砂的物理力学性质与声速的关系

本文叙述了不同粒径的石英砂粒的物理力学特性与声速关系的室内试验研究,着重探讨了容重、含水量与纵波波速、横波波速之间的关系,给出了以含水量为参数的容重与纵横波速度间的关系式,以及空隙比与纵横波速度之间的关系式。此外分析了在各种不同含水量时,容重、空隙比与波速的单调变化关系,并给出了相应的表达式。     

高岭土容重,含水量,结构特性与声波速度及动力学参数相关性的实验研究

本文叙述了高岭土的物理力学特性与声波速度及动力学参数相关关系的室内实验研究,着重探讨了高岭土容重、含水量与纵波速度、横波速度及动弹性模量,动剪切模量之间的关系,并给出了它们的关系式。此外还分析了高岭土结构特性对声波速度及动力学参数的影响。     

钙质砂压缩波速与物理性质参数关系研究

开展钙质砂纵波波速与物理性质参数关系的试验研究,对珊瑚礁地基无损检测及工程物探具有重要的理论指导意义和工程应用价值。控制试样的物性参数状态,利用制样装置进行波速测量,揭示钙质砂纵波波速与物性参数的相关关系。试验结果表明：含水率是影响纵波波速的主要因素,与纵波波速呈二次函数关系。CT扫描结果表明,试样粒径越大,颗粒内部孔隙越丰富,这导致试样孔隙比越大,波速故而越小,与粒径、孔隙比呈负相关关系。在密实度相同、不均匀系数不同时,级配良好的砂样纵波波速差异不大。经过侧限压缩后,含水率一定时,粉土纵波波速与孔隙比呈二次关系,且与密度呈良好的线性关系。利用粉土易压缩且与纵波波速紧密变化的特点,可积极探索声波在粉土地基密实度检测的工程应用。     

注采参数对松辽盆地干热岩物理力学及波动特征的影响

为探究注采参数对松辽盆地干热岩物理力学及波动特征的影响,对不同注采参数下高温遇水冷却后花岗岩进行纵、横波波速测试试验和抗压强度试验。分别考虑注采参数（岩样温度、水温、高温遇水循环次数） 与岩样物理力学特征（外观形态、峰值强度、弹性模量、泊松比）、波动特征（纵、横波波速） 的关联性,建立不同注采参数下力学特征与波动特征拟合曲线,并研究搁置过程中不同岩样温度、不同水温条件下岩体物理力学及波动特征变化规律。研究发现：（1） 搁置初期,岩样温度越高,质量、纵、横波波速、弹性模量降幅越大;水温升高,质量、纵、横波波速、弹性模量降幅先增大后减小。（2） 对采热过程中岩体物理力学及波动特征影响由大到小的注采参数依次为靶区温度、注水循环次数、注水温度。提升岩样温度、增加注水循环次数,岩样力学与波动特征均逐渐下降,提高注水温度变化规律与其相反;经历600℃高温,岩样纵波波速、横波波速、峰值强度、弹性模量降幅分别达到53.44%、58.02%、66.56%、79.84%,高温遇水循环5 次 后降幅依次达到33.61%、33.63%、34.22%、56%。（3） 影响岩样力学与波动特征关联性的注采参数由大到小依次为岩样温度、高温遇水循环次数、水温。此研究能够为松辽盆地热采注采参数的选取提供一定参考。     

干湿过程中膨胀土最大剪切模量及其预测

为了研究膨胀土在天然环境下的动力特性,本文利用装有弯曲元的三轴仪对南阳膨胀土原状样和重塑样进行了最大剪切模量的测试试验。试验包括在不同围压下的饱和原状南阳膨胀土最大剪切模量测试;将初始干密度相近的原状样和重塑样分别进行脱湿和吸湿,量测整个过程中最大剪切模量的变化,并结合孔隙比进行分析。试验结果表明:饱和南阳膨胀土的最大剪切模量随着围压增大而增大;脱湿过程中南阳膨胀土最大剪切模量与含水率关系曲线要高于吸湿过程的曲线,即最大剪切模量与含水率关系存在滞回特性,这主要是吸力作用的缘故;初始干密度相近条件下原状样的最大剪切模量比重塑样的要小,这是由于原状样内部存在较多大孔隙。本文最后对饱和土最大剪切模量公式进行改进,使之适用于非饱和原状南阳膨胀土最大剪切模量的预测。     

Soil void ratio correlation with shear wave velocities and SPT N values for Indo-Gangetic basin

In this study attempt has been made to understand in-situ void ratio in Indo-Gangetic basin (IGB) and to form empirical relations between void ratio and shear wave velocity (V_s), N values considering subsoil investigation data. Multichannel analysis of surface wave (MASW) test and standard penetration test was carried out along with soil property measured at 25 locations. The general soil profile varied from silty sand to clay of low compressibility, ground water level fluctuated between 1-27 m, depth of borehole varied from 20-40 m. Regression analysis was conducted on 202 data sets of void ratio and shear wave velocity, 293 data sets of void ratio and SPT- N value, which resulted in inverse correlations between void ratio and V_s, SPT N value. The datas were segregated into fine, coarse grained data based on engineering classification and relations were developed separately. Until now, no studies have related in-situ void ratio to V_s and SPT N. These correlations will be useful to predict void ratio for sites having measured values of V_s and N value. These void ratios can be further used to assess liquefaction susceptibility.     

CONSOLIDATION AND SEDIMENTATION-COMPRESSION STUDIES OF A CALCAREOUS CORE, EXUMA SOUND, BAHAMAS

SUMMARY
A comparison is made between the void ratio and pressure relationships resulting from a laboratory consolidation test and a sedimentation-compression computation on a short core of calcareous mud or ooze of low plasticity. Geo-technical measurements of grain size, bulk density, Atterberg limits, water content, vane shear strength, pore-water salinity, and carbonate content are graphically related to depth in the core. Results of the laboratory consolidation test on this material differ markedly from the in-place relationship between void ratio, or water content, and the effective overburden pressure, or burial depth, shown by the sedimentation-compression curve. The previous maximum consolidation pressure, based on laboratory consolidation test data, is about 60 times greater than the computed in-place effective overburden pressure. An explanation for this difference would include the different magnitudes of time available for consolidation, cementation occurring in-place, and orientation of the constituents. It is suggested that results of the consolidation test on carbonate muds or oozes should be interpreted with caution for geological and engineering purposes.     

非饱和土吸力预测的进化神经网络方法

利用遗传算法和神经网络,基于不同类型,不同条件下非饱和土的吸力测试数据,建立了一种以含水量为主要因素,耦合密度、初始含水量、先期固结压力、孔隙比5个因素的吸力预测模型。预测结果分析表明,所建的模型能很好地拟合试验结果,从而,验证了该模型的合理性和可行性。     

真三轴条件下Q3原状黄土的力学特性

为了模拟实际工程中黄土在不排水条件下的破坏,在控制含水率不变条件下,利用非饱和土真三轴仪对不同初始吸力非饱和原状黄土进行了等向固结试验和不同中主应力参数b值的剪切试验,研究了非饱和原状黄土的力学特性。研究结果表明：真三轴等向压缩屈服应力随着初始吸力的增大而增大,吸力随着净平均应力的增大而减小,净平均应力对吸力的影响程度随着初始吸力的增大而增大。不同 值条件下,广义剪应力和净平均应力破坏状态线近似呈平行直线关系,广义剪应力和有效净平均球应力试验点可归一为饱和土的排水剪切破坏状态线;剪切破坏时吸力随着b值的增大基本呈线性增大趋势;孔隙比和净平均应力对数临界状态线近似呈线性平行关系,其斜率比饱和土大,且大于等向压缩屈服前的斜率;非饱和土孔隙比和有效净平均球应力对数临界状态线与饱和土的临界状态线近似呈线性平行关系;不同净围压条件下,不同 值非饱和土与饱和土的破坏状态孔隙比的比值与气体饱和度的试验点分布于1.0～1.2的直线带内,但同一净有效球应力条件下可以归一为一条非线性曲线。     

南宁盆地第三系泥岩物理性质与强度关系的研究

根据南宁几大工程的泥岩物理试验参数,分析了南宁盆地第三系泥岩物理指标与强度的关系,得出物理指标与强度之间具有近似的单一关系,抗剪强度随含水量、孔隙比的减小而增大,而随干重度趋势的增大而增大。     

Undrained shear strength response under monotonic loading of Chlef (Algeria) sandy soil

During the last mid-century, the Chlef area was strongly affected by two earthquakes. From the geological context, there were numerous ejections onto the ground level of great masses of sandy soils and large displacements of various forms of some building foundations. These damages are due to soil liquefaction problem. This loss of shear strength can be attributed to many factors. History of recent cases indicates that sand deposited with silt content is much more liquefiable than clean sand. Therefore, a deep understanding of silty sand behavior is needed for the liquefaction assessment of silty sandy soils. Moreover, during seismic shaking, the post-liquefaction behavior of silty sand and, consequently, the stability of structures founded on liquefied soil depend on the steady-state shear strength of soil. The objective of this laboratory investigation is to show the effect of silt contents and the relative density on the mechanical behavior of such soils in monotonic loading. In this context, a series of undrained triaxial tests were performed on reconstituted saturated silty sand samples with different fines content ranging from 0% to 40%. In all tests, the confining pressure was held constant to 100 kPa. The fines content and the global void ratio are expressed by means of the equivalent void ratio. Linear correlations relating the undrained residual shear strength of loose, medium dense, and dense (D _r?=?12%, 50%, and 90% before consolidation) sand–silt mixtures to the equivalent void ratio are obtained. The concept of the equivalent void ratio will then be used as a key parameter to express the dilatancy behavior of both clean and silty sand soils. Moreover, from the experimental results obtained, it is clear that the global void ratio cannot be used as a state parameter and may not represent the actual behavior of the soil as well.     

多级荷载下弱膨胀土的膨胀变形特性试验研究

为研究压实弱膨胀土的膨胀变形特性,对取自高淳某边坡的弱膨胀土进行固结及浸水膨胀变形试验,研究了在300,200,150,100,75,50,25和12.5 kPa共8种上覆压力下不同初始干密度及初始含水率土体的固结及膨胀变形特征。试验结果表明:初始含水率及初始干密度对弱膨胀土的膨胀变形特性均存在一定的影响,在其余条件相同的情况下,膨胀土的膨胀变形量随着初始干密度的增大而增大,随着初始含水率的增大而减小。分析了膨胀土固结及膨胀变形过程的典型曲线特点,研究了不同初始干密度及初始含水率下土体固结与膨胀曲线膨胀区与压缩区分界点特征,得出在初始含水率相同时,分界点的上覆压力与分界点孔隙比及土体的初始干密度均呈正比关系。通过对土体试验数据的分析拟合,结合土体变形过程中的孔隙比与初始状态关系的推导,提出了弱膨胀土的膨胀变形量计算方法,结合工程包边法路堤填筑的荷载分布,采用分层总和法推导了工程包边法膨胀土路堤填筑的膨胀变形量计算方法,并用于路堤膨胀量的预估中。     

纵横波速度比在东胜气田致密低渗储层流体识别中的应用

东胜气田锦72井区盒1段储层纵向非均质性强,含气饱和度差异大,气水赋存状态多样,预测有效储层是目前勘探开发的关键问题。笔者结合测井数据,采用统计、对比研究方法,建立盒1段致密低渗储层流体测井响应特征及识别标准。理论证明,含气砂岩随着含气饱和度升高,纵波速度和横波速度都降低,但是纵波速度比横波速度变化大,因此,纵横波速度比降低。在此理论基础上,通过交会图分析,定量化识别出储层流体,同时采用纵横波速度比反演与纵波阻抗反演分析,明确了研究区盒1段气水分布规律及其空间展布特征,为研究区油气勘探提供依据。     

孔隙比对砂类土抗剪强度影响的定量分析

砂类土的密实程度是影响其抗剪强度的重要指标,然而已有研究并没有直观给出砂类土抗剪强度随孔隙比变化的定量规律。控制砂类土的初始孔隙比得到土体所需的抗剪强度,这在土工相似模型试验中具有一定的应用前景。基于砂土的临界状态理论,本文建立了砂类土抗剪强度与孔隙比关系的理论表达式。针对尾矿库现场取回的铜、钨尾砂开展了直剪试验和固结试验,并利用所推导的理论表达式对尾砂在不同状态时的抗剪强度进行了分析。结果表明,随着孔隙比的增加,砂类土的抗剪强度非线性减小,孔隙比越大时抗剪强度减小的幅度越平缓。试验结果证实砂类土抗剪强度与孔隙比关系的理论表达式能够合理描述尾砂在不同孔隙比下的抗剪强度。     

TSP探测精度分析及其在过江隧洞超前预报中的应用

针对TSP预报工作耗时长、经验依赖性强等问题,以提高TSP探测精度与效率为目标,分析了影响TSP数据采集与处理精度的关键因素,总结了提高TSP探测效率的经验。结合千岛湖配水工程某过江隧洞段地质超前预报工程,在TSP探测分辨率下降的区域开展TSP跟踪预报或地质雷达探测工作,对物探异常区辅以钻探验证。结果表明:岩体完整性差地段的TSP纵波波速、密度及各力学模量值偏低,TSP对破碎带探测较敏感,对基岩裂隙水识别能力相对较弱,纵、横波波速均偏低的区域岩体富水的概率更大;岩体破碎含水区段雷达电磁异常特征表现为反射波振幅强,同相轴错断,主频偏低。综合预报成果发挥了各种预报方法优势互补的作用,为隧洞支护及超前注浆方案的优化提供了重要参考。      

P- and S-wave velocities and densities in silicate and calcite rocks from the Peloritani Mountains, Sicily (Italy): The effect of pressure, temperature and the direction of wave propagation

The Peloritani Mountain Belt (north-eastern Sicily) represents the connection between the Southern Appenninic Range and the Appenninic Maghrebid Chain. The lithotypes outcropping in a 36 km long and approximately 8 km wide area in the eastern part of the Peloritani Mountains are considered to represent most properly the composition of the lower crust. We selected 7 representative samples of silicate rocks (amphibolite, paragneisses, augen gneiss, phyllitic quartzite, pegmatitic rock) and 3 samples of calcite rocks (calc-schist, marbles) for the petrophysical measurements. Measurements were done on sample cubes of dry rocks in a multi-anvil apparatus. Raising of pressure gives rise to velocity increase, but the rate is different in the silicate and calcite rocks and closely related to progressive closure of microcracks. Linear behaviour is approached above about 200 MPa. Increasing temperature at 600 MPa decreases velocities in most silicate and in the calcite rocks with almost linear slopes. Substantial anisotropy of P- and S-wave velocities and shear wave splitting is found in both rock types. The residual anisotropy observed above about 200 MPa is attributed to lattice preferred orientations (LPO) of major minerals. 3D velocity calculations for an amphibolite, a paragneiss and a marble sample based on the LPO of hornblende, biotite and calcite, respectively, confirm the experimental findings of a close relationship between velocity anisotropy, shear wave splitting, shear wave polarization, lattice preferred orientation and the structural frame of the rocks (foliation, lineation). In the silicate rocks, the intrinsic (600 MPa) average P-wave velocities and Poisson's (Vp / Vs) ratios exhibit a tendency for a linear increase with densities, whereas the three calcite rocks cluster at markedly higher P-wave velocities and Poisson's (Vp / Vs) ratios, compared to their densities. In the silicate rocks, there is also a linear trend for an inverse relationship between the SiO₂ content, density and the Poisson's (Vp / Vs) ratio, respectively.     

庆阳地区超高层巨厚层黄土地基工程地质特征

为了更深层次地了解黄土的地质特征,以庆阳地区某超高层巨厚层黄土地基为研究对象,对陇东黄土的物理和力学性能进行了深入探究。主要通过原位试验与室内试验,从地层结构、分布深度、液限、塑限、塑性指数、孔隙比、湿陷变形、剪切波速、地基土承载力、抗剪强度等方面对该地区黄土的工程性能进行了综合分析与评价,结果表明：5.0 m以内的马兰黄土湿陷性较强烈,黏聚力小,压缩性大;随着黄土厚度逐渐增大,离石黄土及午城黄土黏聚力增大,压缩性减小,呈轻微-中等湿陷性;受压超过400 kPa的马兰黄土、受压大于600 kPa的离石黄土及受压大于200 kPa的午城黄土均无湿陷性;15.0 m以内土体最大干密度为1.67~1.76 g/cm³,最优含水率为16.6%~17.7%;含水率高值相对集中在地下水位62.0 m以下、饱和度90.0%以上地区。     

断层泥动剪切模量和阻尼比影响因素试验研究

利用GDS共振柱试验系统对不同干密度、不同含水率的断层泥试样进行了动剪切模量和阻尼比试验研究。结果表明,使用Hardin-Drnevich双曲线模型能够较好地描述断层泥的动剪切模量随剪应变的变化趋势;随干密度增加,动剪切模量和阻尼比均增大;而随含水率增加,动剪切模量和阻尼比均减小;归一化动剪切模量试验点主要位于Seed和Idriss提出的砂土G/G_max～γ曲线变动范围内,且与Sun和Seed推荐黏性土曲线变化趋势一致;在半对数坐标系中,阻尼比与动剪应变呈良好的线性关系,并给出了拟合关系式。     

Laboratory Investigation into the Effects of Silty Fines on Liquefaction Susceptibility of Chlef (Algeria) Sandy Soils

In a number of recent case studies, the liquefaction of silty sands has been reported. To investigate the undrained shear and deformation behaviour of Chlef sand–silt mixtures, a series of monotonic and stress-controlled cyclic triaxial tests were conducted on sand encountered at the site. The aim of this laboratory investigation is to study the influence of silt contents, expressed by means of the equivalent void ratio on undrained residual shear strength of loose, medium dense and dense sand–silt mixtures under monotonic loading and liquefaction potential under cyclic loading. After an earthquake event, the prediction of the post-liquefaction strength is becoming a challenging task in order to ensure the stability of different types of earth structures. Thus, the choice of the appropriate undrained residual shear strength of silty sandy soils that are prone to liquefaction to be used in engineering practice design should be established. To achieve this, a series of undrained triaxial tests were conducted on reconstituted saturated silty sand samples with different fines contents ranging from 0 to 40 %. In all tests, the confining pressure was held constant at 100 kPa. From the experimental results obtained, it is clear that the global void ratio cannot be used as a state parameter and may not characterize the actual behaviour of the soil as well. The equivalent void ratio expressing the fine particles participation in soil strength is then introduced. A linear relationship between the undrained shear residual shear strength and the equivalent void ratio has been obtained for the studied range of the fines contents. Cyclic test results confirm that the increase in the equivalent void ratio and the fines content accelerates the liquefaction phenomenon for the studied stress ratio and the liquefaction resistance decreases with the increase in either the equivalent void ratio or the loading amplitude level. These cyclic tests results confirm the obtained monotonic tests results.     

碳酸盐岩的声波特性研究及其应用

基于岩溶地区碳酸盐岩试样室内声波测试分析发现: ( 1)泥质灰岩和角砾状灰岩的波速比普通灰岩、灰质白云岩比一般白云岩和角砾白云岩的高。( 2)灰岩的声波、密度略大于白云岩的声波、密度,灰岩的动弹性模量、剪切模量和体积模量也比白云岩大。( 3)溶蚀程度和微小结构面对碳酸盐岩中波的传播速度影响较大,灰岩波速随风化程度的提高而降低。( 4)纵、横波速与岩石的密度具有线性关系,利用密度、波速、纵横波速比或泊松比可初步判断碳酸盐岩在岩性上的差别。( 5)声波测试和单轴抗压强度试验求得的岩石的弹性模量具有一定的相关性,利用声波测试结果可以推求实际工程中计算、设计所需的力学参数。