基于复频响应传递函数的巨型框架隔震悬挂结构参数分析

本文针对巨型框架单段隔震悬挂结构采用静力凝聚方法建立了两质点简化计算模型,基于所建立的参数化特征值方程分析了悬挂子结构与主结构间的质量比和频率比对结构体系自振频率的影响。通过相对坐标系下运动方程的拉普拉斯变换建立了结构体系相对位移复频响应传递函数,采用数值计算方法分析了悬挂子结构与主结构间质量比、频率比和悬挂子结构阻尼比对相对位移反应的影响。分析结果表明:频率比较小时,结构体系的一阶频率与悬挂子结构自振频率相当;具有较大质量比或频率比的巨型框架隔震悬挂结构可简化为单质点计算模型;高频区域的减震效果相比低频区域的更加突出;以巨型框架较小相对位移反应为控制目标时,质量比与频率比存在最佳取值范围;增加悬挂子结构阻尼比有利于提高结构体系的减震效果。     

桩-土-结构相互作用分析的等效计算桩长简化模型

在一定程度上,桩长是影响桩-土-结构体系动力分析复杂程度的关键因素之一,在桩-土-结构相互作用的数值模拟中对桩长进行适当简化可以提高计算效率,尤其对具有大量长桩基础的结构体系。基于Boulanger模型和OpenSees软件,分析了软粘土地基-单桩结构体系地震反应中桩身的位移、弯矩、剪力的分布特点以及桩顶上部结构的加速度响应,探讨了结构体系振型及振型周期随桩长的变化特点,进一步提出了等效计算桩长的桩-土-结构模型。研究表明,当结构体系前3阶的振型周期的变化率控制到2.5%时,对应的等效计算桩长分析模型能实现较高的动力响应计算精度,其动力响应误差已降低至5%以内;等效计算桩长可以通过动力响应误差控制精度要求确定,对于软粘土地基中的单桩基础结构,建议将前3阶振型周期的变化率控制到2.5%时的计算桩长作为等效计算桩长。     

规则梁桥单墩-质点隔震体系地震时程响应半解析法

本文基于带集中参数边界条件的分布参数连续梁理论,推导规则隔震梁桥单墩-质点(SCM)地震时程响应的计算步骤.在控制方程边界条件引入等效基础弹簧和墩顶隔震层变形协调条件,解析地获得各阶实模态,用牛顿法搜索各阶频率.为了处理隔震层非比例阻尼产生的耦联效应,由能量法分配各阶实振型的隔震层附加阻尼比,实现体系的实模态近似解耦,应用振型叠加法求解体系的地震时程响应.最后应用该方法对一规则隔震梁桥SCM体系的地震响应进行分析,与有限元时程积分的结果进行比较,表明此方法的有效性.计算结果表明,采用墩顶隔震策略的单墩-质点体系能显著减小结构响应,具有良好的减震效果.     

层间隔震结构模型降阶和优化分析

基于模态综合理论,对层间隔震结构的多质点计算模型进行了降阶分析,推导了1个新型的两质点模型。与常规的两质点模型相比较,本模型中下部质点的质量为隔震层下部子结构的第1阶模态质量而不是总质量,并且下部质点所受的地震作用要考虑下部子结构的第1阶振型参与系数。与常规两质点模型相比较,提出的模型在预测顶部加速度和基底剪力方面与多质点全模型的计算结果更为接近,尤其是在预测基底剪力方面。据此,基于底部剪力均方值最小评价指标对隔震层的优化参数给出了解析解。进一步的,考察了隔震层设置位置对层间隔震结构减震效果的影响,分析表明,当隔震层位置处于原结构的下部时,对顶层加速度和基底剪力有较明显的减震效果,随着隔震层所处楼层的提升,减震效果逐渐减弱,因此隔震层的位置应优先安装在结构的中下部。     

基于单自由度等效线性化模型的RC结构地震易损性分析

通过有限元方法进行非线性动力时程分析获取解析的易损性曲线,计算量大且耗时。本文采用一种简化的计算方法,即基于单自由度的等效线性化模型,对钢筋混凝土框架结构进行地震易损性分析,并研究了该方法在结构高度上的适用性。通过选用5种典型的等效线性化模型对3栋不同高度的钢筋混凝土框架结构进行增量动力分析（IDA）,得到了不同高度的结构在不同强度地震作用下结构的反应和易损性,并与OpenSees程序的计算结果进行对比,研究了等效线性化模型应用于RC框架结构易损性分析在高度上的适用性。分析结果表明:对于10层及以下的框架结构,基于单自由度的等效线性化模型在结构地震易损性分析中具有较好的适用性;对于更高层数的结构,由于高阶振型反应对整体结构反应的影响增大,基于单自由度等效线性化模型的易损性分析结果会出现明显的偏差。     

高温气冷堆核电厂建筑结构采用不同有限元模型的模态分析对比研究

建立有限元模型是核电厂建筑结构模态分析的重要前提。本文以某高温气冷堆核电厂建筑结构为原型，在分析方法相同的前提下，建立2种不同模型（Solid模型和Shell模型），并对这2种模型进行模态分析。重点分析、对比2种模型的自振频率和振型图，计算分析表明:Solid模型与Shell模型相比，计算得到的结构自振频率值较高，但两者的差异很小，前30阶自振频率相对误差小于3.4%；2种模型的计算结构振型基本一致。研究结果可为核电厂抗震性能分析和设计提供参考。     

一种高层框架振动分析新方法--修正的Ho1zer迭代法

基于框架侧移柔度系数和等效侧移刚度提出了一种高层框架结构自振频率与振型计算的新方法--修正的Holzer迭代法,使之推广于弯曲型框架,并适用于梁柱任意刚度比情况,可考虑梁柱节点转动和柱的轴向变形,计算简单,精度良好,可供实用.     

碳酸盐岩孔洞储层地震岩石物理建模及应用

碳酸盐岩组成复杂,储集层空间类型多,储层参数的规律性较差,AVO响应特征弱,尤其是孔隙形状对弹性参数的影响不可忽略.针对碳酸盐岩储层的特点,基于自洽模型和微分等效模型构建了多孔隙结构条件下多相介质的碳酸盐岩岩石物理模型.按照各相介质体积含量由小到大的顺序,先利用自洽模型计算孔隙度为50%时的双相等效介质,再通过微分等效模型将孔隙度调整至实际孔隙度,计算实际孔隙条件下的双相介质等效体,重复迭代该过程,最终构建出与实际岩石等效的介质体,计算获得等效岩石的弹性模量参数.通过实验对比了自洽模型、微分等效模型与自洽-微分等效模型的岩石弹性模量与孔隙度、孔隙纵横比之间的适用性规律.最后基于四川龙岗飞仙关组实际测井资料,结合自洽-微分等效模型进行了目标地层的横波预测.结果显示该模型的横波预测效果相对Xu-Payne模型预测,两者预测曲线比较接近,但在形态上更接近实际横波.SCA-DEM模型在孔隙度和孔隙纵横比上具有更好的适应性,为碳酸盐岩孔洞型储层的岩石物理建模提供了一种新参考.     

一种高层框架振动分析新方法——修正的Holzer迭代法

基于框架侧移柔度系数和等效侧移刚度提出了一种高层框架结构自振频率与振型计算的新方法——修正的Holzer迭代法，使之推广于弯曲型框架，并适用于梁柱任意刚度比情况，可考虑梁柱节点转动和柱的轴向变形，计算简单，精度良好，可供实用。     

高层隔震结构的等效简化模型研究

Kelly和周锡元等曾对规则型隔震结构上部单自由度模型进行过讨论，给出了必要的计算公式。对各种中低层规则型隔震建筑，应用此公式可获得满意的结果。近来隔震技术逐渐被应用到高层建筑中。对于高层隔震体系，上部结构的高阶振型效应不能忽略，此时应用单自由度模型将产生较大误差。为此，本文采用上部结构周期和总基底剪力相等的准则，推导了等效模型的结构参数公式，并通过数值模拟分析给出了等效模型简化确定方法。通过对原结构和等效模型结构的地震反应分析，证明了这种等效方法是简便有效的。     

Impact of the equivalent center of mass separating from the sliding surface on the isolation performance of friction pendulum bearings

A new equivalent center of mass model of FPBs(friction pendulum bearings) is introduced, and based on this model, coefficient j of the equivalent center of mass separating from the sliding surface is defined. It is thought in theory that j has a significant impact on the isolation parameter of FPBs, since the equivalent post-yielding stiffness and friction coefficients are not simply determined by sliding radius and sliding friction pairs. The results of numerical simulation analysis using ABAQUS conducted on two groups of FPBs support this viewpoint. For FPBs with the same sliding radius and sliding friction pairs, the FPB modules of structural analysis software such as ETABS could only distinguish the equivalent transformation using j one by one. The seismic response data obtained in a base isolation calculation example of FPBs are very different, which reveals that j's impact on the isolation effectiveness of FPBs cannot be ignored. The introduction of j will help improve the classical structural theory of FPBs and the weak points of structural analysis software based on this theory, which is important in achieving more accurate analyses in structural design.     

Towards a seismic design method for plane steel frames using equivalent modal damping ratios

A method for seismic design of plane steel moment resisting frames based on the use of equivalent modal damping ratios is developed. The method determines the design base shear of the structure through spectrum analysis using rationally obtained equivalent modal damping ratios instead of the crude strength reduction (behavior) factor. An equivalent linear structure, which retains the mass and initial stiffness of the original non-linear structure and takes into account geometrical non-linearity and inelasticity in the form of equivalent, time-invariant, modal damping ratios is established. The equivalent damping ratios for the first few significant modes are numerically computed by first iteratively forming a frequency response transfer function modulus until it satisfies certain smoothness criteria and then by solving a set of non-linear algebraic equations. Thus, design equations providing equivalent damping ratios as functions of period and allowable deformation and damage are constructed using extensive numerical data coming from plane steel moment resisting frames excited by various seismic motions. These equations can be used in conjunction with a design spectrum, appropriately constructed for high damping values, and modal synthesis tools to calculate the seismic design forces of the structure. The proposed method is illustrated by numerical examples. It is concluded that unlike the usual approach of seismic codes employing a single common value of the strength reduction factor value for all modes, the proposed approach working with deformation and damage dependent equivalent modal damping ratios leads to more accurate and deformation and damage controlled results.     

A RECONCILIATION OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR SPONTANEOUS MINERALIZATION POTENTIALS1

Two methods for computing spontaneous mineralization potentials in the region external to the source body are reviewed. The first of these is a long-established technique in which the causation is assumed to be a distribution of simple current source on the boundary of the mineralization. The second is a more recent technique which assumes a surface distribution of current dipole moment (double layer) along the boundary of the source body. The former technique is a special case of a more general spontaneous potential (SP) model in which the source is a density of current dipole moment (current polarization) distributed throughout the mineralization. As far as the potentials in the region external to the source body are concerned this current polarization can be simply related to an equivalent double layer source function, i.e. the potential discontinuity produced over the boundary of the mineralization by an equivalent double layer model. This simple relationship suggests an integral equation technique for the exact numerical solution of boundary value problems appropriate to the polarization model for spontaneous mineralization potentials. The technique is applied to exploring the justification of interpreting mineralization self-potentials by the traditional approach.     

罕遇地震下高层RC框架结构双地震动强度参数易损性分析

为研究高层RC框架结构罕遇地震下的易损性,设计了一个7度区典型11层RC框架结构。采用IDA方法进行时程分析,以地震动峰值地面加速度和结构第一自振周期对应的谱加速度为地震动强度指标,最大层间位移角为结构损伤指标,分别得到了单一地震动强度和双地震动强度参数下的IDA曲线和失效概率,绘制了双地震动强度参数下易损性曲面,并对单一地震动强度和双地震动强度参数下的易损性分析结果进行了对比。结果表明:罕遇地震下,采用双地震动强度参数结构失效概率明显低于采用单一地震动强度参数结构失效概率;对高层RC框架结构,采用双地震动强度参数进行易损性分析反映的地震动信息更全面;采用双地震动强度参数得到的结构失效概率公式更能真实量化不同强度地震作用下结构的失效概率。     

Dynamic response of a staggered wall-beam structure

A method for the dynamic analysis of staggered wall-beam frames is developed using consistent mass terms which are derived and given in simple terms. The method uses effective stiffnesses for wall-beam elements developed in an earlier paper. Experiments using a nine storey 1 : 15 scale perspex model are described. The first three natural frequencies of the model were obtained using two methods: sinusoidal external excitation of the structure with the base fixed and white noise excitation employing a single degree-of-freedom shake table, in the latter method with and without the addition of mass throughout the model. Agreement between analytical predictions of the first three natural frequencies and mode shapes and experimentally determined values is considered satisfactory, particularly for the first two modes. The lumped mass assumption gave reasonable results for these two cases, whereas the consistent mass theory gave reasonable results for the first three natural frequencies.     

On the natural frequencies of infilled frames

Three approximate models are considered for the evaluation of the first few natural frequencies and associated mode shapes of infilled frames, a commonly occurring composite structural system formed by the combination of plane frames and filler walls. The reasonableness of the models is checked with the available experimental results and with the corresponding finite element solutions. The multiple strut model, wherein the infills are replaced by a set of equivalent multiple struts, can account for the frame–infill separation and infill openings and this model is seen to be an improvement over the single equivalent diagonal strut models proposed by earlier investigators. The shear—flexure cantilever analogy, by rationally evaluating the fundamental frequency, aids the equivalent lateral load procedures of the earthquake analysis. For dealing with the frames with central infill openings an equivalent plane frame model is discussed. Besides presenting the approximate models, the effect of frame—infill separation in reducing the fundamental frequency is investigated and an empirical relation is presented in this regard. Also some of the factors influencing the frame—infill contact lengths are studied and this indicates that the contact lengths are highly sensitive and indeterminate. Some constructional methods for avoiding separation and ensuring effective composite action between the frame and infill are also suggested.     

Evaluating foundation mass,damping and stiffness by the least‐squares method

This paper discusses how to use the three‐dimensional (3D) time‐domain finite‐element method incorporating the least‐squares method to calculate the equivalent foundation mass, damping and stiffness matrices. Numerical simulations indicate that the accuracy of these equivalent matrices is acceptable when the applied harmonic force of 1+sine is used. Moreover, the accuracy of the least‐squares method using the 1+sine force is not sensitive to the first time step for inclusion of data. Since the finite‐element method can model problems flexibly, the equivalent mass, damping and stiffness matrices of very complicated soil profiles and foundations can be established without difficulty using this least‐squares method. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Quasi-3D analysis: Validation by full 3D analysis and field tests on single piles and pile groups

A quasi-3D method for the analysis of single piles and pile groups is presented. The method includes an equivalent linear constitutive model for nonlinear analysis, an 8-node pile element that simulates the effects of pile volume and energy transmitting boundaries which are especially important for the analysis of high frequency loading of machine foundations. The quasi-3D formulation and equivalent linear model result in orders of magnitude decreases in computational time. The accuracy and reliability of the approximate approach was validated by comparing results with 3D analytical results from MIT and by data from field tests on single piles and pile groups from Taiwan. The computed results compared very favorably with the analytical and field test data.     

Equivalent stationary motion and average response spectra

This study not only attempts to justify an equivalent stationary motion model, but also endeavours to illustrate its potentials as an attractive analysis tool. Using 38 ground accelerations recorded on rock sites as data base, this study first demonstrates that the equivalent stationary motions do give average response spectra compatible with real records. This study also shows that through the equivalent stationary model, a set of motions may be defined by specifying the joint distributions of the model parameters. Finally, by converting a relationship between earthquake magnitude and liquefaction potentials of ground motions, this study has derived normalized magnitude-dependent response spectra for rock sites.     

基于多层框架结构的楼层阻尼比修正的仿真研究

附加有效阻尼比的确定是消能减震结构设计的关键。为探究布置消能器楼层数的不同对结构设计安全性的影响,以新疆地区某多层钢筋混凝土框架结构为研究对象,采用非线性时程分析方法和等效结构模型的振型分解反应谱分析方法,基于各楼层剪力计算结果,引入楼层阻尼比修正系数k_mn,对等效结构模型的附加有效阻尼比进行迭代修正。结果表明:采用小震时程分析阻尼比的等效结构模型,其楼层阻尼比修正系数随着阻尼器布置楼层数的逐渐增加呈现出先增后减的趋势,当阻尼器布置层数为楼层总数的3/5时折减率最低;采用中震时程分析阻尼比的等效结构模型,当阻尼器布置楼层数不少于2/5时,可满足设防要求;对于多层框架结构,考虑综合成本,黏滞阻尼器的布置楼层数可不采用满布的形式。