行星和太阳内部的磁流体力学

许多行星（如木卫三，水星，地球，木星和土星）和恒星（如太阳）具有内部磁场。对这些磁场的存在和变化的解释对行星科学家和天体物理学家是一个巨大的挑战。本文试图总结行星和恒星的导电流体内部磁流体力学研究的新近发展和困难。一般由热对流驱动的流动通过磁流体力学过程产生并维持在行星和恒星中的磁场。在行星中磁流体力学过程强烈地受到转动，磁场和球几何位型的综合影响。其动力学的关键方面涉及科里奥利力和洛伦兹力间的相互作用。在太阳中其流线，即处于对流层的薄的剪切流层在太阳的磁流体力学过程中扮演了一个基本的角色，并由之产生了11年太阳黑子周期。本文也给出了一个新的非线性三维太阳发电机模型。     

天体物理中的重力波和磁重力波

本文简要综述重力波和磁重力波在各种天体物理场合中的应用 ,我们描述在具有开放径向磁场的恒星大气各种磁流体波之间的相互转换过程 ,强调磁重力波被束缚在恒星冕内的可能性 ,并探讨恒星内部高频的声波模 (p -模 )被低频的重力波模 (g -模 )所调制的过程 ,一旦有了足够长时间未间断高质量的日震数据 ,太阳内部的重力波模对声波模的调制效应—即每一个分立声波模的频率精细结构—则可被用来寻找深陷于太阳内部的重力波模或进一步独立地约束重力波模的振幅上限     

准开放磁场线区域模型

为了解释日冕中高能电子束和太阳耀斑中的快速过程,本文提出在活动区双极黑子上空存在一个准开放磁场线区域的定性模型。如图1所示,准开放磁场线区域被确定在开放磁场线下面和耀斑环顶部之间。 由于那里的快速磁重联或撕裂、爆炸式的能量释放引起了区域性的等离子体加速。那些被加速到10—100keV的高能电子束沿着开放的磁场线从太阳大气等离子体逃逸到行星际等离子体中。在每个连续的高度上将产生朗缪尔波等离子体辐射。朗缪尔波同低     

天体物理中的重力波和磁重力波

本文简要综述重力波和磁重力波在各种天体物理场合中的应用，我们描述在具有开放径向磁场的恒星大气各种磁流体波之间的相互转换过程，强调磁重力波被束缚在恒星冕内的可能性，并探讨恒星内部高频的声波模（p-模）被低频的重力波模（g－模）所调制的过程，一旦有了足够长时间未间断高质量的日震数据，太阳内部的重力波对声波模的调制效应－即每一个分立声波模的频率精细结构－则可被用来寻找深陷于太阳内部的重力波模或进一步独立地约束重力波模的振幅上限。     

磁中子星巨耀发的观测和理论研究

软γ重复暴(soft gamma-ray repeater, SGR)被认为产生于磁中子星。发生在SGR上的巨耀发在短时标内释放出大于10~(39)J的巨大能量,被认为是宇宙中已知最强的能量释放过程之一,其剧烈程度仅次于超新星爆发和γ暴。详细介绍了几种磁球层理论模型,并重点介绍了以太阳爆发日冕物质抛射灾变理论为基础建立的磁中子星巨耀发的磁流体力学的半解析模型。在模型中,板块的转动或错位造成磁球层内磁场的扭缠,从而导致磁通量绳的形成和磁能缓慢的积累。当积累的能量超过阈值,系统就会失去平衡,然后产生爆发并释放能量。用该模型计算的SGR 1806-20, SGR 0526-66和SGR 1900+14这3次巨耀发的光变曲线都与观测基本相符。此外,有关磁中子星巨耀发的磁流体动力学的数值模拟工作也得到了全面的展开,通过求解各种初始条件和边界条件下的磁流体力学方程组,计算机的数值模拟可以得到磁中子星巨耀发过程中的磁场形态演化和内部精细结构。     

探索太阳系之外的行星(上)

太阳系是由太阳和绕它公转的地球等行星体组成的天体系统。太阳是一颗普通恒星。在太阳系之外,是否还存在环绕其它恒星转动的行星系统?是否还有存在生命乃至高度文明的行星世界呢?这是我们人类很早就思考探索的问题。本文不拟介绍地外文明探索(SETI)的问题,而谈谈近年来搜寻太阳系之外的行星的进展情况。恒星和行星是两类在性质上截然不同的天体。恒星的质量一般为太阳质量的百分之四到一百多倍,太阳属于恒     

粒子云网格方法在大尺度湍流磁重联研究中的应用和进展

作为汪景琇院士主持的中国科学院数理学部"天体辐射磁流体力学"战略研究项目组成部分~([1]),从等离子体的动力学属性出发,介绍了用于研究等离子体与周围磁场结构相互作用的粒子云网格方法,及其在研究具有复杂等离子体和磁场结构的磁重联过程中的应用。这里提到的磁场与等离子体的复杂性包括变化的等离子体β值,磁重联电流片中包含有多种尺度的结构,以及这些结构之间的相互作用,而且这些结构的尺度变化范围很大(从105km变化到102km)。进一步探讨了该方法在太阳物理领域,特别是在太阳爆发磁重联过程方面的可能应用以及未来的发展;并为项目研究中其他部分在数值方法~([2–5])和太阳物理~([6,7])方面提供借鉴和补充。     

计算太阳流场磁场的新方法

本文试用反旋度算子和磁流体力学非线性算子的相互作用,求得流场和磁场的自洽解。举出一个应用实例。说明磁力线脚根移动如何引起太阳上空磁场的变化。     

对一个太阳风暴及其行星际和地磁效应的研究

对一个爆发于2014年1月7日的太阳风暴进行了研究,通过对太阳活动的多波段遥感观测—来自于太阳动力学天文台(Solar Dynamics Observatory,SDO)以及太阳和日球天文台(Solar and Heliospheric Observatory,SOHO),分析了耀斑和日冕物质抛射(coronal mass ejection,CME)的爆发过程.通过地球同步轨道环境业务卫星(Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites,GOES)对高能质子以及日地L1点的元素高级成分探测器(Advanced Composition Explorer,ACE)对当地等离子体环境的就位观测,分析了伴随太阳风暴的太阳高能粒子(solar energetic particle,SEP)事件和行星际CME(ICME)及其驱动的激波.通过地面磁场数据分析了该太阳风暴对地磁场的影响.研究结果表明:(1)耀斑脉冲相的开始时刻和CME在日面上的抛射在时序上一致.(2)高能质子主要源于CME驱动的激波加速,并非源于耀斑磁重联过程.质子的释放发生在CME传播到7.7个太阳半径的高度的时刻.(3)穿过近地空间的行星际激波鞘层的厚度和ICME本身的厚度分别为0.22 au和0.26 au.(4)行星际激波和ICME引起了多次地磁亚暴和极光,但没有产生明显的地磁暴.原因在于ICME没有包含一个规则的磁云结构或明显的南向磁场分量.     

系外行星大气流体动力学逃逸的研究与进展

近轨道~①系外行星受到其宿主恒星强烈的X射线和极紫外(X-ray and Extreme Ultraviolet,XUV)辐射。恒星辐射可能会使富气体行星的气体摆脱行星的引力束缚而逃逸到行星的洛希瓣外。随着XUV辐射的增大,行星的大气逃逸可由较缓和的金斯逃逸变为剧烈的流体动力学逃逸。随着空间望远镜和地面望远镜的发展,在一些行星周围发现了膨胀的H,He,C,O,Na和Mg等元素的大气。行星大气研究从最初的紫外波段探测,已经发展到光学波段和近红外波段的探测。理论上,系外行星大气逃逸的流体动力学模型也已相继建立起来。这些模型涉及到行星大气的光化学、恒星风与行星风的相互作用、恒星辐射压以及行星磁场等方面。然而,一个包含所有过程的复杂模型还有待建立。     

Planetary dynamos

Planetary magnetic fields are thought to be generated by magnetohydrodynamic dynamos acting in the convecting, electrically conducting fluid cores of these cosmic bodies. Similar processes are believed to produce a wide variety of other cosmic magnetic fields, including the fields of the Sun and stars. At present, we understand the basic physical processes involved in dynamo magnetic field generation. However, a detailed understanding still eludes us both because of continuing uncertainty about planetary interior structures, properties, and fluid motions, and because of our still primitive capacity for dealing with the complex, nonlinear dynamical processes involved in the fully elaborated dynamo process.     

Magnetic convection

In this paper the process of magnetic convection is studied. It is shown that outside of a radius of about 2 × 10⁵ km, magnetic fields in the Sun may be buoyant. Outside this limit strong field regions tend to rise at the expense of weak field regions which tend to sink. Magnetic convection may be important in magnetic stars and even in the solar interior. A recent calculation of the angular velocity of the Sun provides a period of rotation for the solar core of from 0.5 to 5 days. This calculation requires that the magnetic field extract angular momentum from the solar interior. Magnetic convection thus seems to be required, if this calculation is correct. Furthermore, magnetic convection may transfer heat and thereby possibly change the internal temperature structure of the Sun from what would be expected solely by radiation transfer.     

Night‐time science with large solar telescopes: The magnetic Sun through time

Today the Sun has a regular magnetic cycle driven by a dynamo action. But how did this regular cycle develop? How do basic parameters such as rotation rate, age, and differential rotation affect the generation of magnetic fields? Zeeman Doppler imaging (ZDI) is a technique that uses high‐resolution observations in circularly polarised light to map the surface magnetic topology on stars. Utilising the spectropolarimetric capabilities of future large solar telescopes it will be possible to study the evolution and morphology of the magnetic fields on a range of Sun‐like stars from solar twins through to rapidly‐rotating active young Suns and thus study the solar magnetic dynamo through time. In this article I discuss recent results from ZDI of Sun‐like stars and how we can use night‐time observations from future solar telescopes to solve unanswered questions about the origin and evolution of the Sun's magnetic dynamo (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

The Solar-Stellar Connection: Magneto-Acoustic Pulsations in 1.5M ⊙ – 2M ⊙ Peculiar A Stars

Stellar astronomers look on in envy at the wealth of data, the incredible spatial resolution, and the maturity of the theoretical understanding of the Sun. Yet the Sun is but one star, so stellar astronomy is of great interest to solar astronomers for its range of different conditions under which to test theoretical understanding gained from the study of the Sun. The rapidly oscillating peculiar A stars are of particular interest to solar astronomers. They have strong, global, dipolar magnetic fields with strengths in the range 1?–?25?kG, and they pulsate in high-overtone p modes similar to those in the Sun; thus they offer a unique opportunity to study the interaction of pulsation, convection, and strong magnetic fields, as is now done in the local helioseismology of sunspots. Some of them even pulsate in modes with frequencies above the acoustic cutoff frequency, in analogy with the highest frequency solar modes, but with mode lifetimes up to decades in the roAp stars, very unlike the short mode lifetimes of the Sun. They offer the most extreme cases of atomic diffusion, a small, but important ingredient of the standard solar model with wide application in stellar astrophysics. They are compositionally stratified and are observed and modelled as a function of atmospheric depth and thus can inform plans to expand helioseismic observations to have atmospheric depth resolution. Study of this unique class of pulsating stars follows the advanced state of studies of the Sun and offers more extreme conditions for the understanding of physics shared with the Sun.     

The Kinematic Theory of Solar Dynamo

Generation of the Sun‘s magnetic fields by self-inductive processes in the solar electrically conducting interior, the solar dynamo theory, is a fundamentally important subject in astrophysics. The kinematic dynamo theory concerns how the magnetic fields are produced by kinematically possible flows without being constrained by the dynamic equation. We review a number of basic aspects of the kinematic dynamo theory, including the magnetohydrodynamic approximation for the dynamo equation, the impossibility of dynamo action with the solar differential rotation, the Cowling‘s anti-dynamo theorem in the solar context, the turbulent alpha effect and recently constructed three-dimensional interface dynamos controlled by the solar tachocline at the base of the convection zone.     

Rotation Profiles of Solar-like Stars with Magnetic Fields

We investigate the rotation profile of solar-like stars with magnetic fields. A diffu-sion coefficient of magnetic angular momentum transport is deduced. Rotating stellar models with different mass incorporating the coefficient are computed to give the rotation profiles. The total angular momentum of a solar model with only hydrodynamic instabilities is about 13 times larger than that of the Sun at the age of the Sun, and this model can not reproduce quasi-solid rotation in the radiative region. However, the solar model with magnetic fields not only can reproduce an almost uniform rotation in the radiative region, but also a total angular momentum that is consistent with the helioseismic result at the 3 σ level at the age of the Sun. The rotation of solar-like stars with magnetic fields is almost uniform in the radiative region, but for models of 1.2-1.5 M⊙, there is an obvious transition region between the convective core and the radiative region, where angular velocity has a sharp radial gradient, which is different from the rotation profile of the Sun and of massive stars with magnetic fields. The change of angular velocity in the transition region increases with increasing age and mass.     

Stars resembling the Sun

Summary. This review is primarily directed to the question whether photometric solar analogues remain such when subjected to detailed spectroscopic analyses and interpreted with the help of internal stucture models. In other words, whether the physical parameters: mass, chemical composition, age (determining effective temperature and luminosity), chromospheric activity, equatorial rotation, lithium abundance, velocity fields etc., we derive from the spectral analysis of a photometric solar analogue, are really close to those of the Sun. We start from 109 photometric solar analogues extracted from different authors. The stars selected had to satisfy three conditions: i) their colour index must be contained in the interval: –0.69, ii) they must possess a trigonometric parallax, iii) they must have undergone a high resolution detailed spectroscopic analysis. First, this review presents photometric and spectrophotometric researches on solar analogues and recalls the pionneering work on these stars by the late Johannes Hardorp. After a brief discussion on low and high resolution spectroscopic researches, a comparison is made between effective temperatures as obtained, directly, from detailed spectral analyses and those obtained, indirectly, from different photometric relations. An interesting point in this review is the discussion on the tantalilizing value of the of the Sun, and the presentation of a new reliable value of this index. A short restatement of the kinematic properties of the sample of solar analogues is also made. And, finally, the observational diagram, obtained with 99 of the initially presented 109 analogues, is compared to a theoretical diagram. This latter has been constructed with a grid of internal structure models for which, (very important for this investigation), the Sun was used as gauge. In analysing the position, with respect to the Sun, of each star we hoped to find a certain number of stars tightly neighbouring the Sun in mass, chemical composition and state of evolution. The surprising result is that the stars occupy in this HR Diagram a rather extended region around the Sun, many of them seem more evolved and older than the Sun, and only 4 of the evolved stars seem younger. The age of some stars in the sample is also discussed in terms of chromospheric activity and Li-content. Our conclusion is much the same as that contained in previous papers we have written on the subject: in spite of a much larger number of stars, we have not been able to nominate a single star of the sample for a “perfect good solar twin”. Another aim in beginning, 25 years ago, this search for solar analogues, was to have ready a bunch of stars resembling the Sun and analysed spectroscopically in detail, in order that, when planets hunters of solar type stars, finally would have found such a specimen, we would have been able to immediately compare the physical parameters of this star to those of the Sun. We have been lucky enough: one of the good solar analogues we present herewith, is 51 Pegasi (HD 217014) which, according to the very recent observations by Mayor and Queloz (1995), has a planet orbiting around it. And what is more: two other stars possessing planets: 47 Ursae Majoris (HD 95128) and 70 Virginis (HD 117176), have just been discovered by Marcy and Butler (187 Meeting of the AAS, January 1996). One of them, 47 Ursae Majoris, is also included in the list of photometric solar analogues. The other star, 70 Virginis, has only been included after the “Planets News”, because the colour index of this star is slightly higher than the prescribted limit of the selection, (, instead, 0.69). It would have been a pity to leave the third ” planet star out of the competition.     

Key problems in cool-star astrophysics

Selected key problems in cool-star astrophysics are reviewed, with emphasis on the importance of new ultraviolet missions to tackle the unresolved issues.UV spectral signatures are an essential probe of critical physical processes related to the production and transport of magnetic energy in astrophysical plasmas ranging, for example, from stellar coronae, to the magnetospheres of magnetars, and the accretion disks of protostars and Active Galactic Nuclei. From an historical point of view, our comprehension of such processes has been closely tied to our understanding of solar/stellar magnetic activity, which has its origins in a poorly understood convection-powered internal magnetic dynamo. The evolution of the Sun's dynamo, and associated magnetic activity, affected the development of planetary atmospheres in the early solar system, and the conditions in which life arose on the primitive Earth. The gradual fading of magnetic activity as the Sun grows old likewise will have profound consequences for the future heliospheric environment. Beyond the Sun, the magnetic activity of stars can influence their close-in companions, and vice versa.Cool star outer atmospheres thus represent an important laboratory in which magnetic activity phenomena can be studied under a wide variety of conditions, allowing us to gain insight into the fundamental processes involved. The UV range is especially useful for such studies because it contains powerful diagnostics extending from warm (∼ 10⁴ K) chromospheres out to hot (1–10 MK) coronae, and very high-resolution spectroscopy in the UV has been demonstrated by the GHRS and STIS instruments on HST but has not yet been demonstrated in the higher energy EUV and X-ray bands. A recent example is the use of the hydrogen Lyα resonance line—at 110 000 resolution with HST STIS—study, for the first time, coronal winds from cool stars through their interaction with the interstellar gas. These winds cannot be detected from the ground, for lack of suitable diagnostics; or in the X-rays, because the outflowing gas is too thin.A 2m class UV space telescope with high resolution spectroscopy and monitoring capabilities would enable important new discoveries in cool-star astronomy among the stars of the solar neighborhood out to about 150 pc. A larger aperture facility (4–6 m) would reach beyond the 150 pc horizon to fainter objects including young brown dwarfs and pre-main sequence stars in star-forming regions like Orion, and magnetic active stars in distant clusters beyond the Pleiades and α Persei. This would be essential, as well, to characterize the outer atmospheres of stars with planets, that will be discovered by future space missions like COROT, Kepler, and Darwin.Deceased October 23, 2005     

A New Way that Planets Can Affect the Sun

We derive a perturbation inside a rotating star that occurs when the star is accelerated by orbiting bodies. If a fluid element has rotational and orbital components of angular momentum with respect to the inertially fixed point of a planetary system that are of opposite sign, then the element may have potential energy that could be released by a suitable flow. We demonstrate the energy with a very simple model in which two fluid elements of equal mass exchange positions, calling to mind a turbulent field or natural convection. The exchange releases potential energy that, with a minor exception, is available only in the hemisphere facing the barycenter of the planetary system. We calculate its strength and spatial distribution for the strongest case (“vertical”) and for weaker horizontal cases whose motions are all perpendicular to gravity. The vertical cases can raise the kinetic energy of a few well positioned convecting elements in the Sun’s envelope by a factor ≤7. This is the first physical mechanism by which planets can have a nontrivial effect on internal solar motions. Occasional small mass exchanges near the solar center and in a recently proposed mixed shell centered at 0.16R _s would carry fresh fuel to deeper levels. This would cause stars like the Sun with appropriate planetary systems to burn somewhat more brightly and have shorter lifetimes than identical stars without planets. The helioseismic sound speed and the long record of sunspot activity offer several bits of evidence that the effect may have been active in the Sun’s core, its envelope, and in some vertically stable layers. Additional proof will require direct evidence from helioseismology or from transient waves on the solar surface.     

Advanced Technology Solar Telescope

High-resolution studies of the Sun’s magnetic fields are needed for a better understanding of the fundamental processes responsible for solar variability. The generation of magnetic fields through dynamo processes, the amplification of fields through the interaction with plasma flows, and the destruction of fields are poorly understood. There is incomplete insight into physical mechanisms responsible for chromospheric and coronal structure and heating, causes of variations in the radiative output of the Sun, and mechanisms that trigger flares and coronal mass ejections. Progress in answering these critical questions requires study of the interaction of the magnetic field and convection with a resolution sufficient to observe scale fundamental to these processes. The planned 4 m aperture ATST will be a unique scientific tool, with excellent angular resolution, a large wavelength range, and low scattered light. With its integrated adaptive optics, the ATST will achieve a spatial resolution nearly 10 times better than any existing solar telescope. The ATST design and development phase began in 2001 and it is now ready to begin construction in 2009.