Copepod grazing during spring blooms: Does Calanus pacificus avoid harmful diatoms?

During late winter and spring of 2002 and 2003, 24, 2–3 day cruises were conducted to Dabob Bay, Washington State, USA, to examine the grazing, egg production, and hatching success rates of adult female Calanus pacificus and Pseudocalanus newmani. The results of the copepod grazing experiments for C. pacificus are discussed here. Each week, copepod grazing incubation experiments from two different depth layers were conducted. Grazing was measured by both changes in chlorophyll concentration and cell counts. In 2002, there was one moderate bloom consisting mainly of Thalassiosira spp. in early February, and a larger bloom in April comprised of two Chaetoceros species and Phaeocystis sp. Similarly, in 2003, there were two blooms, an early one dominated by Thalassiosira spp., and a later one consisting of Chaetoceros spp. and Thalassiosira spp. Clearance rates on individual prey species, as calculated by cell counts, showed that C. pacificus are highly selective in their feeding, and may have much higher clearance rates on individual taxa than rates calculated from bulk chlorophyll disappearance. During weeks of high phytoplankton concentration, the copepods generally ate phytoplankton. However, they often rejected the most abundant phytoplankton species, particularly certain Thalassiosira spp., even though the rejected prey were often of the same genus and similar size to the preferred prey. It is speculated that this avoidance may be related to the possible deleterious effects that certain of these diatom species have on the reproductive success of these copepods. During weeks of medium to low phytoplankton concentration, the copepods selectively ate certain species of phytoplankton, and often had high electivity for microzooplankton. The selection mechanism must consist of active particle rejection most likely based on detection of surface chemical properties, since the diatoms that were selected were of the same genus, nearly the same size, and at lower numerical abundance than those cells that were avoided. The grazing choices made by these copepods may have important consequences for the overall ecosystem function within coastal and estuarine systems through changes in the transfer efficiency of energy to higher trophic levels.     

棕囊藻属(Phaeocystis)的种类多样性及地理分布特征研究进展

棕囊藻(Phaeocystis)是全球海洋广泛分布的有害藻华原因种,也是海洋初级生产力的重要贡献者,在极地和近海地区的碳、硫元素的生物地球化学循环、食物网结构及全球气候变化中都具有极其重要的作用.由于个体微小,形态特征观察困难,在常规观察中很容易被忽略.同时多数棕囊藻具有复杂的异型生活史,具有多种不同细胞形态,因此其传...     

Reproductive success of Calanus pacificus during diatom blooms in Dabob Bay, Washington

While numerous laboratory studies in the last decade have shown that diatoms can induce reproductive failure in copepods, field evidence for a negative diatom effect is equivocal. To unambiguously elucidate the effects diatoms have on copepod reproduction in situ, we undertook a study of the abundance, distribution, grazing rates, and reproductive success of Calanus pacificus in Dabob Bay, Washington, USA, during two spring bloom periods. We simultaneously measured the phytoplankton composition, abundance, and distribution. Here we present results for the reproductive success of C. pacificus using four measurements: egg production rate, clutch size, egg hatching success, and naupliar survival (to the first feeding stage). Egg production rate was positively correlated with chlorophyll a concentration, and egg hatching success and naupliar survival were usually greater than 80%. However, in February 2002 and 2003 – during blooms of diatoms of the genus Thalassiosira – either egg hatching success, naupliar survival, or both were significantly depressed compared to other times in spring and summer. These effects, combined with evidence that C. pacificus was grazing aldehyde-producing Thalassiosira at the time of their blooms, indicate that diatoms can negatively affect copepod reproduction in the field, albeit only under specific circumstances and for brief periods.     

Taxonomy and zoogeography of euchaetid copepods (Calanoida,Clausocalanoidea) from Korean waters,with notes on their female genital structure

Euchaetid copepods (Calanoida, Clausocalanoidea) were collected from the southeastern region of Korea and the East/Japan Sea from June 2007 to August 2008. Seven species were found and redescribed in this study: five species from the genus Euchaeta (E. concinna, E. indica, E. longicornis, E. plana and E. rimana) and two species from the genus Paraeuchaeta (P. elongata and P. russelli). Using scanning electron microscopy, we observed detailed taxonomic features with special references to their genital structure. The euchaetid copepods show speciesspecific characteristics on their genital structures, in particular on the shapes of genital operculum and genital flange. Their zoogeographies were also discussed. They can be regarded as an indicator species of the Tsushima Warm Current and East Sea Intermediate Water.     

中国海洋浮游植物和赤潮物种的生物多样性研究进展(四):长江口

长江口海域是我国的一个典型水域,具有很高的浮游植物物种多样性,其中包括很多种赤潮物种,引起赤潮频发。本文总结了过去40年间长江口海域历次航次调查的研究结果,比较分析了52个航次调查鉴定的浮游植物组成,重点探索了赤潮物种的组成,并详细描述了长江口海域的6种典型赤潮物种:中肋骨条藻、东海原甲藻、旋链角毛藻、夜光藻、米氏凯伦藻和尖刺拟菱形藻。在文献报道的657个浮游植物物种(包括571个物种和86个鉴定到属的未定种)中,硅藻(368个物种和55个未定种)和甲藻(149个物种和15未定种)占绝大多数。这些浮游植物中赤潮物种占125个,包括硅藻69种、甲藻49种、金藻2种、隐藻1种和蓝藻3种。本文为比较研究不同海域赤潮物种的生物多样性,探讨生物多样性的起源与演化,为解读宏基因组学及宏条形码分析结果提供了基础。     

单环刺螠育苗养殖及综合利用研究进展

单环刺螠（Urechis unicinctus）是我国北方沿海常见的一种海洋底栖无脊椎动物，也是具有较好市场开发前景的新型海水养殖品种之一。本文概述了单环刺螠的基础生物学、人工育苗和养殖现状，以及高附值开发潜力，并提出了构建单环刺螠新型海水养殖产业链的可行性。     

Resource Partitioning Among Planktivorous Fish Larvae and Fry in a Mediterranean Coastal Lagoon

Resource partioning among the planktivorous stages of eight fish species occurring in a Mediterranean coastal lagoon was studied. Five species were migratory mullets that spawned in the sea (Liza ramada, L. aurata, L. saliens, Chelon labrosusandMugil cephalus), while the other three species were resident and spawned in the lagoon (Atherina boyeri, Cyprinus carpioandGambusia holbrooki).Mullet fry exhibited similar diets, based on the consumption of zooplanktonic Crustacea such as copepods and cladocerans, although adult chironomids were also important.Gambusia holbrookiandA. boyerifed on small prey such as copepod nauplii, copepodites and rotifers, whileC. carpioconsumed larger prey preferentially (cladocerans and copepods).According to the trophic overlap and niche width results, seven species pairs could be competing in the estuary, although further experimental evidence is still required.     

中国海洋仙菜科(Ceramiaceae)新记录属——盖氏藻属Gayliella(红藻门)的分类研究

利用生物压片技术,通过形态学和解剖学方法,对采自我国沿岸海洋的仙菜科红藻(Ceramiaceae,Rhodophyta)进行了分类学研究,发现了我国仙菜科新记录属——盖氏藻属(新拟名)Gayliella T.O.Cho,L.McIvor et S.M.Boo。该属目前在我国共有5个种,即短毛盖氏藻(新拟名)Gayliella pmbriatum (Setchell et N. L. Gardner). T. O. Cho et S. M. Boo、优美盖氏藻(新拟名) Gayliella βaccidum (Kützing) T. O. Cho et L. McIvor、泰式盖氏藻(新拟名) Gayliella taylorii (E. Y. Dawson) T. O.Cho et S. M. Boo、马沙盖氏藻(新拟名) Gayliella mazoyerae T. O. Cho, Fredericq et Hommersand和横轴盖氏藻(新拟名) Gayliella transversalis (Collins et Hervey) T. O. Cho et Fredericq,其中前3个种为由仙菜属Ceramium归并的物种,后2个为我国的新记录种。本文对此2个新记录种进行了详细的形态学描述,并讨论了它们与中国已报道的横列仙菜Ceramium gracillimum间的关系。该研究结果丰富了我国海洋仙菜科的物种多样性。     

Sexual size dimorphism in calanoid copepods (Centropagidae) from Patagonia (Argentina)

Calanoid copepods of the genus Boeckella and Parabroteas (P. sarsi) are dominant in zooplankton communities of Patagonian lakes and ponds. This study addresses the occurrence of sexual size dimorphism in calanoid copepods of the genus Boeckella and in the monospecific genus Parabroteas occurring in 12 lakes and ponds of Patagonia (Argentina). The morphometric analysis performed showed that in all the species studied the female is larger than the male, although the difference in size among sexes was found to be variable between species. Interestingly, all species showed significant intraspecific stability in their sexual size dimorphism despite potential differences in their environments regarding predation pressure, environmental stability (permanent or temporary waters) and altitude distribution of populations. Finally, we discuss the potential implications of sexual dimorphism in terms of resource use and vulnerability to predation among other environmental forces which may play a role in promoting larger female to male size.     

运用双特异分子探针技术对胶州湾三种硅藻的检测

利用本实验室首创的双特异分子探针技术对胶州湾常见的3种硅藻-旋链角毛藻(Chaeto-ceros curvisetus Cleve)、尖刺拟菱形藻(Pseudo-nitzschia pungens(Grunowex Cleve)Halse)和中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum(Greville)Cleve)进行定性与定量分析。结果表明,无论是对实验室样品还是自然样品进行检测,本技术均有较好的适用性,对3种目标藻的最低检测细胞数分别为4.2×104、9.4×103和6.0×104个细胞。统计分析表明,双特异分子探针技术对3种目标藻的分析结果与经典的显微镜镜检结果没有显著性差异。本技术利用了多孔酶标板进行检测,整个实验过程约7h,可在较短时间内分析大量样品中的多种微藻,为同时监测多种赤潮藻开辟了一条新途径。     

Centropages typicus (Crustacea,Copepoda) reacts to volatile compounds produced by planktonic algae

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) may play the role of infochemicals and trigger chemotaxis and ecologically relevant responses in freshwater and marine invertebrates. Aquatic grazers use these signals as chemical cues to trace the presence of their food or to detect their predators. However, detailed data are still needed to fully understand the role of these relationships in marine plankton. We investigated the ability of the copepod Centropages typicus to perceive the odour of three planktonic diatoms (Skeletonema marinoi, Pseudonitzschia delicatissima and Chaetoceros affinis) and a dinoflagellate (Prorocentrum minimum). This information is ecologically relevant for orientation, habitat selection, predator avoidance and communication. In addition, as the pH of the medium influences the perception of chemical cues in aquatic environments, we tested the effect of seawater acidification resulting from increasing levels of CO₂, and its influences on the olfactory reactions of copepods. For this reason, our tests were repeated in normal (pH 8.10) and acidified (pH 7.76) seawater in order to simulate future ocean acidification scenarios. Using replicated chemokinetic assays we demonstrated that VOCs produced by Ps. delicatissima and Pr. minimum attract copepods at normal pH, but this effect is lowered in acidified water. By contrast, the odour of S. marinoi mainly induces a reaction of repulsion, but in acidified water and at higher concentrations this toxic diatom becomes attractive for copepods. Our experiments demonstrate, for the first time, that copepods are sensitive to the volatile compounds contained in various microalgae; VOCs prompt chemokinesis according to algal species and odour concentrations. However, seawater acidification induces changes in copepods' perception of odours. These findings highlight the sensitivity of chemically mediated interactions to global changes     

广西北海金海湾红树林湿地海洋线虫群落研究初探

2019年夏季在广西北海市金海湾红树林湿地,设置7个断面,分别采集红树林和光滩小型底栖动物沉积物样品,进行海洋线虫群落结构的研究。分析结果共鉴定出7个小型底栖动物类群,分别为自由生活海洋线虫、桡足类、多毛类、寡毛类、双壳类、有孔虫以及少许未鉴定类群,其中海洋线虫是优势类群,占总丰度的91.79%。小型底栖动物的丰度介于(6.07±1.23)—(200.25±31.75)ind./10cm2之间,海洋线虫的丰度介于(4.16±1.7)—(195.23±30.80)ind./10cm2之间。各个断面,红树林区小型底栖动物的数量都大于相同断面光滩上的。共鉴定出6个海洋线虫优势属,分别为Terschellingia、 Promonhystera、 Paralongicyatholaimus、 Dorylaimopsis、 Halichoanolaimus和Metachromadora,其中Terschellingia为最优势属,优势度为19.35%,在各个断面广泛分布。文中比较分析了该属出现的3个相近种的尾长、化感器直径和化感器距体前端的距离等形态学特征。     

New genera and species of benthic calanoid copepods from the New Zealand slope

Thirteen new species of benthic calanoid copepods are described from depths of 1,184–1,697 m off New Zealand. Seven species belong to previously described aetideid genera (Bradyidius—four spp., Comantenna—one sp., Pseudeuchaeta—two spp.) and the remainder represent new genera in three families: Aetideidae—three genera, four spp.; Arietellidae—one genus and sp.; Bathypontiidae—one genus and sp.     

中国海洋浮游植物和赤潮物种的生物多样性研究进展(三):南海

中国南海是世界上最大的边缘海之一,位于印太交汇区的北端。独特的地理环境和气候条件使其生态环境极其复杂,使得南海海域的赤潮具有特殊性和典型性。近20年来,南海赤潮现象呈攀升态势,对水产养殖业、滨海旅游业、海洋生态系统及人类健康都有着严重的危害。为了系统了解南海海域浮游植物,尤其是赤潮物种的种类组成、相对丰度及年际变化,本文对近30年间(1987—2018)南海海域涉及浮游植物调研的44个航次数据进行了统计和比较分析,共记录到500种浮游植物、65个鉴定到属的未定种和1个未定类的三深碎裂藻。其中,硅藻(289种和37个未定种)和甲藻(186种和21个未定种)占绝大多数,包括赤潮物种149种。其中大部分浮游植物尚未得到系统的分子鉴定。比较发现不同航次报道的物种数目相差较大,种类相似度不高,硅藻和甲藻的相对优势地位无明显演替现象。南海海域最常见的赤潮物种以硅藻为主,包括菱形海线藻、中肋骨条藻、洛氏角毛藻、尖刺拟菱形藻、柔弱拟菱形藻、球形棕囊藻、夜光藻和锥状斯氏藻。本文将为比较研究不同海域赤潮物种的生物多样性,解读宏基因组学及宏条形码分析结果提供参考。     

Phytoplankton assemblages in the CoOP-WEST coastal upwelling area

Elevated levels of phytoplankton were observed at the Northern California coastal upwelling ecosystem studied as part of the CoOP-WEST project during monthly summer surveys in 2000, 2001 and 2002. The high concentrations of chlorophyll were made up mostly of larger cells; the phytoplankton communities that resulted were dominated by centric diatoms. The highest chlorophyll a concentrations were observed when large diatoms or small colony-forming species dominated the assemblages. In contrast, when smaller nano-flagellates and picoplankton were dominant, total chlorophyll a concentrations were over four or five-fold lower than when diatoms were prevalent, illustrating the importance of large diatoms to total phytoplankton biomass. Each year, when chlorophyll concentrations were greatest, Chaetoceros species created a Chaetoceros-dominated system. A few other genera contributed to the upwelling diatom community, mostly the centric diatoms Asterionella, Thalassiosira, Rhizosolenia (including Guinardia and Proboscia), and the pennate Nitzschia. These diatoms have been described in other coastal upwelling ecosystems, and at this study site form a functional group that are apparently well adapted to the high-nutrient, turbulent conditions that are typical of these coastal regions.     

中国新记录定鞭藻物种冠状棕囊藻的遗传进化分析

棕囊藻属(Phaeocystis)分类学上位于定鞭藻门(Haptophyta)定鞭藻纲(Haptophyceae)棕囊藻目(Phaeocystales)棕囊藻科(Phaeocystaceae)。迄今在我国海域仅分离鉴定到一种棕囊藻属物种,即自1997年以来在我国海域频繁形成有害藻华的球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa)。作者从中国南海分离到一个单细胞鞭毛类株系CNS01077,结合形态特征观察及基于18S rDNA序列的系统发育分析,将其鉴定为冠状棕囊藻(Phaeocystis rex)。这是该棕囊藻物种在我国海域的首次报道。该研究构建了该物种的首个叶绿体基因组序列和首个线粒体基因组序列。与球形棕囊藻和南极棕囊藻的细胞器基因组比较分析发现冠状棕囊藻的细胞器基因组发生了显著的结构重排和序列变异。该物种在我国海域的发现及细胞器基因组的构建,将为棕囊藻的生物多样性组成和地理分布研究提供支撑。     

东海自由生活线虫两新种

描述了采自东海陆架沉积物中自由生活线虫Hopperia和Nemanema属的两个新种。新种大化感器霍帕线虫主要特征是螺旋形化感器5圈，较大；弓形交接刺近端宽大具有中肋，延伸至三分之一处；引带具有弯曲的引带突；6个乳突状的肛前辅器；锥柱状尾具有膨大的末端和尾端刚毛。新种小线虫的主要特征是身体大小是属内最小的；具有较大的椭圆形化感器；尾锥状；交接刺细，具有腹面翼膜，近端弯钩状；引带环形；1个肛前辅器乳突状，其上着生3条刚毛。更新完善了Hopperia属17个种的二岐检索表。     

Copepod community structure during upwelling and non-upwelling seasons in coastal waters off Cochin, southwest coast of India

Vypeen, an island of Cochin estuarine system, acts as the spawning site of several marine and estuarine fishes. We assumed that, physical process(upwelling) make changes in hydrography and the production of chlorophyll a in coastal waters off Vypeen. These alterations can influence the zooplankton abundance and copepod community structure in that area. For justifying this hypothesis, samples were collected from Vypeen at 10 m and 30 m locations during January(pre-southwest monsoon), August(late-southwest monsoon) and November(postsouthwest monsoon) 2014. During August, subsurface water column was cool, nutrient rich and less oxygenated(signatures of upwelling) than in November and January. Maximum concentrations of nitrate and chlorophyll a were recorded during August. In the present study, 15 zooplankton groups were recorded; of which copepods were the most predominant group(73%–90%). Copepod density in the present study ranged between 527.2 ind./m~3 and 5 139.2 ind./m~3. Totally, 37 copepods species were reported in present study and copepod species richness was higher during January. The abundance of zooplankton and copepods was high in August during late-southwest monsoon. These variations were closely associated with the coastal upwelling in August and weakening of moderate upwelling in November. In SIMPER analysis, it was found that the copepods species distribution was similar within season and dissimilar between the three seasons. Moreover, the higher abundance of upwelling indicator species Temora turbinata was recorded in August, which confirms the signs of seasonal upwelling in Vypeen. The present study emphasized on the influence of hydrographical parameters associated with physical process, in governing the copepod community organization of the Vypeen Island.