四川自贡地区地下卤水锂矿化特征及靶区预测

锂作为一种新能源、新材料,对国民经济建设及国防安全保障具有重要的战略意义。卤水中液体锂为锂资源的主要来源之一。四川盆地自贡地区地下卤水资源丰富,但开发利用方式较为单一。前人对自流井背斜卤水中的锂资源研究较少,但已有数据均表明局部卤水中Li⁺含量达单独开采工业品位的2~4倍,具有较高的开采价值。近年来,对自贡地区的地下卤水资源分布情况进行了调查,对有利地区采集的样品进行了分析,结果表明: 锂资源已达边界品位的3~4倍、最低工业品位的2倍以上; Li⁺与Na⁺、K⁺、$NH^{+}_{4}$、Cl^-含量呈明显的正相关,卤水中Na⁺、K⁺、$NH^{+}_{4}$、Cl^-的含量可作为Li⁺含量的间接指示; 降低卤水中Mg/Li值能够有效控制提锂成本; 相比于黄卤,黑卤有较低的Mg²⁺和较高的Li⁺、Na⁺、K⁺、$NH^{+}_{4}$及Cl^-。通过综合分析认为,邓井关背斜的轴部黑卤密集分布地区可作为锂资源的找矿靶区。     

数理统计方法在区域浅层地下水水文地球化学研究中的应用

通过对四川盆地大量浅层风化带裂隙水水化学数据的描述性分析、相关分析、因子分析,结合盆地地质-水文地质条件,分析和研究了浅层风化带裂隙水化学成分分布特征及形成作用。结果表明:区内浅层风化带裂隙水中主要阴阳离子为HCO₃^-和Ca²⁺,HCO₃^-、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺在地下水中含量相对稳定,尤其是HCO₃^-绝对含量较大,相对含量差别不大;Na⁺+K⁺、SO₄^2-、Cl^-在地下水中含量变化较大,是随环境因素变化的敏感因子;水化学成分特征的形成受大气降水和含水系统中岩石矿物成分的影响;总溶解固体值TDS＜1 g/L的淡水在区内大面积分布,TDS值总体呈现出由盆地边缘向盆地中心的递增关系,表明溶滤作用由盆地周围向盆地中心的递增特点,但局部地区TDS值受大气降雨的影响。     

牡丹江市主城区第四系地下水主要离子特征与成因分析

以牡丹江市主城区为研究区,对该区采集的24组第四系地下水样品中常规离子进行检测和分析,利用数理统计、Piper三线图、Gibbs模型、离子比例关系等方法识别地下水主要离子成因。结果表明,研究区第四系地下水中主要离子含量变化均具有较强的离散性,阴离子平均浓度HCO₃^->SO₄^2->Cl^-,阳离子平均浓度Ca²⁺>Na⁺>Mg²⁺>K⁺,地下水整体为淡水,呈中性偏弱酸性,水化学类型以HCO₃—Na·Ca型水为主;水中的化学组分主要来源于岩石风化溶解,其中,Na⁺和K⁺主要来源于硅酸盐矿物的溶解,Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺主要受碳酸盐、硫酸盐和硅酸盐矿物风化溶解作用共同控制,同时水中阳离子间存在一定交换作用。     

常州市地下水化学特征与成因分析

常州市是长江三角洲地区典型的工业化城市,多年来的快速发展对地下水环境产生了系列影响,地下水化学组分受到天然条件和人为活动的双重因素控制,现状地下水化学成因和影响因素亟需深入研究。本文在地下水赋存条件分析的基础上,综合采用统计分析、离子比值、主成分分析法对常州各层地下水化学特征和成因开展分析。结果表明,区域潜水水化学类型以HCO₃^-—Ca²⁺·Mg²⁺、HCO₃^-—Ca²⁺和HCO₃^-·Cl^-—Na⁺·Ca²⁺型为主,第Ⅰ承压水以HCO₃^-—Na⁺·Ca²⁺和HCO₃^-—Ca²⁺型为主、第Ⅱ承压水以HCO₃^-—Na⁺     

长春莲花山地区地下水化学特征及成因分析

在调查取样的基础上,充分利用前人成果资料,应用SPSS及地下水污染分析软件,对莲花山地区区域地质条件、水化学参数空间分布特征、地下水化学类型、地下水化学成因进行分析研究,认为：莲花山地区地下水的硬度较高且矿化度较大;HCO₃^-浓度的平均值最大,在地下水的离子中占据主导地位;TDS（溶解性总固体）浓度较高且不同区域间浓度相差较大;莲花山地区部分区域偏硅酸、锶达到矿泉水标准,是矿泉水开发潜力区;研究区Na⁺和K⁺同时来自岩盐和硅酸岩的溶解;研究区浅层地下水中的Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺主要来源于碳酸盐的溶解;莲花山地区浅层地下水发生了阳离子交换作用.     

昆明盆地孔隙水的化学特征及其演化规律

昆明盆地为一碳酸盐岩基底背景上形成的断陷盆地.研究区内孔隙水中Ca²+、HCO₃^-在阳、阴离子中占有绝对优势,水化学类型以HCO₃-Ca、HCO₃-Ca·Mg、HCO₃·Cl-Ca等为主.受不同区域人为活动影响,地下水各离子组分空间分异较大,水化学类型由盆地边缘向盆地中心呈现出复杂化.在平面上,从盆地边缘向盆地中部的冲湖积平原方向,地下水矿化度具有东西过渡分带的特点,以矣六乡-小板桥-巫家坝-联盟镇为界,东部矿化度较低,西部则相对偏高.20年来,随城市化进程的加快,孔隙水水质的演变朝着正负两方面发展,盆地西山、草海一带生态环境有所好转,地下水矿化度在逐年降低,而地下水恶化的区间向着城市的外围边缘转移.冲湖积平原区,地下水矿化度变化不大.地下水化学类型的变异在很大程度上显示了地表土地利用方式的改变对地下水环境演变的影响.因子分析法的结果表明,地下水中Mg²⁺、HCO₃^-、Ca²⁺、Na⁺、Cl^-、SO₄^2-等离子的来源很大程度上显示自然演化的结果,而NO₃^-、K⁺、PO4^3-等离子的来源主要受农业和生活污水的影响.地下水化学组分中Mg²⁺、Na⁺、Cl^-、SO4^2-和K⁺同时受到自然作用和外界污染的影响,以COD为代表的工业污染在一定程度上影响了地下水中Cl^-、SO₄^2-和K⁺的浓度及其分布.     

秦岭主峰太白山北麓降水化学特征分析

利用太白山北麓2011年12月-2013年7月共39次降水样品数据资料, 定量分析了该区域降水化学的特征和时间变化规律. 结果表明: 太白山北麓地区降水中, 除常量离子Na⁺、NH₄⁺、K⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺、F^-、Cl^-、SO₄^2-、NO₃^-外, CO₃^2-、HCO₃^-、PO₄^3-及低分子有机酸也占有相当比例. 研究区降水常量离子浓度的顺序依次为: NH₄⁺ > SO₄^2- > Ca²⁺ > NO₃^- > Na⁺ > Cl^- > Mg²⁺ > K⁺ > F^-, 离子总浓度表现出明显的季节变化: 夏季(轻度污染) < 秋季(中等污染) < 春季(严重污染) < 冬季(极重污染). 利用因子分析法得出太白山北麓地区降水组分主要有三种来源; Na⁺、Cl^-、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺主要来自地壳源, SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、NH₄⁺主要来自人为源, K⁺和F^-主要由海盐源和人为源共同贡献. 根据Hysplit 后向气流轨迹分析, 得出不同路径气团降水离子组分不同: 受地形等因素影响, 北方路径的气团比南方路径气团离子总浓度较高; 受土壤类型影响, 西北方向气团降水Na⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺浓度较高; 受人为活动影响, 东北方向SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、NH₄⁺浓度较高.     

广西红水河中下游澄江地区地下水地球化学特征

以西南岩溶地下水污染调查评价中广西红水河中下游澄江地区地下水数据为基础,对该地区26件样品的水化学类型、化学成分含量特征、成分间相关特征以及化学成分的空间分布特征及影响因素进行了研究。结果表明：该地区地下水水化学类型为Ca-HCO₃型或Ca·Mg-HCO₃型;地下水中测试指标背景含量均未超过Ⅲ类水标准;大部分测试指标在该地区地下水中分布较均匀,只有Zn、Se和Hg在局部富集,分布不均匀;该地区地下水中元素含量与pH值没有明显的相关关系,而总硬度、HCO^-3、Ca²⁺、Mg2⁺、K⁺、Na⁺、SO^2-₄、NO^-3、I^-等元素间则显示出一定的相关关系,地下水中起决定性作用的是HCO^-3、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺;该地区地下水中元素含量空间上具有片状分布特点,主要受地质背景、地理条件和人类活动的综合作用所制约。     

微生物介导碳酸盐矿物合成过程中溶液pH值及主要阳离子变化及其地质意义

微生物介导碳酸盐矿物沉淀为“白云岩”问题的解决带来了希望。本次研究利用好氧、中度嗜盐细菌,在Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺值分别为3,5和7的溶液中合成碳酸盐,记录了每隔24 h溶液中的pH值,并取样分析了溶液中主要阳离子的变化情况。了解溶液pH值和阳离子变化,有利于我们了解微生物作用下碳酸盐矿物形成的过程,对理解微生物作用下碳酸盐的形成机制具有重要意义。实验结果表明,合成的矿物主要为一水碳酸钙、方解石及原白云石。3种溶液的pH值在前4 d均明显降低,溶液整体呈酸性,4 d后溶液pH值降低的趋势减缓,10 d后溶液pH值缓慢上升,呈近中性或弱碱性。Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺均呈现先下降后略微上升的趋势,Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺后期略微上升可能是由于细菌活性降低后不再消耗Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺,溶液中的H⁺,Na⁺和K⁺等阳离子在阳离子交替吸附的作用下替换出了一部分吸附在培养基上...     

Na+,K+,Mg2+,Ca2+//Cl-,SO42——H2O六元体系中杂卤石形成条件的再认识

研究海水体系(即Na⁺,K⁺,Mg²⁺,Ca²⁺∥Cl^-,$SO_{4}^{2-}$-H₂O六元体系)中杂卤石的形成条件不仅有助于理解海相蒸发盐成因,对开发杂卤石钾资源利用技术也具有重要的指导作用。但杂卤石以及其他含有硫酸钙矿物(如二水石膏、半水石膏、无水石膏、钾石膏、多钙钾石膏、钙芒硝和水钙芒硝)的相平衡,无论是在实验研究方面还是在热力学模拟方面都仍然存在很多争议。由于缺乏杂卤石在复杂水溶液体系中可靠的相平衡数据,使人们对认识杂卤石成因和利用杂卤石钾资源带来巨大障碍。本工作对海水体系中杂卤石的形成条件进行了热力学模拟和实验研究。超过一年的长时间固液平衡实验表明25 ℃下Na⁺,K⁺,Mg²⁺,Ca²⁺∥Cl^-,$SO_{4}^{2-}$-H₂O六元体系中杂卤石的形成区域极为可观,且较前人实验结果均大数倍;同时证实了热力学模型预测结果的可靠性。这些结果为讨论盐矿床中杂卤石的形成条件提供了物理化学依据。25 ℃下可靠的热力学信息表明:杂卤石与其他盐类矿物的共生情况丰富多样,并且与前人看法不同,杂卤石的形成并不需要极高的钾、镁浓度。这给以杂卤石为指示寻找可溶性固体钾盐带来了挑战,但却指示了以杂卤石为线索更容易找到钾、镁盐未饱和的富钾卤水。     

Using chemical analysis and modeling to enhance the understanding of soil solution of some calcareous soils

The chemistry of soil solutions can be altered by human activities, due to the intense agricultural and husbandry, leading to leaching of nutrients and subsequently elevating ground water levels. Multivariate statistical and inverse geochemical modeling techniques were used to determine the main factors controlling soil solution chemistry of calcareous soils. In this research, a total of 21 calcareous soils was characterized and assessed for soil solution using soil column. The major cations in the studied soil solutions were in the decreasing order as Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺ > Na⁺ > K⁺. The anions were also arranged in decreasing order as HCO $ _{3}^{ - } $  > Cl $ ^{ - } $  > SO $ _{4}^{2 - } $  > NO $ _{3}^{ - } $ . Concentrations of NO $ _{3}^{ - } $ , P, and K⁺ in soil solutions were in the range of 6.8–307.5 mg l^?1 (mean 63.2 mg l^?1), 5.0–10.4 mg l^?1 (mean 5.9 mg l^?1), and 2.8–54.6 mg l^?1 (mean 11.3 mg l^?1), respectively. Results suggest that the concentration of P in the soil solutions could be primarily controlled by the solubility of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate and dicalcium phosphate. Interactions between soil properties and observed solubility of nutrients were described, and put into empirical multivariate formulations. Obtained equations contained electrical conductivity (EC) as a key factor in determining nutrients solubility. Inverse geochemical modeling of soil solution using PHREEQC indicates the dissolution of calcite, anhydrite, halite, CO₂ (g), N₂ (g), and hydroxyapatite, and precipitation of sulfur. Cation exchange between Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺ and Na⁺ occurred with Mg²⁺ and K⁺ into the solution, and Ca²⁺ and Na⁺ out of the solution. Determination of soil solution will improve soil management in the area, and preventing groundwater deterioration.     

Spatial control of groundwater contamination,using principal component analysis

A study on the geochemistry of groundwater was carried out in a river basin of Andhra Pradesh to probe into the spatial controlling processes of groundwater contamination, using principal component analysis (PCA). The PCA transforms the chemical variables, pH, EC, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, HCO \(_3^- \) , Cl^?, SO \(_4^{2-} \) , NO \(_3^-\) and F^?, into two orthogonal principal components (PC1 and PC2), accounting for 75% of the total variance of the data matrix. PC1 has high positive loadings of EC, Na⁺, Cl^?, SO \(_4^{2-} \) , Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺, representing a salinity controlled process of geogenic (mineral dissolution, ion exchange, and evaporation), anthropogenic (agricultural activities and domestic wastewaters), and marine (marine clay) origin. The PC2 loadings are highly positive for HCO \(_3^- \) , F^?, pH and NO \(_3^- \) , attributing to the alkalinity and pollution controlled processes of geogenic and anthropogenic origins. The PC scores reflect the change of groundwater quality of geogenic origin from upstream to downstream area with an increase in concentration of chemical variables, which is due to anthropogenic and marine origins with varying topography, soil type, depth of water levels, and water usage. Thus, the groundwater quality shows a variation of chemical facies from Na⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺ > K⁺: HCO \(_3^- \) > Cl^? > SO \(_4^{2-}>\) NO \(_3^- \) > F^?at high topography to Na⁺ > Mg²⁺ > Ca²⁺ > K⁺: Cl^? > HCO \(_3^- \) > SO \(_4^{2-}>\) NO \(_3^- \) > F^? at low topography. With PCA, an effective tool for the spatial controlling processes of groundwater contamination, a subset of explored wells is indexed for continuous monitoring to optimize the expensive effort.     

Controlling factors of fluoride in groundwater in a part of South India

Fluoride (F^?) is the most important element for human health. Hydrogeochemical survey was conducted to probe into the controlling factors of F^? in the groundwater of a semi-arid part of South India. The study area comprises of F^?-bearing minerals (hornblende, biotite, and apatite) in the Precambrian rocks, sandstones in the Upper Gondwana rocks, and clays in the Quaternary formations. Forty-seven percent of the total groundwater samples have the higher F^? content than its permissible limit of 1.50 mg/L prescribed for drinking purpose. The chemical data of the groundwater is analyzed to assess the geochemical processes dominating the F^?-bearing groundwater, using Piper and Gibbs diagrams, correlations, saturation indices, ionic ratios, and multivariate analysis. Piper diagram shows that the groundwater quality is characterized by Na⁺-HCO\( {}_3^{-} \) and Na⁺-Cl^?types, while the Gibbs diagrams suggest that the groundwater chemistry is mainly controlled by water-rock interactions and is subsequently modified by human activities. The F^? groundwater is positively correlated with pH, total dissolved solids, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, HCO\( {}_3^{-} \), Cl^?, SO\( {}_4^{2-} \), and NO\( {}_3^{-} \) and negatively with Ca²⁺, representing the influences of geogenic and anthropogenic origins on the groundwater system. Geochemical ratios and saturation indices indicate that the processes of mineral dissolution, ion exchange, and evaporation mainly govern the high F^? groundwater, while the chemical fertilizers cause for the enrichment of F^?in the groundwater. Cluster and principal component analyses further support the above findings.     

Determination of the physico-chemical characteristics of hydrothermal fluids from the post-metamorphic Omai gold deposit, Guiana Shield, using analysis of ionic species by crush-leach technique and capillary electrophoresis

Summary Capillary electrophoresis (CE) or capillary ion analysis (CIA^TM) represents a relatively new, simple and fast analytical technique suited in particular to the analysis of aqueous fluids and leach solutions. The mechanisms responsible for separation in CE are based on the ion charge/size ratios. The application of capillary electrophoresis to a number of key vein-forming minerals is described for the first time for a Precambrian orogenic gold deposit. The Omai deposit is situated in the north-central part of the Barama-Mazaruni Supergroup, Guiana Shield, a Paleoproterozoic granitoid-greenstone belt metamorphosed during the Trans-Amazonian tectonothermal event at ca. 2.1Ga.Fluid inclusions extracted by crushing and leaching from 45 vein-forming mineral separates have been analyzed for ionic composition. The anionic species detected in the Omai fluids are , Cl^–, , , oxalate, , F^–, formate, , , acetate and propionate. Cationic species include , K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺, Mg²⁺, Mn²⁺, Ba²⁺, Li⁺, Zn²⁺, and Cu²⁺. Calcium, potassium and sodium cations have been used for temperature calculation. The presence of ionization products of organic acids is described for the first time in an orogenic hydrothermal system. However, their origin is still unclear and more data are needed to assess their role in the hydrothermal systems. Gold was transported as sulfide complexes, although the thiosulfate involvement in the remobilization and transport of gold in the upper part of the hydrothermal system at Omai is plausible.Present addresses: Cambior Management Services, Rosebel Gold Mines NV, Paramaribo, SurinameUNESCO Center for Macromolecules, Division of Polymer Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, South Africa     

Hydrochemical and isotopic characteristics of groundwater in the Ndop plain,northwest Cameroon: resilience to seasonal climatic changes

Shallow groundwater (>30 mbgl) is an essential source of drinking water to rural communities in the Ndop plain, northwest Cameroon. As a contribution to water management, the effect of seasonal variation on the groundwater chemistry, hydrochemical controls, drinking quality and recharge were investigated during the peaks of the dry (January) and rainy (September) seasons. Field measurements of physical parameters were preceded by sampling 58 groundwater samples during both seasons for major ions and stable isotope analyses. The groundwater, which was barely acidic (mean pH of 6) and less mineralised (TDS < 272 mg/l), showed no significant seasonal variation in temperature, pH and TDS during the two seasons. The order of cation abundance (meq/l) was Na⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺ > K⁺ and Na⁺ > Mg²⁺ > Ca²⁺ > K⁺ in the dry and rainy seasons, respectively, but that of anions ( \( {\text{HCO}}_{3}^{ - } \)  >  \( {\text{NO}}_{3}^{ - } \)  > Cl^? >  \( {\text{SO}}_{4}^{2 - } \)  > F^?) was similar in both seasons. This suggests a negligible effect of seasonal variations on groundwater chemistry. The groundwater, which was CaMgHCO₃ and NaHCO₃, is chemically evolved rainfall (CaMgSO₄Cl) in the area. Silicate mineral dissolution and cation-exchange were the main controls on groundwater chemistry while there was little anthropogenic influence. The major ions and TDS concentrations classified the water as suitable for human consumption as per WHO guidelines. The narrow cluster of δ¹⁸O and δD of same groundwater from both seasons between the δ¹⁸O and δD values of May–June precipitation along the Ndop Meteoric Water Line indicates meteoric origin, rapid recharge (after precipitation) and timing of recharge between May and June rainfall. Diffuse groundwater recharge mainly occurs at low altitudes (<1,400 m asl) within the plain. Besides major ions and TDS, the similar δ¹⁸O and δD of groundwater from both seasons indicate a consistent groundwater recharge and flow pattern throughout the year and resilience to present day short-term seasonal climatic variations. However, controlled groundwater abstraction is recommended given the increasing demand.     

Hydrochemical characteristics of surface and groundwater and suitability for drinking and agricultural use in the Upper Tigris River Basin,Diyarbakır–Batman,Turkey

Investigations were undertaken into the quality of surface water and groundwater bodies within the Upper Tigris Basin in Turkey to determine their suitability for potable and agricultural use. In the study area, the majority of the groundwater and surface water samples belong to the calcium–magnesium–bicarbonate type (Ca–Mg–HCO₃) or magnesium–calcium–bicarbonate type (Mg–Ca–HCO₃). Chemical analysis of all water samples shows that the mean cation concentrations (in mg/L) were in the order Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺ > Na⁺ > K⁺ and that of anions are in the order \( \text{HCO}_{3}^{ - } \) > \( \text{SO}_{4}^{2 - } \) > Cl^? > \( \text{CO}_{3}^{ - } \) for all groundwater and surface water samples. The Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺ ratio ranges from 0.21 to 1.30 with most of the values greater than 0.5, indicating that weathering of dolomites is dominant in groundwater. The analysis reveals that all of the samples are neutral to slightly alkaline (pH 7.0–8.7). Groundwater and surface water suitability for drinking usage was evaluated according to the World Health Organization and Turkish Standards (TSE-266) and suggests that most of the samples are suitable for drinking. Various determinants such as sodium absorption ratio, percent sodium (Na %), residual sodium carbonate and soluble sodium percentage revealed that most of the samples are suitable for irrigation. According to MH values, all of the well water samples were suitable for irrigation purposes, but 80 and 81.82% of Zillek springs and surface water samples were unsuitable. As per the PI values, the water samples from the study area are classified as Class I and Class II and are considered to be suitable for irrigation.     

Geochemical modelling, ionic ratio and GIS based mapping of groundwater salinity and assessment of governing processes in Northern Gujarat, India

In semi-arid/arid regions, groundwater is the major source of irrigation, drinking and industrial requirements, water salinity and shortage are major problems of concern. North Gujarat, India, is one such area where highly saline groundwater is generally ascribed to rapid increase of population, agriculture and industries induced decline in water table by unplanned abstraction of groundwater. However, no effort has been made to discriminate the natural and anthropogenic influences on groundwater salinity. In this brief background, the present study attempts to identify the factors and processes controlling the groundwater salinity in the area, based on ionic ratios in integration with various graphical methods, saturation indices and geographical information system. Na⁺/Ca²⁺ > 1 indicates the deficiency of Ca²⁺ possibly due to CaCO₃ precipitation or ion exchange process. Na⁺/Cl^? > 1 and $ {\text{SO}}_{4}{}^{2 - } /{\text{Cl}}^{ - } \gg 0.05 $ suggest salinization is mainly due to wastewater infiltration and/or due to irrigation water return flow. Sea water intrusion in coastal parts, vertical and lateral mixing of water and anthropogenic inputs are also responsible for salinization of groundwater. USSL diagram, Na%, sodium adsorption ratio, residual sodium carbonate and magnesium hazard indicate unsuitability of groundwater for irrigation purposes. To prevent groundwater salinization, appropriate measures need to be taken to control further indiscriminate exploitation of groundwater for irrigation.     

Appraisal of groundwater quality in a crystalline aquifer: a chemometric approach

The purpose of this study is to assess the groundwater quality and identify the processes that control the groundwater chemistry in a crystalline aquifer. A total of 72 groundwater samples were collected during pre- and post-monsoon seasons in the year 2014 in a semi-arid region of Gooty Mandal, Anantapur district, Andhra Pradesh, India. The study utilized chemometric analysis like basic statistics, Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r), principal component analysis (PCA), Gibbs ratio, and index of base exchange to understand the mechanism of controlling the groundwater chemistry in the study area. The results reveal that groundwater in the study area is neutral to slightly alkaline in nature. The order of dominance of cations is Na⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺ > K⁺ while for anions, it is \( {\mathrm{HCO}}_3^{-}>{\mathrm{Cl}}^{-} \)>\( {\mathrm{NO}}_3^{-} \)>\( {\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} \)>\( {\mathrm{CO}}_3^{2-}>{\mathrm{F}}^{-} \) in both seasons. Based on the Piper classification, most of the groundwater samples are identified as of sodium bicarbonate (\( {\mathrm{Na}}^{+}-{\mathrm{HCO}}_3^{-}\Big) \) type. According to the results of the principal component analysis (PCA), three factors and two factors were identified pre and post monsoon, respectively. The present study indicates that the groundwater chemistry is mostly controlled by geogenic processes (weathering, dissolution, and ion exchange) and some extent of anthropogenic activities.     

Hydrogeochemical analysis and evaluation of groundwater quality in the Gadilam river basin,Tamil Nadu,India

Water samples were collected from different formations of Gadilam river basin and analyzed to assess the major ion chemistry and suitability of water for domestic and drinking purposes. Chemical parameters of groundwater such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), Sodium (Na⁺), Potassium (K⁺), Calcium (Ca⁺), Magnesium (Mg⁺), Bicarbonate (HCO₃  ^-_{3}^{\ \,-}), Sulphate (SO₄  ^-_{4}^{\ \,-}), Phosphate (PO₄  ^-_{4}^{\ \,-}) and Silica (H₄SiO₄) were determined. The geochemical study of the aquatic systems of the Gadilam river basin show that the groundwater is near-acidic to alkaline and mostly oxidizing in nature. Higher concentration of Sodium and Chloride indicates leaching of secondary salts and anthropogenic impact by industry and salt water intrusion. Spatial distribution of EC indicates anthropogenic impact in the downstream side of the basin. The concentration levels of trace metals such as Iron (Fe), Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni), Bromide (Br), Iodide (I) and Aluminium (Al) have been compared with the world standard. Interpretation of data shows that some trace metals such as Al, Ni and Pb exceed the acceptable limit of world standard. Geophysical study was carried out to identify the weathered zone in the hard rock and contaminated zone by anthropogenic impact in the downstream of river Gadilam. A few of the groundwater samples in the study area were found to be unsuitable for domestic and drinking purposes.     

Major ion composition and seasonal variation in the Lesser Himalayan lake: case of Begnas Lake of the Pokhara Valley, Nepal

The Begnas Lake in the Pokhara Valley is one of the threatened habitats in Nepal. The major ion chemistry explains the status of most of the inorganic nutrients and their possible sources. However, the earlier studies mostly cover limnological investigations, and phytoplankton and zooplankton diversity. Thus, the present study has been conducted to investigate the geochemical processes and to examine the seasonal variation of chemical composition within Begnas Lake. The results showed that SO ₄ ^2- , PO ₄ ^3- , and NO ₃ ^- increased compared with the previous values. The domination of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and HCO ₃ ^- explains the influence of carbonate weathering on the major ion concentration. In general, pH and dissolved oxygen decreased with the depth of water-column, while electric conductivity, total dissolved solids, HCO ₃ ^- , Cl^-, H₄SiO₄, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Mn²⁺, and Fe increased. Among the cations, the predominance of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ as characterized by high (>0.6) (Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺)/(Tz⁺) and (>0.8) (Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺)/(Na⁺ + K⁺) equivalent ratios, also suggests prevalence of carbonate weathering. The low value of (Na⁺ + K⁺)/Tz⁺ ratio shows deficiency of Na⁺ and K⁺, suggesting low contribution of cations via aluminosilicate weathering. The C-ratio suggests a proton source derived both from oxidation of sulfide and dissolution and dissociation of atmospheric CO₂ during different seasons. Though the major hydro-chemical parameters are within permissible limit, the increase in trophic state of the lake suggests that inherent biogeochemical processes make the limiting nutrients available, rendering eutrophic effect. Therefore, further comprehensive studies incorporating sediment–water interaction ought to be carried out to explain the ongoing phenomena and curb the eutrophication process in the lake.