm. But in the Lane’s algorithm, mining dilution and its cost is not considered during the cutoff grade optimization. In this paper, effects of dilution on the cutoff grade are studied using Lane’s theory. Dilution and its cost is inserted directly into cutoff grade optimization process. The cutoff grades obtained using suggested method will be more realistic rather than ones by using the original form of the Lane’s formulation. Results of the study showed that with an increase of dilution, average grade decreases and consequently the cutoff grade increases. As a result of dilution, the quantity Q _m increases and the quantities Q _c and Q _r decrease. Therefore, the annual profit and NPV of project is very significantly reduced.     

河北省主要矿区关闭煤矿资源再利用模式探讨

关闭煤矿资源评价与利用,具有资源、环境双重效益,可为煤矿企业提供一条转型发展路径。在河北省主要矿区关闭煤矿资源调查工作的基础上,通过对国内外关闭煤矿资源再利用典型案例的总结,重点归纳了河北省关闭煤矿农林用地、建设用地、塌陷水域综合利用、矿山公园模式、关闭煤矿资源综合利用、矸石山利用、井下空间利用等7类19种资源再利用推荐模式,分析了推荐模式选择因素,划分了资源类型。依据矿山地质环境影响程度、问题类型及矿山区位差异,按照推荐模式选择原则,提出适合不同关闭煤矿山资源利用模式。综合考虑关闭煤矿背景条件和资源开发利用条件,对河北省主要矿区118个关闭煤矿提出了资源再利用途径。在相关研究基础上,针对河北省主要矿区关闭煤矿资源再利用存在的支撑条件不足、安全评价、支撑政策和管理办法欠缺、资源调查评价与利用技术指南欠缺等现实问题,提出了资源利用典型项目建设、及时掌握关闭煤矿综合信息、构建关闭煤矿资源调查与评价技术指南、开展相关治理工程做好资源利用统筹工作、加强科技投入和关键技术研发、树立矿井全生命周期理念并重视矿业资产的后周期管理及完善闭坑管理等建议,以期选择生态敏感性较弱、资源丰富、区位条件优越、符合当地经济社会发展需求、便于协调开发利用的关闭煤矿作为重点研究对象,开展资源综合利用工业性试验和示范工程,系统构建关闭煤矿资源评价体系,实现关闭煤矿资源利用与生态保护协同发展。      

Spoil pile instabilities with reference to a strip coal mine in Turkey: mechanisms and assessment of deformations

With the increasing adoption of the surface mining of coal, problems associated with spoil pile instability, which affects resource recovery, mining cost, and safety and presents environmental hazards, have become a matter of prime concern to mine planners and operators. The study of geotechnical aspects is thus very important in the rational planning for the disposal, reclamation, treatment and utilization of spoil material. A strip coal mine, one of the largest open pit mines in Turkey, is located in Central Anatolia and provides coal to a thermal power station. Coal production is carried out in two adjacent open pits, the Central Pit and South Pit. A large-scale spoil pile instability over an area of 0.3 km² occurred within the dumping area of the Central pit. In addition, small-scale movement occurred in the outside dumping area. This paper outlines the results of field and laboratory investigations to describe the mechanisms of the spoil pile instabilities and to assess deformations monitored over a long period following the failure. Shear test results indicate that the interface between the floor and spoil material dumped by dragline has a negligible cohesion and is the most critical plane of weakness for spoil pile instability. Back analyses based on the method of limit equilibrium and the numerical modelling technique, and observations in the pit revealed that failure occurred along a combined sliding surface consisting of a circular surface through the spoil material itself and a planar surface passing along the interface between the spoil piles and floor. The analyses also indicated that pore water pressure ratios of about 0.25 satisfy limiting equilibrium condition and that rainfall about one month before the failure may be a contributing factor to the instability. Movement monitoring data obtained following the failure over a 1.5-year period suggested that the ongoing deformations were mainly due to compaction of the spoil material. Based on the monitoring data and the results of the analyses, the failure mode of the local instability occurring at the outside dumping area was considerably similar to that of the large instability.     

露天矿边坡自动监测系统的开发与应用

测量机器人(即自动电子全站仪)固然可以对露天矿边坡进行自动化(或半自动化)外部形变监测。但测量机器人设站处(监测基点)的稳定性对监测精度的影响非常大。并且当测量视线被遮挡后测量机器人将无法监测相应的形变点。为了解决上述问题,笔者及科研组将GPS技术与测量机器人技术有机结合,开发出了露天矿边坡智能可动式自动监测系统。该系统彻底解决了监测基站不稳定对监测结果的影响问题,使监测的程序得以简化、监测的固定性投资成本得以降低。文章介绍了露天矿边坡智能可动式自动监测系统的结构、工作原理,给出了监测实例。以实际监测数据为依据,提出了露天矿边坡预警的基本准则。     

Hazard degree identification and coupling analysis of the influencing factors on goafs

In China, there are a large number of mined-out area which bring a great hidden danger to the mine enterprise’s safety production and people’s life and property. Therefore, the stability evaluation and the mechanism analysis of goafs have become a hot issue in the study on sustainable development of mining industry. To solve the complexity, concealment, and uncertainty of goaf influencing factors, 14 factors, i.e., rock mass structure, goaf span, exposed area, and so on, were selected as the evaluation indexes according to an iron ore. Then, the hazard evaluation model of goaf was established by using the information entropy and the unascertained measurement (UM) theory to identify the hazard degree, and the hazard importance degree index was put forward by changing the influencing factors and its index value to quantitatively analyze the coupling degree of influencing factors. This paper takes the BFZ-8 goaf as an example to evaluate and analyze the goaf stability. The results show that the evaluation model about UM and the experimental schemes are feasible and practicability, and the UM evaluation grades are consistent with the fuzzy evaluation grades and the actual risk grades in the case of multi-factor coupling. And the experimental results quantitatively reflect the coupling degree of the influencing factors by comparing the relative change rate of the importance degree, and the coupling results are consistent with the actual situation. So, the method can guide the production safety of mine, protect life and property safety of miners, and provide technical support and a new method for hazard degree identification of the goaf.     

地下与露天复合采动影响下边坡岩体稳定性评价方法的研究

矿产资源的开采, 有些是按地下与露天复合开采方式进行。依据采区的空间对应关系, 两种采动影响域中的一部分相互重叠, 导致采动效应相互作用和相互叠加, 从而组成一个复合动态系统, 因此边坡岩体变形机理更加复杂, 与单一露天开采相比有较大的差异;然而, 过去在处理此类问题时近似地应用单一露天采动影响下的分析方法, 结果与实际情况存在一定差异;本文在理论分析的基础上, 推导出边坡稳定性的评价方法, 为此类矿山后续采矿设计及安全生产提供科学依据。     

紫金山金-铜矿露天采矿场地下不明空区的地质雷达探测

采用先进的地球物理技术探明露天采矿场地下不明空区的分布情况,准确确定其平面分布范围、顶面埋深及空间高度,对保障露天采矿作业的安全进行、预防突发性事故的发生具有十分重要的意义。运用地质雷达对福建紫金山金铜矿露天采矿场地下不明空区进行探测,在两个不同探测区块共完成18条探测剖面,剖面线总长近4km;经处理后的实测地质雷达剖面具有高清晰度、高分辨率,能准确反映地下各种不同规模的不明采空区的属性、平面位置、顶板埋藏深度、空区大致高度;地质雷达探测共查明较大空区异常55个。采用50MHz天线的地质雷达系统在该露采场的有效探测深度可以达40m以上。在露天采矿场,地质雷达探测受矿区地形条件及环境影响很小,可直接在岩（矿）石表面进行,不受第四系覆盖层对雷达波衰减吸收的影响。因此,地质雷达非常适应露天采矿场地下采空区的探测及定位。     

基于BIM的基坑工程自动化监测平台研发

考虑到基坑工程施工过程监测的问题与难点,将项目信息门户（Project Information Portal,PIP）,建筑信息模型（Building Information Modeling,BIM）和物联网（Internet of Things,IOT）三大信息技术与基坑工程相结合,形成一套适合于基坑工程特点的基坑工程自动化监测系统以及管理平台。通过平台,实现基坑模型从参数化建模、模拟仿真到基坑监测的全过程、整个生命周期、各个生产要素之间信息化的动态可视化过程。通过建立起的三维BIM模型可方便、快捷地监测基坑,确保基坑开挖、支护过程及周边环境的安全,并且使基坑工程经济效益最大化。      

Numerical modeling of groundwater inflow from a confined aquifer into Sangan open pit mine,northeast Iran

Numerical models are useful in the evaluation of the interaction between groundwater systems and mining activities. They can be successfully used to predict the quantity of inflow into open pits and to design an appropriate dewatering system. In this paper, a two-dimensional axi-symmetric finite element model called SEEP/W has been used to predict the groundwater inflow into Sangan open pit mine (anomaly north C). The Sangan iron mine is located at 280 km south-east of Mashhad, Iran, in arid and warm climate conditions wherein precipitation is generally limited. The water inflow to the pit is mainly from a confined aquifer, mainly by horizontal flow in the upper layers and vertical flow at the pit bottom. The results of the numerical model of the ground water inflow are presented and compared with those obtained from Theis, Cooper-Jacob and Jacob-Lohman analytical solutions. Ground water inflow monitoring was also carried out in a trial excavation at the Sangan mine in order to calibrate the model. The model was then used to predict groundwater inflow into Sangan open pit mine during its advancement. This model provides valuable information for designing an appropriate dewatering system.     

蒙东地区露天矿边坡稳定性影响因子与敏感度分析

边坡稳定性对露天煤矿安全高效开采至关重要。在系统总结蒙东地区露天煤矿赋存条件的基础上,提出了该地区露天煤矿边坡的工程地质特征及稳定性影响关键因子。采用正交试验与极差分析法,对该地区露天煤矿边坡稳定性影响因子的敏感度进行了研究。研究结果表明:软弱结构面分布特征、软弱结构面强度及变形特征、地下水疏排效果和综合帮坡角是控制该地区露天煤矿边坡稳定性的关键因子;不同开采阶段边坡稳定性影响因子的敏感性会发生变化,边坡防治策略及重点也应相应调整。      

模糊评判在露天转地下矿山的矿房结构参数优化中的应用

模糊评判法能较好地解决方案选择的问题。本文针对石人沟铁矿露天转地下矿山过渡期开采期间,矿山地下开采带来的露天边坡、地下采场稳定性问题,通过数值模拟,得到地下第一中段开采时地下采场和边坡的应力、应变数值,并结合矿块的采切比、矿块回采率经济指标,运用模糊数学的方法,建立了考虑经济效益的稳定性模糊评判模型。通过合理确定评价指标的隶属度函数和利用二元排序法构造判断矩阵确定各评价指标的权重,对9种方案进行了综合评判,确定了最优方案,选出了合理的矿房结构参数,既可保证矿山的安全生产,又可保证矿山经济效益。     

Optimum Blasting? Is it Minimum Cost Per Broken Rock or Maximum Value Per Broken Rock?

In most mining operations the ore undergoes several processes such as drilling, blasting, loading, hauling, crushing, grinding and liberation to become the final salable product. Drilling and blasting is an important step in this process chain and it's results such as fragmentation, muckpile shape and looseness, dilution, damage and rock softening effect the efficiency of downstream processes. The value created per ton of broken ore is the difference between the price it commands when sold as the final product and the cost to produce it. Traditionally, the total process in the mining industry is classified into two groups as mining and milling. These are managed as separate cost centres inspite of the interdependency. Each process has a budget and production target and emphasis is usually on maximising production (tons) and minimising cost rather than the overall profitability of the whole business unit. The efficiency of each process is considered to be satisfactory as long as they are within budget and meet the production targets. The mine and mill managers usually try to optimise each process independently rather than the entire process. This paper discusses the potential pitfalls of decreasing the drilling and blasting cost per ton of broken rock without considering its impact on downstream processes. It introduces a holistic approach to blast optimisation by identifying and measuring the leverage that blast results have on different downstream processes and then optimising the blast design to achieve the results that maximise the overall profitability rather than just minimising the drilling and blasting costs. This paper demonstrates the benefits of such a holistic approach to blasting based on computer model simulations and field studies from metal and open cut coal mining.     

基坑空间效应影响区长度的探讨

基坑空间效应影响范围的确定对其支护方案的选择、施工方案的确定以及监测方案的设置具有较强的指导意义。通过对不同基坑空间效应计算模型的分析,基于新的三维滑楔体破坏模型,提出了空间效应影响区长度的计算公式。三种计算方法的比较分析表明,新的计算方法更全面的考虑了影响基坑空间效应的各种因素,计算过程较为简便,且计算结果能较好地符合监测结果。