长江三角洲北翼ZKA02孔第四纪多重地层划分研究

本文通过对长江三角洲北翼东台地区ZKA02孔岩石地层、磁性地层、生物地层和年代学数据的分析研究,结合区内其他钻孔的对比,确定了该孔第四纪年代地层序列。结果表明:该孔第四系底界埋深297.36 m,地质年龄为2.58 Ma,置于松山/高斯极性时(M/G)分界处;中、下更新统界线埋深168.97 m,与布容/松山极性时界线(B/M)吻合,时代为0.78 Ma;中、上更新统界线埋深98.90 m,上更新统底部与本钻孔MIS5底部大致相当,时代为120 ka BP;上更新统与全新统界线埋深11.08m,年龄约为12kaBP,深海氧同位素I阶段(MIS1)与末次盛冰期(LGM)界面为全新统底界。本孔的微体古生物分析进一步揭示了3层海相沉积层,分别对应MIS5 (74—128 ka)、MIS3 (24—60 ka)、MIS1(现在—12ka)。该结果较好地印证了中国东部沿海地区晚更新世以来发育的3次大规模海侵事件,同时也为本地区晚更新世以来的地层划分提供了必要的数据支撑。     

全球上新统-更新统界线层型剖面和点位介绍

上新统 -更新统界线 ,即新近系 -第四系界线 ,一直是各国地学工作者所关注的问题。在伦敦第 1 8届国际地质大会 (1 948)上通过的有关这一时限的术语和认识方面的建议 ,其中不乏分歧。精确定义这一界线已成为解决这些问题的关键。 1 95 7年 ,在马德里第五届 INQUA(国际第四纪研究联合会 )大会上国际第四纪研究联合会专门成立了一个上新统 -更新统界线分会。尔后 ,该分会作为国际地科联和国际地层委员会的工作组开始行使职能 ,其目标在于建立上新统 -更新统界线的定义标准并确定合适的界线层型剖面。现在 ,意大利南部卡拉布里亚的弗里卡剖面…     

河北阳原台儿沟剖面泥河湾组底界的确定

河北阳原化稍营郝家台台儿沟剖面是泥河湾盆地新建的建阶剖面。剖面总厚度为151.45m,顶部的年龄约0.019Ma,深33.55m处为B/M界线,深123m处为M/G界线,剖面底的年龄约3.3Ma。划分为马兰组、郝家台组、泥河湾组和蔚县组。深45.65-122.65m间归泥河湾组,厚77m,泥河湾组以黄色调砂、粉砂、黏土质粉砂为主,中夹有灰绿色黏土,属河湖相沉积环境。泥河湾组底界确定的标志:底部出露较厚的砂层,代表一个沉积旋回的开始,与下伏湖沼相蔚县组呈整合接触;底界接近M/G界线,在M/G界线之上0.35m处;底界之下挖掘到早于2.6Ma的游河模拟鼠-副丁氏鼢鼠小哺乳动物化石组合和瓣鳃类化石。泥河湾组底界确定为2.6Ma。     

“第四纪”一词之存废及其下界之浅见

与第四纪同时产生的第一纪、第二纪和第三纪等名词已先后被废弃,第四纪一词已失去其意义,建议予以废弃。第四纪是人类生活的时代,故建议用“人类纪”称之。第四纪的下界建议采用古地磁年表上的松山/高斯(M/G)界线,即258万年。其理由是:1)地磁极的大转换本身就是一个事件,它可能与其他事件有着因果的关系;2)在此线附近发现微玻璃陨石和铱微粒与铱异常,代表天文撞击事件;3)火山喷发物的发现是火山活动的证据;4)植物界在此线上下有巨大变化,在此线以下出现许多热带-亚热带植物,此线以上为温带植物;5)动物界也有巨大变化,三趾马动物群为现代动物群和人类所代替,最早的人属化石年龄为240万年;6)南海地区有Globorotaliamultcamerata绝灭事件,北京海进层中有波罗的透明虫等冷水种有孔虫组合出现;7)黄土高原的三趾马红土变成黄土。可见,M/G界线是一条很显著的界线,足以作为人类纪的下界。     

华北北部土城子组时代及中国陆相侏罗-白垩系界线探讨

文中简要介绍了华北北部土城子组区域分布、沉积特征和垂向充填序列。针对目前土城子组时代不定的现状,结合近些年来已发表的土城子组的同位素年代学数据,将土城子组年龄限定在154~137Ma。以往对土城子组进行的相关生物地层研究成果与土城子组时代一致。国际地层委员会(ICS)2013年提出将145Ma定为侏罗-白垩系界线年龄,这得到了特提斯喜马拉雅和安第斯地区最新侏罗-白垩系界线研究成果的支持,虽然最终确定这一界线还需更多高精度年代学的研究。再结合土城子组同位素年龄,提出土城子组时代为晚侏罗世—早白垩世,中国陆相侏罗-白垩系界线存在于土城子组内部。国际地层界线及对比,特别是国际J/K界线应通过研究海相生物地层来完成,中国陆相J/K界线的确立应优先服从海相地层及其生物演化所划分的标志与结果。     

中国南方泥盆—石炭系界线年龄

以贵州大坡上剖面和广西南边村剖面为基础,介绍了我国泥盆—石炭系界线年龄研究现状。桂林南边村剖面属于斜坡相重力流沉积,牙形类的演化序列有些混乱。虽然前人将泥盆—石炭系界线定在‘56层’与‘57层’之间,但这些 ‘层’号实际上是牙形类采样号。‘55层’—‘58层’是一层介壳灰岩,采集了4个牙形类样品。研究认为,将泥盆—石炭系界线置于该层介壳灰岩内不正确,在理论上也不科学,不能将介壳灰岩中的腕足类化石一分为二,即个体的下部属于晚泥盆世,上部属于早石炭世。用于测年的样品采自‘58层’和‘66层’,明显高于剖面中牙形类Siphonodella sulcata出现的层位,很显然,获得的（361.0±4.1）Ma界线年龄值不可信。贵州大坡上剖面属于深水盆地相沉积,也是我国唯一既产出Wocklumeria动物群又产出Gattendorfia动物群的剖面。刘永清等（2012）在王佑组底部2～4 cm厚的含凝灰岩黑色页岩中采集了1件凝灰岩测年样品,获得了1个锆石U-Pb测定年龄（359.6±1.9）Ma,该年龄值非常接近但又老于国际地层委员会2020年公布的（358.9±0.4）Ma的界线年龄值,表面看来,该年龄值基本可信,也是可接受的,但其误差较大、精度较差,需再次采样加以验证。研究认为,国际地层委员会公布的界线年龄值（358.9±0.4）Ma是可以接受的,而且泥盆纪末期事件层的年龄值在360.0～361.0 Ma区间同样也是可接受的。     

侏罗系、白垩系界线问题及对中国北方陆相界线的思考

侏罗系、白垩系间是显生宙唯一还没有定义系级GSSP的界线。生物演替在Thithonian期与Berriasian期之间不存在明显变化,很难找到可以进行全球对比的标志。作为中生代生物年代地层学主要划分依据的菊石类生物,亦受生物区系影响而难作为侏罗系、白垩系界线的标志。微体化石具有优势。近期,国际上趋于将瓮虫类Calpionella alpina带之底、钙质超微化石Nannoconus steinmannii minor和N.kamptneri minor二者的始现面作为侏罗系、白垩系界线,对应于极性带M19n.2n内部,年龄为145 Ma。国际地层划分与对比以海相为标准。中国侏罗系、白垩系以陆相地层发育为特征,与海相对比颇具难度。以陆相生物为标志的界线划分产生了地区性的生物年代地层格架,也形成了地方生物地层与国际年代地层对比的错位,导致中国陆相侏罗系、白垩系界线成为地学界争议的问题。本文认为,在综合考虑不同学科研究结果的同时,问题解决的实质是客观认识陆相生物对比的缺陷,结合考虑非生物的标准,如磁性地层、旋回地层和同位素测年的精度,获得超越相区的对比结果。基于陆相生物特点,着眼于宏观演化阶段来识别界线位置是问题解决的初期阶段。燕辽生物群与热河生物群是代表侏罗纪和白垩纪的两大生物演化类群,其间年龄可为土城子组顶部的139 Ma。这是为全方位研究而铺设的临时工作界线。今后将土城子组作为侏罗纪、白垩纪过渡地层而加大研究力度,有可能在该组顶部或其内部发现界线生物标志和同层位绝对年龄值,或许会使其向目前国际推荐年龄(145 Ma)更靠近一步;也不排除GSSP未定的国际侏罗系、白垩系界线年龄会向年轻方向变化,趋于139 Ma的Valanginian阶底界位置。     

川东地区二叠纪-三叠纪界线地层地质与地球化学特征

PTB界线是地学界长期以来讨论最热烈、最前缘的科学问题和研究热点之一。以华蓥山涧水沟和重庆尖刀山2个PTB界线地层剖面为例,按生物演化过程和沉积相特征,将剖面中的PTB界线地层划分为生物富集层、生物绝灭层和生物萧条层3个生物演替层组,从中识别出生物地层PTB(B)界线和岩石地层PTB(R)界线2种性质的PTB界线,其中位于下部的PTB(B)界线以Hindeodus parvus牙形石首现为标志,上部的PTB(R)界线以古暴露面和暴露面两侧岩性、岩相突变的沉积超覆面为标志,两者相距约4.56 m,分别为3个生物演替层的组分界线。P—T之交发生的所有海平面下降、生物绝灭、火山喷发及晚二叠世晚期正常海向早三叠世早期文石海转化等复杂地质事件,都发生在此2个不同性质的PTB界线之间。Fe、Mn、Sr微量元素和C、O、Sr稳定同位素地球化学特征的规律性变化与相关控制因素,也都出现在此2个PTB界线之间,与PTB界线地层中所出现的各种复杂地质事件有良好的对应关系和沉积学响应特征。     

黔西南下——中三叠统界线年龄

下—中三叠统界线年龄的精确测定是进行区域地层年表和国际地层委员会全球标准年表研究中重要的组成部分。中国贵州望谟甘河桥剖面下—中三叠统地层为奥仑尼克阶—安尼阶界线层型的理想候选剖面 ,其临界层位的玻屑凝灰岩为下—中三叠统界线的岩性标志。应用高精度高灵敏度的二次离子探针质谱对玻屑凝灰岩中的锆石进行 U- Pb年代学分析 ,结果为 2 39.0± 2 .9Ma(2σ)。这是首次直接从界线层位准确测定的下—中三叠统界线的锆石 U - Pb同位素年龄。中国贵州望谟甘河桥剖面下—中三叠统界线剖面地层连续 ,牙形石分带清楚 ,临界层位发育区域上分布较为稳定的玻屑凝灰岩 ,是极好的区域等时标志层。这一剖面有望成为国际下—中三叠统界线层型剖面。     

国际第四纪年代地层研究进展北大核心CSCD

第四纪代表了地质历史时期最新的地质年代,持续了2.58个百万年,以两极发育冰盖、多期次的冰期-间冰期旋回和人属的出现为特征。第四纪年代地层学研究在建立高精度地层格架、了解地球气候系统演化规律和预测气候变化趋势等方面具有重要意义。依据现今的定义,第四系包括更新统和全新统,而更新统进一步划分为4个阶。其中,杰拉阶底界、卡拉布里雅阶底界和全新统底界全球层型剖面与点位(GSSP)已确立,而更新统中阶和上阶底界GSSP的研究工作正在进行中,界线标志已确定。近年来,随着同位素测年技术的不断提高和天文旋回理论的普遍应用,第四纪年代地层界线年龄在不断更新,天文轨道旋回控制的万年尺度气候事件可以作为全球对比的标尺。当前国际地层委员会第四系分会的主要任务包括更新统中、上阶底界金钉子的确立、全新统进一步划分和"人类统"概念的提出。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.