我国近海有毒藻和藻毒素问题的研究现状与展望

海洋中的一部分微藻能够产生藻毒素,导致鱼、贝类等养殖动物染毒或死亡,甚至危及人类健康和海洋生态安全。近20年来,随着对有害藻华(Harmful algal bloom, HAB)问题关注程度的不断提高和研究手段的快速发展,对我国近海有毒藻和藻毒素的认识也在不断深入。本文针对常见的几类藻毒素,从贝类中藻毒素污染状况、毒素来源、有毒藻藻华状况等角度,对我国当前相关研究工作进展进行了综述。大量研究表明,麻痹性贝毒毒素(paralytic shellfish toxins, PSTs)和腹泻性贝毒毒素(diarrhetic shellfish toxins, DSTs)在我国近海最为常见,其中,麻痹性贝毒主要由有毒亚历山大藻(Alexandrium spp.)产生,产毒藻种常见于南海海湾、福建沿海、长江口邻近海域、海州湾、北黄海和秦皇岛近海等,中毒事件也时有发生。常见的大田软海绵酸、扇贝毒素等腹泻性贝毒毒素多由鳍藻(Dinophysis spp.)产生,我国近海贝类沾染藻毒素的现象也非常常见。近年来,随着高效液相色谱和质谱技术的发展,在我国近海发现了越来越多的有毒藻和藻毒素。在对文献进行综合分析的基础上,简单探讨了有毒藻与藻毒素对海产品食品安全的影响及风险,以及未来研究发展方向。     

Accumulation of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins in the oyster Crassostrea gigas and the mussel Choromytilus meridionalis in the southern Benguela ecosystem

Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) poses a significant threat to the safe consumption of shellfish in the southern Benguela ecosystem. The accumulation of DSP toxins was investigated in two cultivated bivalve species, the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas and the mussel Choromytilus meridio-nalis, suspended from a mooring located off Lambert's Bay on the west coast of South Africa. The dinoflagellate Dinophysis acuminata, a known source of polyether toxins associated with DSP, was common through most of the study period. The toxin composition of the dinoflagellate was dominated by okadaic acid (OA) (91%), with lesser quantities of the dinophysistoxin DTX-1 (6.5%) and pecteno-toxin PTX-2 (2.4%), and traces of PTX-2sa and PTX-11. The mean cell toxin quota of D. acuminata was 7.8 pg OA cell^–1. The toxin profile in shellfish was characterised by a notably higher relative content of DTX-1. The study showed the average concentration of DSP toxins in the mussels to exceed that in the oysters by approximately 20-fold. The results indicate a need to establish species-specific sampling frequencies in shellfish safety monitoring programmes.     

有毒赤潮藻及其毒素的危害与检测

海洋中可引发赤潮的藻类约有300种,其中有毒赤潮藻为80种左右。现已知道的赤潮藻主要毒素有麻痹性贝毒、腹泻性贝毒、记忆缺失性贝毒、神经性贝毒、西加鱼度和溶血性毒素,前5种毒素的结构已经基本得到证实。有毒赤潮藻的毒素可以在海洋生物体内积累,人类误食含有藻毒素的食品时可能中毒,严重者还可能死亡。海洋有毒赤潮藻及其毒素的检测已经成为当今全球赤潮研究和监测的重要内容之一,可以通过形态学分类方法、分子生物学技术(遗传探针)和免疫学检测技术对有毒赤潮藻进行检测;可以通过生物学、物理化学检测方法和神经受体结合、免疫学检测技术对赤潮藻毒素进行检测。     

腹泻性贝毒的高效液相色谱法测定条件改进及其运用

对腹泻性贝毒的高效液相色谱测定方法的条件进行改变，使原来对实验条件要求苛刻的方法更适宜于一般的实验室使用，使其有可能替代国内目前常用的小鼠生物方法。井成功地运用于冬季大连海域贝类腹泻性贝毒的检测，首次报道了大连地区海域贝类腹泻性贝毒的主要成分大田软海绵酸的含量，其结果是2000年1—3月大连地区海域贝类腹泻性贝毒除个别海区外一般都末检出。     

中国近海藻毒素及有毒微藻产毒原因种调查研究进展

麻痹性贝类毒素在我国近海污染问题已十分突出,基本呈现逐年加剧的趋势。20世纪90年代,南海麻痹性贝类毒素污染较重; 21世纪初,北黄海麻痹性贝类毒素污染较重;近几年,渤海和福建近海麻痹性贝类毒素污染较重;可产生麻痹性贝类毒素的微藻有亚历山大藻和裸甲藻等。采用小鼠生物法检测我国近海腹泻性贝类毒素超标率32%左右,采用液相色谱/质谱法检测,仅有3起超标的研究报道;现行小鼠生物法检测腹泻性贝类毒素假阳性问题十分突出,应尽快废除;腹泻性贝类毒素均是脂溶性的,脂溶性海洋生物毒素在我国近海常年可检出,偶有虾夷扇贝毒素和鳍藻毒素超标现象。可产生脂溶性毒素微藻有鳍藻和原甲藻及网状原角藻等。失忆性贝类毒素在我国近海常有检出,但无超标现象;产毒微藻有拟菱形藻等。西加鱼毒素在我国南海污染较重,但毒素标准物质的匮乏,限制了西加鱼毒素的调查研究;至今尚未确定产生西加鱼毒素的微藻。酶联免疫吸附法和液相色谱串联质谱法相结合已成为藻毒素快速准确检测成熟的技术,逐渐代替小鼠生物法和液相色谱法。     

Approaches to monitoring,control and management of harmful algal blooms (HABs)

Virtually every coastal country in the world is affected by harmful algal blooms (HABs, commonly called “red tides”). These phenomena are caused by blooms of microscopic algae. Some of these algae are toxic, and can lead to illness and death in humans, fish, seabirds, marine mammals, and other oceanic life, typically as a result of the transfer of toxins through the food web. Sometimes the direct release of toxic compounds can be lethal to marine animals. Non-toxic HABs cause damage to ecosystems, fisheries resources, and recreational facilities, often due to the sheer biomass of the accumulated algae. The term “HAB” also applies to non-toxic blooms of macroalgae (seaweeds), which can cause major ecological impacts such as the displacement of indigenous species, habitat alteration and oxygen depletion in bottom waters.Globally, the nature of the HAB problem has changed considerably over the last several decades. The number of toxic blooms, the resulting economic losses, the types of resources affected, and the number of toxins and toxic species have all increased dramatically. Some of this expansion has been attributed to storms, currents and other natural phenomena, but human activities are also frequently implicated. Humans have contributed by transporting toxic species in ballast water, and by adding massive and increasing quantities of industrial, agricultural and sewage effluents to coastal waters. In many urbanized coastal regions, these inputs have altered the size and composition of the nutrient pool which has, in turn, created a more favorable nutrient environment for certain HAB species. The steady expansion in the use of fertilizers for agricultural production represents a large and worrisome source of nutrients in coastal waters that promote some HABs.The diversity in HAB species and their impacts presents a significant challenge to those responsible for the management of coastal resources. Furthermore, HABs are complex oceanographic phenomena that require multidisciplinary study ranging from molecular and cell biology to large-scale field surveys, numerical modelling, and remote sensing from space. Our understanding of these phenomena is increasing dramatically, and with this understanding comes technologies and management tools that can reduce HAB incidence and impact. Here I summarize the global HAB problem, its trends and causes, and new technologies and approaches to monitoring, control and management, highlighting molecular probes for cell detection, rapid and sensitive toxin assays, remote sensing detection and tracking of blooms, bloom control and mitigation strategies, and the use of large-scale physical/biological models to analyze past blooms and forecast future ones.     

氮杂螺环酸贝类毒素的研究进展

氮杂螺环酸也称原多甲藻酸,是一种具有独特螺环结构的聚醚类毒素,其对水产品的食品安全和消费者健康威胁极大,因此被双壳软体生物毒素工作组列为常见贝类毒素之一。但迄今人们对有关氮杂螺环酸的致毒机理、分子靶点以及生物毒性等,尚缺乏深入的了解。为推进对该类毒素的研究,本文就氮杂螺环酸的来源、检测方法、毒性及致毒机理以及对贝类生物的影响等进行了综述,并提出了未来需重点关注和解决的问题。     

Comparison of short-term toxicity of 14 common phycotoxins (alone and in combination) to the survival of brine shrimp Artemia salina

Toxic harmful algal blooms(HABs) can cause deleterious effects in marine organisms, threatening the stability of marine ecosystems. It is well known that different strains, natural populations and growth conditions of the same toxic algal species may lead to different amount of phycotoxin production and the ensuing toxicity. To fully assess the ecological risk of toxic HABs, it is of great importance to investigate the toxic effects of phycotoxins in marine organisms. In this study, the short-te...     

麻痹性贝毒毒素的应用研究进展

由于有害赤潮的发生日趋频繁，对养殖业、自然生态系统和人类健康的危害越来越大，造成的经济损失也逐渐增加，因而有害赤潮问题成为人们关注的焦点。藻毒素是有害赤潮致害的重要因子之一，而麻痹性贝毒(Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning，PSP)毒素又是藻毒素中分布最广、危害最大的一类毒素。随着科学家们对PSP毒素的来源(Steidinger，1993)、结构和作用方式(Penzotti et al.,1998)的深入研究，PSP毒素在赤潮研究、分子生物学和神经生物学基础研究、医药、军事防化等的应用也逐渐受到重视。本文作者针对这些问题进行了综合评述，以期为深入开展PSP毒素应用研究提供参考依据。     

海洋浮游植物薄层的研究进展

浮游植物薄层是指位于水体次表层、厚度从几厘米到几米的高丰度浮游植物分布层。与大洋相比,在河口、海湾和近海的浮游植物薄层往往分布浅、强度大,具有明显的时空变化。浮游植物薄层的形成和维持不仅受到层化、楔入、剪切等物理过程的调控,也与浮游植物的生长、聚集及浮游动物的差异化捕食等生物生态学过程有关,目前围绕浮游植物薄层的形成机制已提出了趋旋俘获等假说。浮游植物薄层对其生长、繁殖、防御等具有重要意义,有的浮游植物薄层聚集了大量的有毒有害藻,与有害藻华的发生关系密切。深入研究浮游植物薄层的成因,将为阐明有害藻华的发生机制和有效监测提供重要依据。     

南麂海域浮游植物的分布特征

通过对南麂海域2003～2005年4个季节8个航次浮游植物样品的观察,对不同季节浮游植物的种类组成和数量分布进行了分析。研究结果表明,从调查样品中鉴定出浮游植物为3门34属128种。南麂海域的浮游植物密度从4月下旬到12月中、上旬(除赤潮消亡期外),基本保持在107个/m3以上。春季浮游植物以甲藻为主,夏季和冬季以硅藻为主;秋季大部分时间浮游植物以硅藻为主,有时以甲藻为主。能形成该区域赤潮的生物有14种,其中已引发赤潮的生物占6种(甲藻3种,硅藻3种)。春季赤潮为有色赤潮,有较大的危害性;其它季节的赤潮为无色赤潮,未出现危害现象。     

海洋中麻痹性贝类毒素的合成转化及其影响因素研究进展

麻痹性贝类毒素(paralytic shellfish toxins,PSTs)是由某些甲藻产生的一种高毒性神经毒素,在海洋环境中分布广、危害大,可对水产养殖和人类健康造成重大危害;PSTs毒素的毒性大小随种类和结构的不同有较大差异。迄今,国内外学者针对PSTs的来源分布、迁移转化、生物合成及其影响因素等开展了大量的调查研究,但目前对于藻细胞产毒的生物合成途径、遗传学特征及其环境调控机理等研究仍处于起步阶段。PSTs的生物合成过程不仅与藻细胞自身生长阶段有关,还会受到光照、温度、营养盐等多种环境因素的影响,环境条件的改变会引起藻细胞毒素组成和含量发生不同程度的变化。近年来,研究人员应用基因组学和蛋白质组学技术,发现了产生PSTs的典型甲藻——亚历山大藻(Alexandrium)细胞内与PSTs毒素生物合成相关的某些基因或蛋白质,对我们更清晰地了解亚历山大藻产生PSTs毒素的机制具有重要意义。本文综合以往的研究报道,对亚历山大藻中PSTs的生物合成与转化及其主要影响因素进行了总结,以期为产毒有害藻华的防治提供科学依据。     

Toxic and harmful algae in the coastal waters of Russia

Toxic algal species of marine and brackish-water plankton, as well as nontoxic microalgae, which are capable of initiating harmful blooms, cause a detriment to human health (seafood poisoning) and often lead to a total crisis of coastal water ecosystems. The Russian coastal waters are inhabited by dozens of toxic and bloom-causing algal species, their toxins are accumulated in the tissues of edible mollusks, and there have been incidents of human poisonings and marine fauna mortality due to these blooms. An analysis of the current situation concerning the problem of toxic algae and harmful blooms of nontoxic species in the seas of Russia provides evidence that it is necessary to create a system of compulsory governmental monitoring of the exploited marine areas to serve as the basis of ecological safety control in the exploitation of the biological resources of the Russian Federation, as well to introduce compulsory sanitary control of diarrheic, paralytic, and amnesic phycotoxins. The compiled summary of algal toxic and potentially toxic species met in the European and Far Eastern seas of Russia is given with notes on their toxicity type and its manifestations.     

Comparative study on in vitro transformation of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins in different shellfish tissues

Dissected tissues of three shellfish species,the Chinese scallop,Chlamys farreri,Manila clam,Ruditapes philippinarum,and Razor shell,Solen strictu were evaluated for in vitro transformation of paralytic shellfish poisoning(PSP) toxins. Tissue homogenates were incubated with extraction from toxic algae Alexandrium minutum to determine toxin conversion. The effects of heating and addition of a natural reductant(glutathione) on toxin conversion were also assessed. The toxin profile was investigated through high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection(HPLC-FLD) . The evident variations in the toxin content were observed only in Chinese scallop viscera homogenates. The concentration of GTX4 was reduced by 45%(approximately 0.8 μmol/dm 3 ) and 25%(approximately 1 μmol/dm 3 ) for GTX1,while GTX2 and GTX3 increased by six times(approximately 1 μmol/dm 3 ) and 3 times(approximately 0.3 μmol/dm 3 ) respectively. Simultaneously,the total toxicity decreased by 38% during the 48 h incubation period,the final toxicity was 20.4 nmol STXeq/g. Furthermore,heated Chinese scallop viscera homogenates samples were compared with non-heated samples. The concentration of the GTX4 and GTX1 was clearly 28%(approximately 0.53 μmol/dm 3 ) and 17%(approximately 0.69 μmol/dm 3 ) higher in heated samples,GTX2 and GTX3 were four times(0.66 μmol/dm 3 ) and two times(0.187 μmol/dm 3 ) lower respectively. GSH(+) Chinese scallop viscera homogenates samples were compared with GSH(-) samples,the concentration in the GTX4 and GTX1 was 9%(approximately 0.12 μmol/dm 3 ) and 11%(approximately 0.36 μmol/dm 3 ) lower respectively,GTX2 and GTX3 was 17%(approximately 0.14 μmol/dm 3 ) and 19%(approximately 0.006 μmol/dm 3 ) higher respectively. In contrast,there was a little change in the concentration of PSP toxins of Manila clam and Razor shell tissue homogenates. These observations on three shellfish tissues confirmed that there were species-specific differences in PSP toxins transformation. PSP toxins transformation was more pronounced in viscera tissue than in muscle tissue. PSP toxins was possibly interfered by some carbamoylase enzyme,and the activity in Chinese scallop viscera tissue is more remarkable than in the other two species.     

13C示踪技术在利玛原甲藻中腹泻性贝毒合成研究的应用

选取具有显著产毒差异的利玛原甲藻(Prorocentrum lima) SHG株与2XS株为研究对象,以2-¹³C-甘氨酸为示踪原料结合高分辨质谱方法,为腹泻性贝类毒素及其酯化态毒素合成与代谢途径的研究提供新方法和思路。结果表明,两株藻共发现16种腹泻性贝毒及其酯化态毒素成分。对照培养条件下SHG株(大田软海绵酸毒素含量为7.88 pg/cell,鳍藻毒素1含量为4.35 pg/cell)的产毒能力高于2XS株(大田软海绵酸毒素5.70pg/cell),而甘氨酸作为氮源培养条件可显著提高两株藻的产毒总量(P<0.05)。¹³C-甘氨酸标记组与甘氨酸培养组单细胞产毒量无显著变化(P>0.05)。腹泻性贝毒被标记后其同位素异构体丰度发生变化,其中酯化态受¹³C标记的影响程度更高,二级质谱图清晰表示出其碎片离子及脱水峰的标记情况。该方法直观阐明了甘氨酸可作为P. lima标记原料的产毒供体,并使用稳定同位素标记方法首次实现了酯化态的同步标记,有助于腹泻性贝毒生成机制的进一步研究。     

浙江近岸海域贝类中重金属和贝毒污染状况研究

在浙江近岸海域采集了青蛤(Cyclina sinensis)、毛蚶(Scapharca subcrenata)、厚壳贻贝(Mytilus coruscus)、缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)、泥螺(Bullacta exarata)、菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippi-narum)、文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)、僧帽牡蛎(Ostrea cucullata)和栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)共9种贝类计29份样品,检测其中重金属汞、砷、铜、铅、锌、镉以及麻痹性贝毒和腹泻性贝毒.结果表明,瑞安毛蚶、瑞安栉孔扇贝中有麻痹性贝类毒素检出,嵊泗文蛤、毛蚶和乐清牡蛎中存在重金属超标的情况;牡蛎对汞、铜、锌、镉有较强的富集能力.     

栉孔扇贝体内麻痹性贝毒的累积与排出过程研究

通过室内摄食实验,研究了栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)对麻痹性贝毒(PSP)产毒藻的敏感性及其累积和排出毒素的特征.有毒微小亚历山大藻(Alexandrium minutum)在短时间内可对栉孔扇贝的摄食有一定的抑制作用,且投喂毒藻的浓度越大,对摄食作用的抑制越明显.栉孔扇贝对PSP贝毒的累积能力很强,实验中,48 h后内脏累积毒素就高达5000μg STXeq100g-1,但其毒素排出速率较慢,在24d解毒阶段后内脏中的毒素还没有下降至国际贝毒食用安全标准水平的80μg STXeq 100g-1.各毒素组成比在整个累积与排除过程中有较大变化,GTX1,GTX4在累积阶段比例下降,同时GTX2,GTX3比例上升;内脏中GTX2:GTX3的比值逐渐增加.毒藻中PSP贝毒毒素组成和贝体中PSP贝毒毒素组成之间的主要差别是GTX4含量的减少和GTX1含量的升高;而扇贝粪便中的毒素组成却与对数生长期的毒藻极为接近.     

蓝,绿藻在浙江河口区霍乱弧菌可持续滋生的生态效应：Ⅰ.钱塘江河？…

为探索埃尔托霍乱弧菌致病常发区自然水体与其存活的有关因素,于1997年4月～1998年2月在钱塘江河口区霍乱多发地进行了4个季度月的现场生态调查.结果表明: 霍乱老疫区水域和非疫区的对照水域中其生态环境有明显差异.在老疫区水体中浮游植物密度大,其范围在105～107个/dm3,种类也多,仅蓝、绿藻在春季时就有35种;异养细菌数量高,其范围在105～106个/cm3,其中黄杆菌属,假单胞菌属和芽胞杆菌属占优势;弧菌数量在101～102个/cm3.对照水体中浮游植物密度小,在102～103个/dm3,种类明显少,蓝、绿藻只有4～7种;异养细菌数比老疫区水体的数量低2～3个数量级,在102～104个/cm3;弧菌在一年四季均未检出.     

The downward flux of biogenic material in the NE subarctic Pacific: importance of algal sinking and mesozooplankton herbivory

In the present study we examine factors that affect the downward flux of biogenic carbon in the NE subarctic Pacific, one of the important high-nutrient-low-chlorophyll (HNLC) regions in the open ocean. We focus on the role of mesozooplankton, since their seasonal peaks in biomass and growth are in phase with the seasonal variations in the downward POC fluxes, whereas phytoplankton biomass is more-or-less uniform year-round. The relative importance of mesozooplankton and algal sinking was examined using the pigment composition of material accumulated in short-term free-drifting sediment traps positioned just below the upper stratified surface layer (ca. 100–200 m). This was compared with the phytoplankton composition in the surface waters, and with the grazing activity (gut pigments and fecal pellet production rates) of the most abundant large copepods. We also examined whether the relationships between the downward flux of carbon and pelagic processes were similar in the coastal, continental margin and offshore HNLC regions of the NE subarctic Pacific, the latter represented by Ocean Station Papa (OSP).Our results show that grazing had a variable impact on the downward flux of biogenic carbon. Carbon-transformed pheopigments (particularly pyropheophorbide a, frequently associated with copepod grazing) represented up to 13% of the total downward POC flux inshore (in May 1996) and 8–9% at OSP in May and February 1996, respectively. This flux of pheopigments was accompanied by a large potential input of fecal pellets from large copepods (as estimated from defecation rates of freshly collected animals) only in May 1996 at OSP, suggesting that pheopigments came from other sources (other herbivores, senescing algae) in February. The larger flux of pheopigments in May was probably related to the abundance of mesozooplankton at that time of the year. During summer (August 1996), both the flux of pheopigments and the potential input of fecal pellets from large copepods were negligible at OSP, consistent with more intense pelagic recycling reported in other studies. Inshore, the flux of carbon-transformed pheopigments was slightly higher than at OSP, and its contribution to the downward POC flux in May 1996 was twice that in August 1996. In contrast, the potential input of feces carbon was higher in August than in May 1996, again suggesting other sources for pheopigments found in the traps. The contribution of sinking phytoplankton to the downward biogenic flux was negligible in summer, when prymnesiophytes (indicated by the presence of 19′-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin) and pelagophytes (19′-butanoyloxyfucoxanthin-containing) dominated in surface offshore waters. The contribution of sinking algae was maximal (9%) in winter (February 1996) at OSP, when fucoxanthin (mainly a diatom marker) dominated the carotenoid composition in the traps and when the abundance of diatoms in surface waters showed its seasonal maximum for this station. Inshore, the low contribution of diatoms (fucoxanthin) to the sinking fluxes may have resulted from inadequate sampling (i.e. the spring bloom may have been missed).Overall, we conclude that: (a) large copepods significantly influenced the downward POC flux only during spring at OSP; (b) unidentified herbivores (e.g. salps, pteropods) producing pigmented, fast-sinking fecal material likely had an important impact during winter; (c) algal sinking made a small contribution to the downward POC flux (maximum in winter); and (d) neither algal sinking nor mesozooplankton grazing had a significant influence on the downward flux of biogenic material in summer at OSP.     

改性粘土对虾夷扇贝(Mizuhopecten yessoensis)体内麻痹性贝毒的影响

目前,改性粘土技术已成为国内外普遍认可的有害赤潮治理方法,但在利用该技术治理产毒藻赤潮过程中,对底栖滤食性贝类体内毒素累积和排出的影响尚不清楚。通过室内实验,考察了聚合氯化铝改性粘土(MC I)絮凝典型产毒藻——太平洋亚历山大藻(Alexandrium pacificum)后,虾夷扇贝食用组织和消化腺组织中麻痹性贝毒(paralytic shellfish poisoning,PSP)含量、组分的变化情况。研究结果表明,在前期毒素累积阶段,虾夷扇贝暴露于A. pacificum 3 h后,未添加改性粘土的对照组中虾夷扇贝食用组织毒素水平由空白组的未检出迅速升高至13.24µg STXeq/kg,消化腺组织毒素水平由0.68µg STXeq/kg升高至42.97µg STXeq/kg,第4 d时对照组食用组织、消化腺组织毒素水平达到最高,分别为258.67和3 208.40µg STXeq/kg。添加0.2 g/L MC I的实验组中,3 h后水体中97%的A.pacificum藻细胞被絮凝沉降,此时虾夷扇贝食用组织和消化腺组织毒素水平远低于对照组,分别为6.33和18.39µg STXeq/kg,第2 d时达到98.92和574.54µg STXeq/kg,均显著低于对照组(P<0.05),随后呈下降趋势。在随后的毒素排出阶段,实验组虾夷扇贝食用组织和消化腺组织毒素水平显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。另外,在累积阶段,对照组和实验组虾夷扇贝食用组织和消化腺组织中PSP各组分相对含量差异不大,说明改性粘土未对虾夷扇贝体内的PSP转化造成明显影响。由实验结果可见,改性粘土可有效絮凝去除水体中的A.pacificum藻细胞,减少虾夷扇贝对其的滤食,从而降低了PSP在贝类体内的积累,该研究结果将为改性粘土治理底栖贝类养殖水体有毒赤潮提供科学依据。