海湾扇贝血细胞形态学比较研究

为给海湾扇贝的细胞免疫学研究提供基本依据,同时采用光镜和电镜技术观察海湾扇贝血细胞的形态特征,并进行血细胞酸性磷酸酶活性的初步分析.结果表明,海湾扇贝的血细胞可分为透明细胞和颗粒细胞2种类型.与透明细胞相比,颗粒细胞数目多,酸性磷酸酶活性高,细胞核呈肾形或卵圆形,核质比低,细胞质内颗粒状物质丰富,颗粒大小不一,可明显分为大颗粒细胞和小颗粒细胞2类.这些特征表明,海湾扇贝颗粒细胞和透明细胞的免疫学功能是明显不同的.     

杂色鲍血细胞的分类及显微与超微结构研究

对杂色鲍血细胞进行了显微、亚显微及超微观察,根据细胞大小、特性等将其分为颗粒细胞和无颗粒细胞,颗粒细胞的特征是细胞较大,大多数细胞呈圆形或略呈椭圆形,细胞核呈圆形或卵圆形,细胞大小为11.79±1.09μm,核质比为0.56,细胞内具有均质的大颗粒;无颗粒细胞的特征为细胞圆形或卵圆形,细胞较小,核质比为0.71,包含一个或两个明显的透明细胞质区域,细胞大小为6.37±0.49μm.     

中国对虾(PENAEUS CHINENSIS)血细胞超微结构、分类及计数

研究中国对虾循环血细胞的超微结构、分类和计数。血细胞分成三类:(1)透明细胞,不含电子致密颗粒;(2)小颗粒细胞,含小的电子致密颗粒;(3)大颗粒细胞,含大的电子致密颗粒。循环血细胞总量平均值为10320个细胞/mm~3。透明细胞、小颗粒细胞和大颗粒细胞等分别占循环血细胞总量的25.32％、61.79％和12.89％。     

栉孔扇贝血细胞的显微和超微结构

通过光镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜观察栉孔扇贝Chlamys farreri血细胞的形态、结构特征,对其分类进行了初步研究。根据细胞的大小、形态和结构特征可将血细胞分成5种类型:Ⅰ型小透明细胞,大小约2.44±0.11μm,约占45%—50%;Ⅱ型大透明细胞,大小约4.83±0.28μm,约占15%—20%;Ⅲ型小颗粒细胞,大小约4.07±0.15μm,约占15%—20%;Ⅳ型中颗粒细胞,大小约7.20±0.26μm,约占20%—25%和Ⅴ型大颗粒细胞,大小约13.87±0.73μm,约占3%—5%。血细胞在血淋巴中的平均密度为(3.03±0.11)×107cell.ml—1,其中颗粒细胞占42.6%,透明细胞占57.4%。透射电镜观察结果表明,颗粒细胞的细胞质颗粒可区分成3种类型:Ⅰ型高电子密度颗粒,Ⅱ型低电子密度颗粒和Ⅲ型中等电子密度颗粒。     

中国对虾体内一种结缔组织颗粒细胞的电镜观察和组化研究

运用半薄切片、超薄切片和组织细胞化学技术，在光镜和电镜下，观察研究中国对虾中肠结缔组织中的1种颗粒细胞，该细胞28～32μm大小，细胞核小，胞质颗粒呈多样性。亚甲基兰染色显示，细胞内颗粒具异染性，提示这些颗粒中含有肝素类成分；磷钨酸乙醇法染色显示，该细胞内有嗜铬颗粒并具有肥大细胞颗粒的染色性质；焦锑酸甲法显示，细胞中富含Ca^2 ；酚氧化酶孵育反应显示。酶活性出现在受病毒感染对虾肠壁结缔组织中的这种颗粒细胞中。研究表明：1．存在于中肠背侧结缔组织中的颗粒细胞，在分布位置、细胞形态和相关染色反应结果等方面不同于已往报道的血细胞，这是1种具有某些肥大细胞特征的结缔组织颗粒细胞；2．结缔组织颗粒细胞具有储存Ca^2 的功能；3．病毒感染，可使结缔组织颗粒细胞中的酚氧化酶原转化成有活性的酚氧化酶，提示这种细胞参与对虾的免疫防御反应。     

四种免疫促进剂对日本酚氧化酶和血细胞的影响

为查清免疫促进剂对日本(Charybdis japonica)(俗称石蟹)自身免疫力的增强作用及机理,对脂多糖(LPS)、β-葡聚糖(β-1,3-glucan)、灭活鳗弧菌和灭活哈维氏弧菌对日本酚氧化酶(PO)的产量与活性以及血细胞的数量与超微结构的影响进行了研究.结果表明,经4种免疫促进剂处理后,日本PO产量和总酶活性都有显著增加,但PO的比活性与对照相比没有显著差异.日本血细胞超微结构观察显示,多糖处理组小颗粒细胞和大颗粒细胞的糙面内质网和线粒体数量增加,颗粒数量减少、体积增大,而透明细胞的超微结构没有显著变化;灭活弧菌处理组小颗粒细胞中的颗粒数量明显减少,透明细胞中线粒体的数量显著增加.由此可见,多糖类和灭活弧菌类免疫促进剂对日本非特异性免疫系统的影响不同,多糖类免疫促进剂主要提高酚氧化酶原激活组分PO的产量,进而提高PO总酶活性,而灭活弧菌类免疫促进剂主要提高透明细胞和小颗粒细胞的吞噬活性.     

中国对虾类淋巴器结构观察及功能探讨

中国对虾类淋巴器位于肝胰腺前方,左右各一个,呈白色,半透明状。它由触角动脉上分出的动脉血管不断分叉、迂曲,形成了一个外包透明结缔组织膜,内部充满小管的组织结构。类淋巴器的小管依其发育时期和功能不同表现为３种不同的形态。其中,第二种小管管壁具有生成和释放血细胞的功能。在类淋巴器中,观察到小颗粒细胞,大颗粒细胞和无颗粒细胞。小颗粒细胞具有吞噬功能,在受到抗原刺激时可以胞吐方式释放细胞中的电子致密颗粒。大颗粒细胞无吞噬功能。无颗粒细胞又可分为巨噬细胞样无颗粒细胞和淋巴细胞样无颗粒细胞。前者具有很强的吞噬能力,而后者在受到抗原刺激时,可表现出类似浆细胞样分化的细胞特征。     

中国对虾血细胞酶细胞化学的初步研究

运用电镜酶细胞化学技术 ,对中国对虾 (Penaeus chinensis)的血细胞和血清中的酚氧化酶、酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化物酶的酶活性部位进行标记。实验结果显示 :酚氧化酶主要以酶原形式存在于大颗粒细胞的颗粒体中 ,酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶以酶原形式存在于小颗粒细胞的颗粒体中。健康虾和患病虾血细胞中酶活性的表现形式不尽相同 ,在病理情况下 ,颗粒细胞能以细胞解体的方式 ,排出细胞内的颗粒 ,转化成有活性的酶 ,以此提高血淋巴中这几种酶的活性。透明细胞可以吞噬排放颗粒后的颗粒细胞 ,透明细胞中由高尔基体合成的酸性磷酸酶等溶酶体酶主要用于透明细胞的细胞内消化作用。研究认为 :3种血细胞因含有不同的免疫酶以及酶的作用方式不同而具有不同的免疫功能     

4种常见头足类动物的血细胞分类及比较

以长蛸(Octopus variabilis)、短蛸(Octopus ocellatus)、真蛸(Octopus vulgaris)和曼氏无针乌贼(Sepiella maindroni)的血细胞为研究对象,通过光镜和电镜观察对血液中的血细胞形态结构进行比较。根据观察结果,将头足类血细胞分成3种类型:透明细胞,小颗粒细胞和颗粒细胞,但在真蛸血细胞中有一定数量的血细胞其细胞核呈马蹄形,因此将此类细胞独立划为马蹄形核细胞。通过比较发现,曼氏无针乌贼的血细胞与其它3个种存在明显的差异,其胞质内的颗粒数量与性质均与其它3个种有较明显的区别差异。从总体来看,头足类血细胞内含颗粒数量较少,其颗粒的数量与免疫力的强弱无直接关联。通过对比,推断真蛸血细胞中的马蹄形核细胞为透明细胞到小颗粒细胞的中间类型,从而得出此4个类型细胞有从透明细胞→马蹄形核细胞→小颗粒细胞→颗粒细胞的发育进程。     

日本蟳血细胞及血液生化指标的研究

以光镜和电镜观察了日本蝠（Charybdisjaponica）血细胞的形态结构,分析了各类血细胞的大小、数量比例及功能,并测定了不同发育时期及饥饿状态的日本蝽血清主要生化指标。结果表明：日本蝠血细胞可分为4种类型,从小到大依次为：无颗粒细胞、小颗粒细胞、中间型细胞和大颗粒细胞;其核质比分别为：53．23％、33．64％...     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,