Earthquake—generating Structure Revealed by 1999 Sichuan mianzhu Earthquake Sequence with Ms=5.0

Through the accurate determination of hypocenter location,the measurement of the main focal mechanism solutions and the analyses of time dependent processes for Sichuan Mianzhu earthquake sequence with Ms=5.0 occurred along the middle segment of Longmenshan fault zone on November 30,1999,the distribution of focal depth section,the stress relase and seismicity features are given to reveal the earthquake-geneating structure of the earthquake sequence.The obtained results show the activity features for this sequence as follows:(1) There is no obvious foreshock,the accumulated strain energy releases in nearly pulse way,fluctuation of the seismic activity level is not quite evident during the duration of the sequence,and the statistical relation between the large events and the small events is less compatible with the traditional G-R estimation;(2) The epicenters of the earthquake sequence are not distributed on the main Longmenshan piedmont faults emerging out ground,but near the hidden Longmenshan piedmont faults.The direction of epicenter distribution is not very coincident with the fault strikes.The microscopic epicenters are relatively far from the macroscopic epicenters,The focal depths range from 5km to 16km;(3) The fractures of focal fault plane with the NE strike appear out the strike-slip displacement with a few overthrust components under the major principal compressive stress of NNE direction.From these,we consider it should be paid more attentions to the underground hidden faults near the ground fault zone on a large scale for their generating earthquake risk.     

Accurate Location of the Yao＇an Earthquake Sequence and the Yongsheng Earthquake Sequence

The Yao＇an Ms6.5 earthquake occurred on Jan. 15, 2000 and the Yongsheng Ms6.0 earthquake occurred on Oct. 27, 2001 in Yunnan Province, China. They are both located in the middle of the Dian block. Their epicenters are close to each other, the tectonic and strain characters of the earthquakes were similar, and there were many aftershocks after the two main shocks. In order to further study the spatial-temporal distributions and fault rupture characters of the main shocks and aftershocks, the latter are located using the Geiger earthquake location algorithm （Geiger） and the double difference earthquake location algorithm （DD） based on the seismic phase data of the two earthquake sequences. They were recorded by two Near Source Digital Seismic Networks （YNSSN and YSNSSN） deployed by the Yunnan Seismological Bureau （YNSB）. Then, two main shock parameters were relocated using DD based on the data of larger magnitude aftershocks and the two main shocks that were recorded by the Kunming Regional Digital Seismic Network （KMSN）. Combining the spatial- temporal distributions of the two earthquake sequences, the tectonic and strain characters of earthquakes, the rupture processes of the two aftershock sequences along faults are analyzed and discussed contrastively.     

Earthquake Prediction Research in China

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Earthquake Prdiction Research in China

China is the country with the most earthquakes and the most serious hazards from continental earthquakes in the world.During the 1960s and 1970s,a series of strong earthquakes attacked the cities and counties in China causing great damage and many casualties.The most striking one was the Tangshan earthquake(Ms7.8) in July 1976,in which over 240,000 people died and a large industrial city was leveled.Public demand for earthquake forecasting surged after this disaster.From the mid-1960s,systemic research on earthquake forecasting has evolved throughout the country,In this paper the main advances in earthquake prediction research in China have been summarized.     

Overview of Earthquake Preparedness and Disaster Mitigation in China

As an earthquake-prone country, China has made sustained efforts in the study of earthquakes and disaster mitigation during the past several decades, with China Seismological Bureau (CSB) as the backbone of these efforts. Working towards this purpose, a series of key projects were implemented in the “Ninth Five-Year Plan” (1995-2000) to upgrade earthquake monitoring systems and to improve the supporting infrastructure, significant results in earthquake science were achieved. In the new century, we have worked out a blueprint for earthquake preparedness and disaster mitigation in the “Tenth Five-Year Plan”, which emphases 3 systems (i.e. Seismic Monitoring & Prediction, Seismic Hazards Prevention, Emergency Response), and 10 key projects in earthquake science and technology.     

Discussion on the Seismogenic Fault of the 1976 Tangshan Earthquake

The opinions of two papers carried in the journal "Seismology and Geology" are discussed in the paper.One is that the Tangshan fault is a high-angle,west-dipping and thrust with strike-slip fault.The other is that the Fuzhuang-Xihe fault distributed on the east side of Tangshan city is the seismogenic fault that caused the Tangshan earthquake.For the former opinion,it needs to explain the relationship between the active style of the thrust Tangshan fault and the formation genesis of a Quaternary depression along the west side of Tangshan city.For the latter opinion,if the Fuzhuang-Xihe fault is the seismogenic fault of the Tangshan earthquake,it needs to explain the genesis relationship between this west-dip slip fault zone and the strike-slip surface fissure zone that extends through Tangshan city.And it needs more evidence exclude the possibility that the surface rupture belongs to the rupturing of a secondary structure.This paper suggests doing more work on the active fault that controls the Caobo Quaternary depression.     

Study on the Anomaly of Small Earthquake Activity Before Moderate-strong Earthquake in the Northeast Margin of the Qinghai- Xizang （Tibet） Block

26 earthquakes with MS ≥5. 0 have been recorded in the northeast margin of the Qinghai- Xizang (Tibet) block since 1980,22 of which were relatively independent of other moderate- strong earthquakes. Research on the increase of small earthquake activity before the 22 moderate-strong earthquakes has indicated that small earthquake activity was enhanced before 17 of the moderate-strong earthquakes. Though the increased seismicity is a common phenomenon in the northeast margin of the Qinghai-Xizang ( Tibet ) block,we have difficulty in predicting the moderate-strong earthquakes by this phenomenon. In order to predict the moderate-strong earthquakes through the increased seismicity of small earthquakes,this paper attempts to propose a new method, which calculates small earthquake frequency through the change of distribution pattern of small earthquakes, based on the characteristics of small earthquake activity in the northeastern Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) block,and then make primary applications. The result shows that we are able to obtain obvious anomalies in the frequency of small earthquakes before moderate strong earthquakes through the new method,with little spatial range effect on the amplitude of this small earthquake frequency anomaly. We can obtain mid to short-term anomaly indices for moderate-strong earthquakes in the northeast margin of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) block.     

Study on the Source Parameters of the Barkam Earthquake Sequence

INTRODUCTIONAn earthquake ofML5·0 occurredin Barkamcounty,Aba Prefecture ,Sichuan Province onJan.1 ,2005 ,and was located at the northwest of the Songganfault ,an area betweenthe Songgangfault ,Yukefault , Darlag fault and Madoi-Gad毢fault . TheML5·0 earthquake is the biggest one in AbaPrefecture since theM6·6 Xiaojinearthquake of 1989 and alsothe biggest oneinthe area betweentheSonggangfault ,Yuke fault ,Darlagfault and Madoi-Gad毢fault since Nov.8 ,1970·Since the commencem…     

The Advances and Prospects of Research on Earthquake Engineering at IEM

This paper describes briefly the recent advances and acievements of the research projects conducted by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM) in the period of the Ninth Five-Year Plan(1995-2000) with the support of the China Seismological Bureau(CSB),These projects are related with key problems in the field of earthquake engineering.They are:development of the methods for determining earthquake resistant design load level,study on mechanisms of earthquake damage to buildings.development of new technology of base isolation,and study on earthquake damage prediction and seismic losss assessment methods.Through these studies,quite a number of problems have een solved and some of them have een applied in earthquake engineering design and practice.     

2009年4月6日意大利拉奎拉地震的前震及其预测意义

本文通过分析2009年1月1日～4月5日意大利及周边地区中小地震的时空分布特征发现,2009年4月6日意大利拉奎拉地震是一次具有明显前震的中强地震.震前中小地震从频度和强度上在时间和空间向未来震中聚集的现象,为探索利用前震序列进行地震预测提供了较好的研究案例.     

Light for Earthquake Prediction:Shocks before the L'Aquila Earthquake of April 6,2009

The temporal-spatial distribution of mid-small earthquakes in Italy and its surroundings from January 1 to April 5,2009 shows that there were significant foreshocks before the moderate L'Aquila earthquake of April 6,2009.The enhancement of frequency and intensity of small earthquakes and their concentrating tendency to the future main shock have provided a comprehensive case for digging methods of earthquake forecasting with foreshocks.     

Seismological Approaches to Earthquake Prediction

Seismological approaches used in earthquake prediction involve many subjects. To predict large earthquakes from small to moderate foreshocks has a clear meaning in physics. Some of the main methods of earthquake prediction used in China are outlined in this paper. According to the anomalies used for earthquake prediction, seismological approaches can be divided into two groups: those that use the anomalies in seismic patterns, including the increase and decrease in regional seismicity, the appearance of seismic gaps, seismic belts, seismic swarms, and foreshocks and those that use anomalies in special values and in seismic waves, such as the anomalies in b values and f values, in the Vp/VS ratio, Q values, stress drop, and shear stress.     

2013年左贡-芒康MS6.1地震序列震源机制变化过程研究

2013年8月12日西藏自治区昌都地区左贡县、芒康县交界发生6.1级地震,地震序列为前-主-余型,在主震发生前9h内发生了7次ML≥2.0中小地震,最大震级为ML 4.7。本文采用体波谱振幅相关系数方法,基于区域测震台网记录的数字地震波形资料研究左贡-芒康6.1级地震序列震源机制变化过程。结果显示,主震前的中小地震相关系数较高,均值为0.86,表明其震源机制相似程度较高,是具有震兆意义的小震序列;余震的相关系数较低,表明震源机制相似程度较低。     

云南地区强震的短临中强前震序列特征初探

对1965￣2003年云南地区强震前3个月内发生过的短临中强前震进行整理,将其按距离主震发生时间分为直接前震、临震前震与短期前震三类,然后通过地震序列动态分析地震活动,发现各类前震有以下显著特征:(1)直接前震:3、4级地震时间间隔临震时骤减;将地震序列从时间上分成三等分后,第二时段的地震频次没有明显衰减。(2)临震前震:震后第一天地震的频次较高而第二天相对过低,同时同一台站P波初动符号基本上一致或振幅比稳定在某一范围。(3)短期前震:震后10天前震频度衰减至零;20-30天左右地震频度骤增,同时h、p值也反应出类似的特征,30天h值迅速减小接近1或小于1,而b值基本稳定且均低于区域背景值。     

开震害评估之先河创应急救灾之经验--谈山西大同-阳高地震的震害评估与应急救灾

1989年至1999年10a间在山西大同一阳高连续发生了3次中强地震，这是地震预报实用化攻关后，我国大陆地区发生的几次较大地震。叙述了大同一阳高地震的震害评估、应急救灾及其对我国防震减灾工作的贡献。指出，大同一阳高地震为我国开展震害损失评估、地震应急救灾、重建家园及有关法规法律的制订等工作积累了经验、打下了基础。     

Tracing the Forecast of Earthquakes Based on the Seismicity Characteristics of the Chi-Chi Strong Earthquake Swarm Sequence

The data of earthquakes with M≥3.0 during the 7 years from September 21, 1993 to September 20, 2000 recorded by the Taiwan Central Weather Bureau (CWB) show that there were 6 types of clear characteristics of seismicity during the Chi-Chi strong earthquake swarm of September 21. These 6 types of characteristics are (1) foreshock types, (2) seismic gaps, (3) seismic bands, (4) clustering activity of foreshocks and signal shock, (5) quiescence before the main shock and (6) secondary aftershocks in the aftershock sequence. Using the procedures for analyzing the yearly strong earthquake tendency, further tracing based on the earthquake sequence characteristics, and taking the Chi-Chi earthquake sequence as an example, tracing analysis of the earthquake tendency was attempted using the shorter time range of monthly rather than in a yearly time scale. An attempt was made to establish the procedures for tracing analysis of shallow-focus earthquakes in the seismic belt of western Taiwan. It is hoped that this can provide an analystical method for approaching the short-imminent time scale of seismometry-based earthquake forecasting.     

前震研究进展综述

介绍了当前国内外前震研究领域的一些进展。 对比了不同前震定义条件下前震序列的共性特征, 对几种主要的前震机理及主要的前震识别方法进行了简要综述, 对其特点及存在的问题进行了评述和讨论。 前震指主震之前在主震断层面上、 紧邻主震破裂起始点发生的小地震。 主震发生之前的一系列前震活动构成前震序列。 在不同的前震定义条件下, 具有“直接前震”的震例比例从10%至40%不等。 理论上前震可用级联应力触发或预滑动模型进行解释。 前震空间上主要集中分布在距离主震10~75 km范围内, 但其时间分布形式复杂, 大多发生在主震前1~2天, 部分前震序列的地震活动率显示明显的加速特征, 但许多前震序列单独来看却往往显示主-余型序列的衰减特征。 序列地震震源机制一致、 序列b值偏低是前震序列最突出的特征。 前震的发生与主震破裂形式和构造环境似有一定关系, 在有限的前震震例中, 逆冲型主震似乎具有相对较多的前震。 部分震例的研究结果显示, 随主震的临近, 前震震源深度有逐渐下迁的特点。 到目前为止, 震前很难判定一次地震或一个地震序列是否为前震或前震序列, 所使用的前震识别主要有基于统计类比的方法、 基于震源机制一致及衍生的相关方法以及基于对地震成核过程精细检测的方法。 从现有不多的震例研究结果来看, 尽管地震时空丛集和震源机制高度一致是前震序列的最显著特征, 但却不是判定前震序列的充分条件。 由于成核的破裂扩展速度和滑动位移有随时间较快增大的趋势, 因而基于对地震成核过程精细检测的方法有望在前震识别中发挥更为重要的作用, 但需更多震例进行验证。     

豫北地区地震活动性研究

利用豫北地区1485年至今M≥4.7级地震和1970年以来ML≥3.0级地震资料,采用了地震活动韵律、6级地震的减震效应、P轴方向变化等方法,对豫北地区,特别是聊兰地震带近几年地震活动特点进行了分析,并剖析了其与1983年菏泽6.0级地震震前异常的差异。