乔治王岛地区原始土壤与母岩间化学组成的相互关系

与内生过程相比,表生过程具有显著的区域性特征。本文根据原始土壤与成土母岩间化学组成的相互关系,研究了极地条件下的风化成土过程。分析了乔治王岛土壤中化学元素的原始来源、生物作用及人为影响,推断了原始环境中元素的迁移特征,讨论了极地条件下成土母岩与原始土壤间化学元素丰度的相互关系。     

岱海湖心沉积物分析及其600年来环境演变

本文通过对岱海湖心2号钻孔剖面沉积物的牯土矿物分析、化学元素分析、有机质含量分析、孢粉分析、介形类及其附近地区历史文献资料分析．研究了该地区600年来环境演变的过程和各阶段的环境特征。     

大型土壤动物在沙漠生态系统物质循环中的作用研究

对腾格里沙漠生态系统大型土壤动物中化学元素含量特征与环境中元素含量关系比较和生物富集量在不同生境下的变化分析结果表明 :大型土壤动物中化学元素含量的大小排序为Mg >K >Fe >Ca >Zn >Na >Mn >Cu。对Mg、K、Fe的富集程度较高 ,对Mn、Cu的富集程度较低。不同动物类群对K、Mg、Fe、Na等元素富集程度的差异要小于对Cu、Mn、Zn等元素富集程度的差异。各生物群对各种化学元素均有较强的富集作用。在研究的几种生境中 ,大型土壤动物对化学元素的富集基本不受它们相互间在管理方式上不同而导致的环境因素差异的影响。化学元素生物富集量的计算表明 ,大型土壤动物在沙漠生态系统物质的转化作用中是很重要的。随人工固沙植被演替时间的延长 ,大型土壤动物对化学元素的生物富集量是呈提高趋势的     

塔克拉玛干沙漠优势植物化学成分特征

塔克拉玛干沙漠优势植物化学成分的若干特征与土壤盐分的性质相联系，对优势植物及植物群落的化学元素特征型、盐生植物类群的划分进行了讨论。在塔克拉玛干沙漠环境中，藜科植物占有一定优势、且含有较高的可溶性盐分和灰分，而海蓬子、盐节木、盐穗木是一类富含Ｎａ和Ｃｌ的植物，芦苇、小獐毛是富含ＳｉＯ＿２的植物。     

北极阿拉斯加巴罗湾湖沉积地球化学特征及其环境意义

本文研究了北极阿拉斯加巴罗Ｅｌｓｏｎ湖钻孔沉积岩芯中化学元素的分布及其集散规律；粘粒、有机质环境要素与化学元素分布的相关性，以此讨论了巴罗地区过去４５０年环境气候变化。结果表明，大约１７４０年以前，巴罗地区为低海面寒冷时期。从１８２７年左右起气候显著变暖，其中１８６０年前后和１９２５年前后，气温较高；１９３５年和１９６９年前后气温较低。该研究将为重建巴罗地区过去几百年气候环境变化历史，预测未来气候变化趋势提供环境地球化学基础     

辽南地区晚第三纪红色风化壳及更新世高海面问题探讨

以辽南地区石槽剖面与城山头剖面的红色风化壳为研究对象,利用X射线荧光光谱仪,对风化壳剖面样品进行分析。结果表明：剖面中各采样点样品的主要化学元素含量自剖面底部到顶部无规律性变化,显示了主要化学元素在风化过程中的地球化学行为较为一致,符合风化壳沉积类型特征;剖面的主要化学成分为SiO₂、Al₂O₃、Fe₂O₃,结合各采样点样品的主要化学元素含量及SiO₂/Al₂O₃及SiO₂/R₂O₃系数,可以认为这套红色风化壳应是在高温高湿的环境条件下风化作用的产物。通过与山东庙岛群岛风化壳的对比及风化壳厚度的计算,可以认为该套风化壳的形成时代应在上新世或更早。依据风化壳在滨海地区的残存高度可以推断,自第三纪晚期以来辽南地区最高海平面高度未超过今天的海平面高度。     

近500年来新疆巴里坤湖相沉积物地球化学元素的古气候意义

本文应用因子分析法对巴里坤湖相沉物的多种地球化学元素进行归纳和整理，得到反映气候状况的地球化学元素和氧化物类，表明沉积地层学特征同样具有显示古气候特征的同步变化现象。     

北极阿拉斯加巴罗湾Xi湖沉积地球化学特征及其环境意义

本文研究了北极阿拉斯加巴罗ＥｌｓｏｎＸｉ湖钻沉积岩芯中化学元素的分布及其集散规律，粘粒，有机质环境要素与化学元素分布的相关性，以此讨论了罗巴地区过去４５０年环境气候变化。结果表明，大约１７４０年以前，巴罗地区为低海面寒冷时期，从１８２７年左右起气候显著变暖，其中１８６０年前后和１９２５年前后，气温较高，１９３５年１９６９年前后气温较低。该研究将为重建巴罗地区过去几百年气候环境变化历史，预测未来气候     

东南极拉斯曼丘陵斯托尼斯半岛化学风化作用的初步研究

在低温环境下，拉斯曼丘陵斯托尼斯半岛表生环境具有微弱的化学风化作用。富集系数、富集分异系数等指标的分析表明，化学元素存在不同程度的富集、迁移。其中Ｃａ的迁移能力最强，Ｍｇ、Ｓｒ、Ｚｎ、Ｋ、Ｎａ等元素也均有较强的迁移能力，在不同粒级中各元素表现出不同的集散特征。风化壳硅铝率平均为５．７９，属弱风化类型，相对于母岩，风化壳中ＳｉＯ２、Ａｌ２Ｏ３均有一定淋失。化学风化作用具有由南向北增强趋势；剖面中具有中下层风化程度略高于表层的趋势。     

雅鲁藏布江山南宽谷段爬坡沙丘表层沉积物特征

为揭示雅鲁藏布江山南宽谷段爬坡沙丘的形成过程、物源及沉积学意义,对山南宽谷段朗赛岭爬坡沙丘进行断面采样,分析爬坡沙丘不同地貌部位沉积物的粒度和地球化学元素特征.结果表明:爬坡沙丘表层沉积物以细沙和中沙为主,河漫滩和阶地表现出明显的风水交互特点,迎风坡和背风坡则表现为明显的风成特点;不同地貌部位沉积物粒度特征不同,从河漫...     

北京大烂碴沟泥石流堆积扇的特征及其演变过程

北京山区由于山坡陡峻、构造发育、岩体破碎,加上气候条件,泥石流灾害的发生较为频繁.密云县是北京山区泥石流高发区,冯家峪镇则是密云县泥石流发生最多的区域.密云县冯家峪镇西白莲峪历史上发生多次泥石流,其流域自然地理条件复杂、泥石流堆积形态多样,大烂碴沟泥石流堆积扇具有一定的代表性.研究泥石流堆积特征及其演变过程,以期丰富北京山区泥石流基础资料,同时对完善泥石流灾害防治的危险区区划有所裨益.在收集当地泥石流发生历史资料的基础上,详细的调查了西白莲峪大烂碴沟的自然地理状况和泥石流堆积物的特点.大烂碴沟上游沟谷剖面呈"V"形,切割明显,地形坡度一般在32.以上,而下游沟谷剖面呈"U"形.从泥石流形成的年代和冲刷痕迹推测,"U"形沟谷为泥石流冲刷形成.整个流域成扇形,泥石流形成区面积为0.58 km2,流通区面积为0.09 km2.大烂碴沟流通区沟道极短,这样,形成区汇集洪水到达流通区后,严重冲刷沟谷坡脚,破坏基岩的稳定性,造成两岸岩石滑坡、崩塌和沟床岩石的整体性搬运,从而形成泥石流.流域出口处有泥石流扇形堆积体,砾石含量较多.采用野外调查和室内实验结合的方法对大烂碴沟泥石流的堆积物特点进行研究,具体如下:(1)地貌特征:采用野外量测与填图的方法,主要调查堆积扇的部位及其地形、沟道比降与宽度,堆积物外部形态等.(2)结构组成:主要有颗粒级配、岩性组成、砾石排列与分选性、堆积物的结构与构造特征,以及粒态、擦痕、砾石包裹情况,大漂砾粒径、堆积位置与排列等颗粒特征.砾石的调查通过在沟道内随机选取一定数量的砾石进行abc长度和倾向调查.以上参数通过现场观测、测量取得.选定泥石流堆积区典型部位Ⅰ和Ⅲ,通过挖圆形探坑,取出全部颗粒.将颗粒直径大于10 mm的大颗粒筛出,称重,将剩余颗粒1 kg左右带回实验室分析.粒度分析的主要方法为:平均粒径比中值能更正确地反映碎屑颗粒的集中趋势,按福克和沃德的平均粒径的表达式Mx:φ16 φ50 φ80/3判别碎屑颗粒的集中趋势;采用由福克和沃德提出的标准偏差σ=φ84-φ16/4 φ95-φ5/6.6判别颗粒大小的均匀程度;采用福,克和沃德的偏度公式:SK1=φ16 φ84 2φ50/2(φ84-φ16) φ5 φ95-2φ50/2(φ95-φ5)判别粒度分布的不对称程度;峰度是用来衡量粒度频率曲线尖锐程度的,也就是度量粒皮分布的中部与两尾端的展形之比,采用福克和沃德提'出的峰度公式KG=φ95-φ5 φ80/2.44(φ75-φ25)判别.在查阅历史资料和堆积物调查的基础上,本文对大烂碴沟泥石流堆积扇的发育和演变过程进行了分析.研究结果表明,该区泥石流堆积扇的形成受到初次水石流和二次粘性泥石流两种泥石流形成过程的影响,水石流形成堆积扇主体,粘性泥石流则起到显著改变堆积扇形态特征的作用.大烂碴沟泥石流堆积扇的演变过程和特征明显受到大烂碴主沟和西白莲峪主沟水流的影响.从外部特征来看,堆积扇可以分为Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ和Ⅳ四个区,其中Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ区表现为二次泥石流堆积特征,Ⅳ区表现为初次泥石流堆积特征.两次泥石流形成过程中固体物质的运动方式、搬运距离和侵蚀强度不同,其堆积扇在不同分区的沙砾粒径、排列方向和圆度也反映出两次泥石流的形成特征.该研究结果对今后进一步探讨北京山区泥石流形成机理和运动过程以及为北京山区泥石流防治制定有效措施提供了科学依据.     

Identification of geomorphic process units in Kärkevagge, northern Sweden, by remote sensing and digital terrain analysis

Sediment transport processes in the Kärkevagge are investigated concerning their spatial and temporal characteristics due to long–term monitoring. Within this study remote sensing techniques and GIS modelling in connection with geomorphic mapping are applied for identification and characterization of geomorphic process units. Relationships between geomorphometric parameters and slope processes like solifluction, talus creep and rockfall have been analysed. Multitemporal Landsat–TM5 scenes are used as source for landcover characteristics (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) after preprocessing involving orthorectification and topographic normalization in order to remove possible terrain–induced effects. Additionally, a digital elevation model with a resolution of 20 m for the Kärkevagge catchment is developed and parameters like slope gradient, slope aspect and profile curvature are extracted as input for the analysis of the sediment transport system. The combination of landcover information, geomorphometrical and topological features allows the definition of areas for single process activities. They show specific sediment displacement characteristics depending on material conditions, topological and geometrical features. Geomorphic process units, which show a homogenous composition, are extracted from these available layers.     

Identification of geomorphic process units in Kärkevagge, northern Sweden, by remote sensing and digital terrain analysis

Sediment transport processes in the Kärkevagge are investigated concerning their spatial and temporal characteristics due to long–term monitoring. Within this study remote sensing techniques and GIS modelling in connection with geomorphic mapping are applied for identification and characterization of geomorphic process units. Relationships between geomorphometric parameters and slope processes like solifluction, talus creep and rockfall have been analysed. Multitemporal Landsat–TM5 scenes are used as source for landcover characteristics (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) after preprocessing involving orthorectification and topographic normalization in order to remove possible terrain–induced effects. Additionally, a digital elevation model with a resolution of 20 m for the Kärkevagge catchment is developed and parameters like slope gradient, slope aspect and profile curvature are extracted as input for the analysis of the sediment transport system. The combination of landcover information, geomorphometrical and topological features allows the definition of areas for single process activities. They show specific sediment displacement characteristics depending on material conditions, topological and geometrical features. Geomorphic process units, which show a homogenous composition, are extracted from these available layers.     

Differential effect of neotectonic process on stream characteristics: a geomorphologic evaluation of the Meenachil River basin,Kerala, India

Morphotectonic characteristics of the Meenachil River and its major tributaries in Kerala, India, were evaluated to understand the effects of tectonic processes on stream characteristics. Parameters such as longitudinal profile, stream length-gradient index (SL index), SL anomaly index, and transverse topographic symmetry factor (T) were considered. Longitudinal profiles of all the rivers show convexity and knickpoints in the segments between the headwaters and middle reaches, and further follow smooth profiles. Anomalies in longitudinal profiles were confirmed by the relatively high SL indexes. The SL anomaly index categorizes stream segments based on the severity of anomalies. The T index indicates the differential effect of tectonic processes in the river basin and in channel characteristics by showing spatial variation in its magnitude and orientation. Variations in the SL index, SL anomaly index, and T index in rivers flowing through similar lithology confirm the influence of differential effects of tectonic processes over the stream and networks and the nonequilibrium condition of the Meenachil River basin as a single unit.     

Escapism. Yi-Fu Tuan; Transnationalism from Below. Michael Peter Smith and Luis Eduardo Guarnizo,editors; Race,Place, and the Law 1836-1948. David Delaney; Hurricane Andrew: Ethnicity,Gender, and the Sociology of Disasters. Walter Gillis Peacock,Betty Hearn Morrow,and Hugh Gladwin,editors

In the second half of the 20th century, considerable resources and efforts have been devoted to revitalizing American central cities. In these redevelopment processes, however, the common byproduct of physical upgrading is social upgrading, the displacement of many of the original residents, who are often low-income and minority, from their traditional neighborhoods. This article explores the various processes of physical and social upgrading—including locally driven urban renewal, private sector "blockbusting," and gentrification—occurring in late 20th century Houston, Texas. This research also examines the neighborhood characteristics and demographic patterns that influence the occurrence of specific upgrading processes. One location of particular interest in the study is Houston's historic African American community of Freedmen's Town, which has experienced decades of conflict over land and space. Most recently, Freedmen's Town has been at the focus of Houston's urban revival, where physical upgrading has been accompanied by the displacement of the community's traditional population and the destruction of this historic neighborhood.     

地理学视角的干旱传播概念、特征与影响因素研究进展

从地理学视角理解干旱传播时空维概念内涵,沿着“概念界定—特征量化—过程描述”这条主线全面揭示干旱传播特征、模式与机制及其研究现状,对于深刻理解干旱发展始终全过程中干旱演变过程与驱动因素具有重要的理论意义。论文首先从地理学时空完备性进行干旱传播概念界定;分析干旱传播的时空两维特征并归纳其研究思路与方法;探究干旱传播的主要影响因素;并归纳出基于“特征—过程—机制”的干旱传播研究框架与展望。通过梳理国内外文献并综述表明,干旱传播具有时空维概念与特征,其主要受下垫面因素(水系特征)、气候变化与人类活动(土地利用行为)控制。目前,干旱传播主要集中于干旱传播时间维度上的滞后性特征及传播概率研究,在探索其空间维度特征、演绎干旱传播过程并揭示其驱动机制方面尚有不足。揭示气象干旱、水文干旱、农业干旱至社会经济干旱形成与演变的过程机制和规律是干旱研究的重要内容,是制定高效的御旱抗旱措施的首要前提,从地理学视角揭示干旱传播概念内涵并探究其特征与过程机制应是干旱研究的题中要义。     

广东省花岗岩区侵蚀土壤类型及其防治对策

广东省花岗岩出露区面积大,不同侵蚀风化壳岩层为母质的土壤侵蚀过程和侵蚀类型区域差异明显,因此依据不同侵蚀土壤类型的特点进行治理显得十分必要.该省德庆县花岗岩风化壳土壤侵蚀非常严重.在对该地区花岗岩风化壳特性与侵蚀过程关系调查基础上,对花岗岩风化壳剖面分带特征及其物理化学垂直分异特点进行了分析,探讨了花岗岩区侵蚀土壤的发生机理,对花岗岩区主要侵蚀土壤类型、特点及其治理对策进行了讨论.     

Quantitative geomorphological analysis of drumlins in the Peterborough drumlin field,Ontario, Canada

Drumlins are enigmatic subglacial landforms that have been interpreted to form by a number of processes, including incremental accumulation of till, erosion of previously deposited sediment, catastrophic meltwater floods, and sediment deformation. However, relatively little is known about the controls on drumlin formation, such as spatially variable glacial processes or substrate characteristics, and how these controls may be identified from variations in drumlin morphology within a single drumlin field. This paper explores a computational method that allows identification of drumlins and extraction of their morphological characteristics from existing topographic digital data for a portion of the Peterborough drumlin field in Ontario, Canada. Spatial and non‐spatial analysis of the form and distribution of drumlins across the study area identifies drumlin characteristics such as size, elongation ratio, symmetry and long axis orientation and shows that drumlins are not randomly distributed across the region and their form characteristics have distinct regional trends. Kernel density analysis is used to identify the regional trends in drumlin characteristics. Factors that appear to influence the form and distribution of drumlins in the study area include sediment thickness, length of time beneath the ice, ice velocity and direction of ice movement. The distribution of particularly well developed asymmetric and elongate drumlins coincides with the location of a broad bedrock low and is interpreted to identify the former location of a fast‐flowing ice stream.     

REGIONAL VARIATIONS IN FLOW-DURATION CURVES FOR RIVERS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA,CANADA

The estimation of flow quantiles and the regionalization of hydrologic characteristics are two major foci of current hydrologic research. A flow-duration curve represents the annual flow-frequency characteristics of rivers by depicting the cumulative frequencies for average ranked flows in a river. Generally the process requires the empirical estimation of the mean flow at each of 365 ranks. A model requiring only five parameters is developed by combining the principles of order statistics and traditional flow-frequency analyses and is applied to flow-duration curves for rivers in the province of British Columbia, Canada. Results from the model may be interpreted both statistically and physically and allow the identification of hydrologically similar regions. Streamflows in British Columbia are generated from a number of distinct physical processes operating in highly diverse environments. The mixture of the streamflow-generating processes requires that the statistical model be capable of encompassing the different flow-frequency regimes. Identification of hydrologic regions also depends on the inclusion of these generating processes. The model presented incorporates the physical generating processes of streamflow in both the statistical representation of flow-duration curves and their interpretation. Similarly, the spatial model presents hydrologic regions that correspond to the known physical environment. [Key words: regionalization, hydrologic models, daily discharge, flow frequency, rivers, British Columbia.]     

南极乔治王岛菲尔德斯半岛冰缘地貌过程分析

根据定位重复测量、坑探、物探、人工灌水、地温资料和样品室内分析,作者讨论了菲尔德斯半岛石冰川、倒石堆、分选环、石花、流动性条纹土等冰缘地貌变化过程和沉积结构特征,论证了含盐量对电阻率和冰缘地貌物质迁移的影响,最后指出了本区冰缘研究的问题。