新疆准噶尔盆地东缘中—晚二叠世植物群及其地质意义

本文首次报道了新疆准噶尔盆地东缘胜利沟中二叠世平地泉组植物化石11属19种和晚二叠世黄梁沟组植物化石7属9种,并结合前人对这一地区中—晚二叠世植物化石记录,讨论了两个植物群的地质时代。研究认为：中二叠世平地泉组植物群以安加拉植物群为主,混生个别欧美植物群分子;晚二叠世黄梁沟组植物群为混生少量华夏植物群分子的安加拉植物群。在此基础上,探讨了中—晚二叠世植物群演替、植被变化、植物群混生与中亚造山带板块聚合之间的关系,认为中二叠世的暖温带温湿气候在晚二叠世转变为季节性干热气候,准噶尔盆地东缘中—晚二叠世植物群混生与准噶尔—吐哈地块、塔里木板块、佳蒙地块、华北板块的拼合和古亚洲洋的关闭密切相关。     

长江源各拉丹冬一带发现Gallowayinella■类动物群

在1∶25万赤布张错幅区域地质调查中,于原划下二叠统开心岭石灰岩组中发现晚二叠世长头期Gallowayinella类动物群化石,表明该区二叠纪地层非属早二叠世,而似应与青海省南部晚二叠世鸟丽群对比。     

长江源各拉丹冬一带发现Gallowayinella Ting类动物群

在1：25万赤布张错幅区域地质调查中，于原划下二叠统开心岭石灰岩组中发现晚二叠世长头期Gallowayinella Ting类动物群化石，表明该区二叠纪地层非属早二叠世，而似应与青海省南部晚二叠世鸟丽群对比。     

敦化隆起东缘晚石炭-早二叠世华夏植物群的发现及其地质意义

根据1998年在大蒜沟组首次发现的Neuropteris、Pecopteris、Cordaites等晚石炭——早二叠世华夏植物群以及与下伏地层的整合接触关系，证明开山屯地区晚石炭——早二叠世为连续的海陆交互相沉积。大蒜沟组华夏植物群的发现，结合开山屯地区晚二叠世华夏植物群的存在，表明该区在晚石炭世——早二叠世华夏植物就已开始分化、繁衍，成为华夏植物群东北亚区不可分割的一部分。     

北祁连地区二叠纪植物群演替

北祁连地区二叠纪植物群自老而新可分５个植物组合：（１）早二叠世早期Ｎｅｕ ｒｏｐｔｅｒｉｓｐｓｅｕｄｏｖａｔａ—Ｌｅｐｉｄｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎｐｏｓｔｈｕｍｉ组合；（２）早二叠世中期Ｅｍｐｌｅｃｔｏｐｔｅｒｉｓｔｒｉａｎｇｕｌａｒｉｓ—Ｅｍｐｌｅｃｔｏｐｔｅｒｉｄｉｕｍａｌａｔｕｍ组合；（３）早二叠世晚期Ａｌｅｔｈｏｐｔｅｒｉａｎｏｒｉｎｉ—Ｌｏｂａｔａｎｎｕｌａｒｉｓｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ组合；（４）晚二叠世早期Ｙｕａｎｉｓｓｔｒｉａｔａ—Ｃｌａｄｏｐｈｌｅｂｉｓｏｚａｋｉ组合；（５）晚二叠世晚期Ｉｎｉｏｐｔｅｒｉｓｓｉｂｅｒｉ ｃａ—Ｌｏｂａｔａｎｎｕｌａｒｉａｌｉｎｇｕｌａｔａ组合。该区晚二叠世早期（窑沟组）曾出现过一次植物危机事件，而晚二叠世晚期由于大量亚安加拉植物（如Ｉｎｉｏｐｔｅｒｉｓ，Ｃｏｍｉａ，Ｐｕｒｓｏｎｇｉａ，Ｚａｍｉｏｐｔｅｒｉｓ和Ｃａｌｉｐｔｅｒｉｓ等）的入侵，植被又得以复苏。北祁连二叠纪大部分植物群属华夏植物群；但晚二叠世晚期为华夏—亚安加拉混生植物群。     

关于藏北改则地区夏岗江植物群及其地层时代的修订意见

在20世纪80年代,关于藏北改则县夏岗江雪山地区的夏岗江植物群及其所在的坚扎弄组曾存在着早二叠世和晚二叠世2种不同的时代意见。2002年,敌布错组发现后,古植物学家认为敌布错组和坚扎弄组的植物化石面貌相同或相似,同属于夏岗江植物群。由于敌布错组被认为不整合覆盖在中二叠世下拉组之上,因此,地质学家认为敌布错组、坚扎弄组及其所含的夏岗江植物群的时代为晚二叠世。然而,最近敌布错组之下的所谓的下拉组中发现了早三叠世—晚三叠世的牙形石,同时在坚扎弄组和敌布错组中发现了晚三叠世—早中侏罗世的孢粉化石,因此,夏岗江植物群及其所在地层的时代不是原来认为的晚二叠世,而是晚三叠世—早、中侏罗世。     

新疆皮山杜瓦普司格组晚二叠世孢粉的发现

新疆皮山杜瓦剖面普司格组中、上部含丰富的孢子花粉化石，并以双气囊花粉数量占优势为特征。Ｌｕｅｃｋｉｓｐｏｒｉｔｅｓｖｉｒｋｋｉａｅ、Ｔａｅｎｉａｅｓｐｏｒｉｔｅｓｓｐｐ．和Ｇａｒｄｅｎａｓｐｏｒｉｔｅｓｘｉｎｊｉａｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ等国内外晚二叠世典型分子在该组合内出现，表明普司格组的时代并非仅限于以往所普遍认为的早二叠世，亦应包括部分晚二叠世。结合对普司格组上覆和下伏地层的古生物群分析，普司格组的时代为早二叠世中期至晚二叠世中期。     

山西大同煤田晚石炭世晚期和早二叠世早期植物群

对山西大同煤田晚石炭世晚期和早二叠世早期植物化石进行了研究，共鉴定植物化石２１属４８种，划分２个植物组合，讨论了植物群的特征和时代；此外，还论证了本区晚石炭世晚期和早二叠世早期植物群指示的古气候条件     

中国北方安加拉植物群

中国北方发育的安加拉植物群是我国晚古生代植物区系的重要组成部分,主要分布于边疆省区,自石炭纪至二叠纪均有发育。安加拉植物群与其相关的华夏植物群在早二叠世及以前,在各自分布区平行发展,仅在晚二叠世出现少数植物分子相互迁移至对方地区形成混生现象,这与地质构造发展关系密切。     

贺兰山北段晚石炭世和早二叠世植物群古生态研究

对贺兰山北段呼鲁斯太和沙巴台地区晚石炭世和早二叠世植物化石进行了研究，共鉴定植物化石２０属４０种，讨论了植物群的性质和时代。在研究植物群特征基础上，分析了植物化石埋藏类型，论证了植物群的古生态特征，划分了５个植物群落：（１）Ｂｏｔｈｒｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎｃｉｒｃｕｌａｒｅ群落；（２）Ｌｅｐｉｄｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎｓｕｂｒｈｏｍｂｉｃｕｍ群落；（３）Ｌｅｐｉｄｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎｓｚｅｉａｎｕｍ群落；（４）Ｔａｅ－ｎｉｏｐｔｅｒｉｓｍｕｃｒｏｎａｔａ群落；（５）Ｐｅｃｏｐｔｅｒｉｓｏｒｉｅｎｔａｌｉｓ群落。这５个植物群落的时代分别相当于晚石炭世早期、晚石炭世中期、晚石炭世晚期、早二叠世早期和早二叠世晚期。石松类植物在晚石炭世沼泽环境最为丰富，以华夏植物区大量的特有种为特征。而蕨类植物和种子蕨类植物在早二叠世的泥炭沼泽和泛滥平原环境占优势。这些植物群落在晚石炭世和早二叠世广泛分布在不同演化阶段的泥炭沼泽和碎屑低地环境，指示温暖潮湿的气候条件。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.