南极布兰斯菲尔德海峡沉积物的C_5～C_(15)烃类化合物

本文研究了南极布兰斯菲尔德海峡表层沉积物中Ｃ５－Ｃ１５烃类化合物的分布特征，其中包括正构烷烃、异构烷烃、环烷烃和芳烃化合物。所有试样中均含有大量的芳烃物苯、甲苯、二甲苯和三甲苯，其中甲苯占绝对优势，为总烃量的７５－８１％。对一些有机化合物进行了多元统计分析，如Ｑ和Ｒ模式系统聚类分析和主因子分析。Ｑ模式的最长距离法反映了９０１航次和首次南大洋样的差异。９０１航次样经旋转后三个因子的等值线趋向上，各站位间有着明显的差别，其中Ｇ－２７站均趋向极端值     

南极布兰斯菲尔德海峡表层沉积物干酪根

本文采用元素分析、红外光谱、扫描电镜和热解分析等手段研究南极布兰斯菲尔德海峡表层沉积物中干酪根的化学和物理性质。南极样干酪根的芳香度与Ｃ／Ｈ原子比呈线性关系。红外光谱特征表明，干酪根中含有大量苯和其同系物如甲苯、乙苯、１，２－二甲苯和１，４－二甲苯等化合物。南极样的热解烃最高仅１．８２×１０－３，总烃平均量０．８９×１０－３，反映了有机质的贫乏。     

南极布兰斯菲尔德海峡晚第四纪有孔虫埋藏群特征及其环境初探

分析了采自南极布兰斯菲尔德海峡海槽中ＰＣ１０孔（７５３ｃｍ长）的３９个样品，共鉴定有孔虫１４属２１种。有孔虫埋藏可分为硅质壳、钙质壳和混合壳组合。硅质壳组合代表正常的深海沉积环境，反映了相对弱的海底水动力条件；钙质壳组合是浊流沉积的产物，反映了很强的海底水动力条件；混合壳组合则代表趋于正常的深海沉积环境，反映了由强渐弱的海底水动力条件。晚第四纪以来，本区经历了暖－冷－暖的气候变化过程。     

晚更新世以来布兰斯菲尔德海峡冰－海沉积特征

综合分析和研究了采自布兰斯菲尔德海峡主体海槽中ＰＣ１０孔（７５３ｃｍ长）的全部室内外资料：岩芯、粒度特征、矿物组分、生物尸体群和年代学等，指出了整个岩芯柱代表了区内１１２．５ｋａ以来冰－海环境的沉积。沉积作用包括生物硅质沉积，火山碎屑沉积和浊流沉积等。其中生物硅质沉积作用，不论在高水位／间冰期或低水位／冰期均占主导地位，不同的是低水位／冰期沉积物中陆源碎屑物含量低且矿物成分和岩屑成分较单一，而高水位／间冰期则相反，且前者沉积速率低于后一时期，这一沉积特点与中低纬度情况有所不同     

软钾镁矾复盐的热行为研究

通过对合成软钾镁矾（Ｋ２ＳＯ４·ＭｇＳＯ４·６Ｈ２Ｏ）的热分析研究，由软钾镁矾的ＴＧ、ＤＳＣ确定了脱水和分解温度，结合恒温热失重实验给出了脱水过程的热化学反应方程式及其产物的Ｘ－ｒａｙ粉末衍射结果，并得到了各脱水阶段的有关热化学反应的动力学参数ｎ、ｌｏｇＫ０和Ｅ．     

楚科奇海和白令海沉积地层中甾醇的物源组成及其周边气候效应

楚科奇海 C-8短柱沉积样中检出甾醇化合物碳数 C_(27)、C_(28)、C_(29)和C_(30)双键位置在5-和5,22-及22,24-的甾醇;白令海 B2-9短柱沉积样中检出甾醇化合物碳数 C27、C28和 C29双键位置在5-和5,22-及22-的甾醇。从两个海域的甾醇组合特征来看,主要来自陆源碎屑物质以及海洋硅质生物自生源组成。研究还表明楚科奇海和白令海沉积地层(2-0cm)中甾醇异常记录对应时间段约20世纪80年代-90年代未,保存着北极增暖的信号,这是北极海域生态环境对周边气候变化作出的响应。     

Sources of organic matter for bacteria in sediments of Lake Rotsee,Switzerland

Determination of carbon sources and microbial activity in lake sediment is important for understanding organic carbon preservation and methane production. This study aimed to determine the organic carbon sources and microbial activity over the last 140 years in sediments of methanotrophic Lake Rotsee (Switzerland). We investigated phospholipid-derived fatty acid biomarkers and their stable carbon isotope signatures in the sediments of this eutrophic lake. Strong bacterial activity in the sediment deposited during the 1920s–1960s could account for the relatively low ratio of long-chain to short-chain fatty acid ((C24 + C26 + C28)/(C14 + C16 + C18), TAR_FA) values, which is consistent with low TOC/TN ratios in the sediment deposited during that interval. The carbon stable isotope records, both bulk and compound-specific, showed greater values at such times, although the offset between the bulk and fatty acids decreased. This implies that the microbial community residing at sediment depths deposited in the 1960s preferentially utilised the compounds derived from the enhanced surface-water productivity at that time. This observation contrasts with data from the depth intervals before and after, when a major portion of the labile organic matter was derived from methane-sourced production. In sediments deposited before ca. 1964, the overall very low fatty acid δ¹³C values suggest that labile carbon was primarily derived from methanotrophs.     

不同岩性盐湖沉积物中挥发性有机质的特征

本研究通过不同岩性盐湖沉积物中C/N值，确定其有机质的来源均为藻类，然后采用气相色谱-离子迁移谱（GC-IMS）联用技术对不同岩性盐湖沉积物中的挥发性有机质进行了研究。结果显示不同岩性沉积物的挥发性有机质虽然来源相同，但是其种类和含量存在显著差异。在砂岩沉积物中，检测出16种挥发性有机质，而石盐中共检测出30种挥发性有机质。其砂岩样品中未检测出酯类化合物，而检测出的醛类、酮类、醇类以及呋喃类化合物的含量均比石盐中的含量要小，硫化物的含量与石盐中的含量差距较小，但砂岩中酸类物质的含量比石盐中高。这可能是由于在不同沉积时期，湖泊中生产有机质的藻类物质的种类和含量的不同，以及在早期成岩过程中沉积环境对有机质的保存和降解不同所造成的。本文为下一步深入研究挥发性有机质在盐湖沉积物中的地质意义提供了理论指导。     

Implications of diverse sedimentation patterns in Hala Lake, Qinghai Province, China for reconstructing Late Quaternary climate

Hala Lake is located in the Qilian Mountains, Qinghai Province, China, at 4,078?m a.s.l. Its sediments contain an archive of climate and hydrologic changes during the Late Quaternary, as it is located close to the area influenced by the East-Asian summer monsoon and westerly-driven air masses. Sedimentation patterns and depositional conditions within the lake were investigated using eight sediment cores from different water depths, and this information was used to evaluate the feasibility of using a single core to reconstruct past climate and hydrological conditions. Long core H7, from the center of the lake (65?m water depth) and core H8 from a western, near-shore location (20?m water depth), were compared in detail using sediment composition and geochemical data (X-ray fluorescence, loss-on-ignition and CNS analysis). Age models were constructed using 17 AMS radiocarbon dates and indicate negligible reservoir error for sediments from the lake center and?~1,000?year errors for the near-shore sediment core. Cores H1?CH5 and HHLS21-1 revealed a sediment succession from sand and silty clay to laminated clay on the southern side of the lake. Undisturbed, finely laminated sediments were found at water depths???15?m. Core H5 (2.5?m long), from 31?m water depth, yielded abundant green algal mats mixed with clayey lake deposits and was difficult to interpret. Algae occurred between 25 and 32?m water depth and influenced the dissolved oxygen content of the stratified lake. Comparison of cores H7 and H8 yielded prominent mismatches for different time periods, which may, in part, be attributed to internal lacustrine processes, independent of climate influence. We thus conclude that data from a single sediment core may lead to different climate inferences. Common shifts among proxy data, however, showed that major climate shifts, of regional to global significance, can be tracked and allow reconstruction of lake level changes over the last 24,000?years. Results indicate advance of glaciers into the lake basin during the LGM, at which time the lake experienced lowest levels, 25?C50?m below present stage. Stepwise refilling began at ca. 16 kyr BP and reached the ?25?m level during the B?lling/Aller?d warm phase, ca. 13.5 kyr BP. A desiccation episode falls within the Younger Dryas, followed by a substantial lake level rise during the first millennium of the Holocene, a result of climate warming, which promoted glacier melt. By ca. 7.6 kyr BP, the lake reached a stable high stand similar to the present level, which persisted until ca. 6 kyr BP. Disturbed sediments in core H7 indicate a single mass flow that was most likely triggered by a major seismic event?~8.5 kyr BP. Subsequent lake development remains unclear as a consequence of data mismatches, but may indicate a general trend to deteriorating conditions and lake level lowstands at ca. 5.0?C4.2, 2.0 and 0.5 kyr BP.     

不同岩性盐湖沉积物中挥发性有机质的特征

通过不同岩性盐湖沉积物中C/N值,确定其有机质的来源均为藻类,然后采用气相色谱—离子迁移谱(GC-IMS)联用技术对不同岩性盐湖沉积物中的挥发性有机质进行了研究.结果显示,不同岩性沉积物的挥发性有机质虽然来源相同,但是其种类和含量存在显著差异.在砂岩沉积物中,检测出16种挥发性有机质,而石盐中共检测出30种挥发性有机质...     

C_5－C_（15） hydrocarbons in surface sediments from the Bransfield Strait， Antarctica

（唐运千）（蒋家桢）（卢冰）（眭良仁）Ｃ_５－Ｃ_（１５）ｈｙｄｒｏｃａｒｂｏｎｓｉｎｓｕｒｆａｃｅｓｅｄｉｍｅｎｔｓｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＢｒａｎｓｆｉｅｌｄＳｔｒａｉｔ，Ａｎｔａｒｃｔｉｃａ￥ＴａｎｇＹｕｎｑｉａｎ；ＪｉａｎｇＪｉａｚｈｅｎ；ＬｕＢｉｎｇａ...     

长江口南港的水文泥沙环境及污染物输移

南港河道水域宽广,水体量大,动力条件强,悬沙含量较高且都是细颗粒物质,纳污容量大,具有较强的输运、稀释和自净能力。污水进入南港以后,污染物在河道中迁移转化,主要吸附在泥沙上。在外泄过程中污染物质在南港中往返逗留,循环输移,向底层、滩地、涨潮沟等地迁移,并在河海相接地带富集。     

Lacustrine Sedimentary Organic Matter Records of Late Quaternary Paleoclimates

Identification of the sources of organic matter in sedimentary records provides important paleolimnologic information. As the types and abundances of plant life in and around lakes change, the composition and amount of organic matter delivered to lake sediments changes. Despite the extensive early diagenetic losses of organic matter in general and of some of its important biomarker compounds in particular, bulk identifiers of organic matter sources appear to undergo minimal alteration after sedimentation. Age-related changes in the elemental, isotopic, and petrographic compositions of bulk sedimentary organic matter therefore preserve evidence of past environmental changes.We review different bulk organic matter proxies of climate change in tropical and temperate sedimentary records ranging in age from 10-500 ka. Times of wetter climate result in enhanced algal productivity in lakes as a consequence of greater wash-in of soil nutrients, and these periods are recorded as elevated Rock-Eval hydrogen indices, lowered organic C/N ratios, less negative organic 13C values, and increased organic carbon mass accumulation rates. Lowering of lake water levels, which typically depresses algal productivity, can also cause an apparent increase in organic carbon mass accumulation rates through suspension of sediments from lake margins and redeposition in deeper basins. Alternations between C3 and C4 watershed plants accompany climate changes such as glacial/interglacial transitions and wet/dry cycles, and these changes in land-plant types are evident in 13C values of organic matter in lake sediments. Changes in climate-driven hydrologic balances of lakes are recorded in D values of sedimentary organic matter. Visual microscopic examination of organic matter detritus is particularly useful in identifying changes in bulk organic matter delivery to lake sediments and therefore is important as an indicator of climate changes.