2000-2012年祁连山植被覆盖变化及其与气候因子的相关性

研究祁连山地区植被覆盖变化及其与气候因子的响应关系对这一地区土地利用总体特征以及对区域及全球气候和环境变化都将产生深远的意义。利用2000-2012年美国国家航空航天局提供的MODIS NDVI数据并结合相应的气候资料,通过对逐像元信息的提取和分析,运用均值法、斜率分析法、相关分析法,研究了2000-2012年不同季节祁连山植被覆盖的时空变化及其与气候因子的相关性。结果表明:13 a来祁连山植被覆盖整体上呈增加趋势,其中春季植被改善最为明显,秋季次之;植被覆盖变化在不同季节都存在明显的空间差异;不同季节植被与气温、降水的时滞效应不尽相同;祁连山春季大部分地区NDVI与气温呈显著正相关,夏季NDVI与降水呈显著正相关,秋、冬季NDVI与降水、气温的相关性不明显。     

三江平原沼泽生态系统中露水凝结研究

通过对三江平原露日季节变化的分析及对毛果苔草沼泽群落中露水的实地观测，探讨了年露日的出现规律及露水凝结量的时空变化。结果表明：三江平原露水出现频率较高的季节是夏秋季(6～9月)，近12年来露日在66～108d／a，平均为95．42d／a；每年露水的凝结存在两个明显的峰值，分别是6月(或7月)、9月；露水量随高度的变化明显，植物冠层高度处的露水凝结量较多；由于沼泽植物茂密，叶面积较大，加之地面粗糙，单位土地面积上在植物及地面实际凝结的露水量远高于相同面积下较光滑的收集器测得的露水量。用杨木棒测得的毛果苔草地表面的露水量为2．83mm／a，折算成单位土地面积上地表面和植物叶片实际凝结的露水量为20．68mm／a，占同期降水量的5．05％。露水是影响水量平衡的重要因子。     

中国温带昼夜增温的季节性变化及其对植被动态的影响

结合1982-2015年归一化植被指数（NDVI）、植被类型和气象数据,分别利用一元线性回归和二阶偏相关分析方法,揭示了中国温带地区的生长季不同季节昼夜增温的时空格局以及昼夜增温的不对称性对各类型植被活动的影响。结果表明：① 近34年来中国温带大部分地区季节性昼夜气温都存在显著的上升趋势;生长季昼夜增温速率呈现出不对称性,春季、夏季白天气温上升速度略快于夜间,秋季夜间增温快于白天;② 不同季节的昼夜增温对植被活动的影响呈现出明显的分异特征,相对于夜间增温,白天增温对植被活动影响程度更大,影响区域更为广泛;相比夏季和秋季,春季昼夜增温对植被活动的影响范围更广;③ 不同类型植被对昼夜增温速率的不对称性产生了不同的响应,并且在不同季节上的响应程度存在差异。     

近20年中国不同季节植被变化及其对气候的瞬时与滞后响应

为揭示中国地区植被动态变化对气候变化的响应机制,该文基于中国2000-2018年归一化植被指数(NDVI)数据及融合地面观测的气候数据,利用偏相关分析与多元线性回归分析探讨了近20年中国不同季节植被生长动态及其对气候变化的瞬时与滞后响应。研究结果表明:1)2000-2018年中国植被生长呈显著的"变绿"趋势,春季NDVI增幅最大;2)温度是促进春季植被生长的主导气候因子,降水对半干旱地区夏季植被的生长具有主导作用;3)考虑气候变化的滞后效应能显著提高对不同季节(尤其秋季)植被变化的解释能力;4)不同季节气候变化对植被生长的年际变率和年代际变率的贡献不尽相同。该文对预测未来中国植被的生长动态及其生态效益以及生态系统可持续管理策略的制定具有指导意义。     

近15 a黄土高原植被覆盖时空变化及驱动力分析

研究黄土高原地区植被覆盖变化及其驱动因素可以揭示研究区气候变化和人工生态调节过程对植被变化的影响。基于500 m分辨率的MODIS-NDVI数据和同期气象数据,运用均值法、斜率分析法、相关分析法及残差法,分析了2001-2015年黄土高原的植被时空演变变化特征及其驱动因素。结果表明：近15 a黄土高原植被在季度上总体都呈现增加趋势且存在一定差异,夏、秋季植被增加最为明显;黄土高原植被覆盖在空间上呈现自东南向西北递减的分布特征;植被NDVI变化在不同季节上都存在明显的空间差异;黄土高原植被NDVI对气温、降水的响应关系有明显的季节差异,并在空间上与降水的相关性显著,与温度相关性不明显;人类活动对植被覆盖变化有双重影响,其中生态恢复工程是黄土高原中部地区植被覆盖快速增加的重要因素。     

2000~2014年黑龙江流域（中国）植被覆盖时空变化及其对气候变化的响应

采用MODIS/NDVI数据,利用Theil-Sen Median 趋势分析、Mann-Kendall 以及Hurst指数方法分析2000~2014年黑龙江流域（中国）植被的时空变化特征、植被变化发展趋势及可持续性特征;应用相关分析法研究了气候变化对植被生长的影响。结果表明,2000~2014年黑龙江流域（中国）植被NDVI指数呈缓慢增加趋势,山区植被覆盖增加显著,东北部平原区植被覆盖持续退化,总体上植被覆盖持续改善能力较弱。植被NDVI对气候响应的季节差异显著,且不同类型植被对气候因子的响应不一致：春季植被NDVI主要受温度影响,夏季植被NDVI主要受降水量影响,秋季林地NDVI与温度正相关、草地NDVI与降雨量正相关。     

藏西南高原植被覆盖时空变化及其与气候因素和人类活动的关系

研究基于MODIS-NDVI数据和气象数据,利用趋势分析、相关分析及残差分析等方法,分析了2000―2020年藏西南高原植被NDVI在不同时段的时空变化特征及气候因素和人类活动对植被NDVI的影响,结果表明：近20 a来藏西南高原植被NDVI呈增加趋势,不同时段植被NDVI增长速率存在显著差异,主要表现为秋季>生长季>夏季>全年>春季>冬季;不同时段植被NDVI的分布格局虽存在差异,但高原东部植被覆盖度明显高于西部地区;高原大部分区域植被状态基本稳定,局部明显改善,部分区域有所退化;年际尺度上,气温和降水的增加导致植被NDVI升高,季节尺度上,春季、秋季和冬季气温升高导致植被NDVI升高,降水的增加导致植被NDVI下降,夏季和生长季气温升高导致植被NDVI下降,降水升高导致植被NDVI增加;人类活动对高原大部分区域呈正面影响,局部地区呈负面影响,集中分布在半农半牧和纯牧业县区。     

1982-1999年我国陆地植被活动对气候变化响应的季节差异

利用NOAA-AVHRR数据,以归一化植被指数 (NDVI) 作为植被活动的指标,研究中国1982~1999 年四季植被活动的变化,探讨植被活动对全球变化的主要响应方式。结果表明,18年来,中国植被四季平均NDVI均呈上升趋势。春季是中国植被平均NDVI上升趋势最为显著 (P<0.001)、增加速率最快的季节,每年平均增加1.3%;而秋季是NDVI上升趋势最不显著的季节 (P=0.075)。不同植被类型的季节平均NDVI的年变化分析表明,生长季的提前是中国植被对全球变化响应的最主要方式,但这种季节响应方式存在明显的区域性差异。夏季平均NDVI增加速率达到最大的地区主要分布在西北干旱区域和青藏高寒区域,而东部季风区域的植被主要表现为春季NDVI增加速率最大。     

基于MODIS数据的山西省六大煤田区植被覆盖度时空变化特征及其驱动力分析

为了分析山西省六大煤田区2000年之后植被覆盖度的时空分布及其驱动力因素,基于2001-2013年MODIS NDVI数据和像元二分方法对山西省六大煤田植被覆盖进行反演和动态监测,并利用以一元线性回归为基础的趋势分析法对研究区植被覆盖趋势变化进行研究分析。结果表明:(1)研究区在13 a里植被覆盖整体呈先减后增,波动中上升趋势。(2)空间上看,植被覆盖河东煤田和大同煤田增长最明显,整体表现南部好于北部,东部好于西部。(3)从季节变化看,春季植被有明显退化趋势,夏季植被改善明显,秋季植被增长趋势逐渐减弱。气候变化和人类活动造成的煤田区生态环境退化是煤田区植被覆盖度时空变化的主要驱动因素。     

干旱区地表温度和热岛效应演变研究——以宁夏沿黄城市带为例

宁夏沿黄城市带位于宁夏东北部，不仅是干旱地区地理研究的重点区域，也是宁夏经济发展的核心区域。基于2000—2018年的MODIS地表温度、土地覆盖类型以及植被覆盖率数据，通过计算热岛比例指数 (URI)，利用Mann-Kendall非参数检验及Sen’s斜率估计法，对宁夏沿黄城市带近20 a白天和夜间的地表温度（LST）和热岛效应时间变化进行分析。结果表明：（1） 近20 a来，宁夏沿黄城市带大部分地区[WTBX]LST变化不显著，但在植被覆盖率增加区域，白天LST显著减小而夜间LST显著上升；植被覆盖率减小区域与之相反；夜间LST[WTBZ]变化幅度强于白天。（2） 宁夏沿黄城市带的热岛效应通常在白天较弱、在夜间较强；白天和夜间时刻的城市热岛效应在一年内呈现不同的季节变化特点,白天春冬较强，夜间夏季较强；过去近20 a，宁夏沿黄城市带白天热岛效应呈现稍微减弱趋势，夜间热岛效应呈现稍微增强趋势，但变化趋势均不显著。（3） 从植被覆盖率和地物类型两个影响因素的研究表明，植被覆盖率是影响地表温度变化的重要因素，城建区与郊区主要地物温差的改变是城市热岛强度变化的重要原因。从长时间序列变化的角度详细分析干旱区城市热岛的特征和变化原因，可为干旱区城市热岛带来的环境问题治理提供参考，也为研究干旱区热岛提供了借鉴。     

ANALYSIS OF 20TH CENTURY RAINFALL AND STREAMFLOW TO CHARACTERIZE DROUGHT AND WATER RESOURCES IN PUERTO RICO

During the period from 1990 to 1997, annual rainfall accumulation averaged 87% of normal at the 12 stations with the longest period of record in Puerto Rico, a Caribbean island with a 1999 population of 3.8 million. Streamflow in rivers supplying the La Plata and Loíza reservoirs, the principal water supply of the San Juan metropolitan area, was at or below the 10th flow percentile for 27% to 50% of the time between December 1993 and May 1996. Diminished reservoir levels in 1994 and 1995 affected more than 1 million people in the San Juan metropolitan area. Water rationing was implemented during this period and significant agricultural losses, valued at $165 million, were recorded in 1994. The public endured a year of mandatory water rationing in which sections of the city had their water-distribution networks shut off for 24 to 36 hours on alternate days. During the winter and spring of 1997–1998, water was rationed to more than 200,000 people in northwestern Puerto Rico because water level in the Guajataca reservoir was well below normal for two years because of rainfall deficits. The drought period of 1993–1996 was comparable in magnitude to a drought in 1966–1968, but water rationing was more severe during the 1993–1996 period, indicating that water management issues such as demand, storage capacity, water production and losses, and per capita consumption are increasingly important as population and development in Puerto Rico expand. [Key words: drought, streamflow, water resources, Caribbean, Puerto Rico, rainfall, water supply.]     

Six years of dew observations in the Negev Desert, Israel

Dew measurements taken at the desert site of Sede Boker for nearly 6 years are analysed. The instrument used is a Hiltner-type dew balance. Several parameters describing various aspects of dew formation are discussed. The total monthly amount of dew and the distribution of the number of dew nights per month shows two maxima (in September and in December–January) and two minima (in April and November). The average dew deposit per dew night behaves differently: the most striking feature of this quantity is the appearance of distinct summer and winter regimes, with the winter having more dew per dew night. With respect to the total monthly dew hours, the year appears to be divided in half: first, the 6 months from August to January, with an average of 145 h per month, and second, the 6 months from February to June, with 80 h per month. The average duration of dew per dew night appears to follow very closely the length of the night: there is a clear maximum of dew duration in December (9·7 h) and a clear minimum in July (5·5 h). Finally, the rate of dew accumulation is found to have a distinct dry season regime and a winter, rainy season regime.     

PARTICLE SIZE AND SHAPE VARIATION ON ALPINE DEBRIS FANS,CANADIAN ROCKY MOUNTAINS

Much of the previous research on mountain debris slopes has focused on slopes of avalanche and, especially, rockfall origin. This study examines particle size and shape variation on some debris fans formed by rockfall, snow avalanches, and stream-debris flow on dissected rockwalls. The particle size and shape data are derived from the lengths of the 3 principal axes of 50 particles sampled at 152 stops on 24 transects. The analysis of these data indicates that variation in particle shape is a function of source rock lithology while particle size varies according to the process of coarse debris transfer. Most of the size variation occurs at the sampling stops and among stops within transects. Size means and variances differ according to process for samples not affected by stream-debris flow. Second-order polynomial regressions depict the longitudinal size sorting produced by each process and reflect the unique nature of debris transfer on dissected rockwalls, where rockfall is impeded and debris is sequentially or simultaneously subject to gravitational and boundary shear stresses.     

DRAINAGE REVERSALS AND TRANSVERSE RELATIONSHIPS OF RIVERS TO MORAINES IN SOUTHERN MICHIGAN

In southern Michigan, a multiglaciated area of thick drift, regional differences in the altitude of the buried bedrock surface control the direction of major drainage lines and facilitated some stream reversals during deglaciation. Furthermore, individual bedrock valleys, though deeply buried, may influence surface forms in a fashion that induces transverse relationships between river courses and morainal trends. Apparently one or more ancestral glacial landscapes were influenced by the bedrock surface and are also reflected in the present topography. Such palimpsest landscapes may be more widespread in glaciated terrains than have generally been recognized.     

CHARACTERIZATION OF ALPINE SOILS,EAGLE CAP,WALLOWA MOUNTAINS,OREGON

This study examines alpine soil development along a toposequence on Eagle Cap, Wallowa Mountains, northeast Oregon. Soils studied are from Wind Blown (WB) and Minimal Snow Cover (MSC) sites in the Ridge-Top Tundra geomorphic province. The soils are predominantly loamy sands, and exhibit minimal structural development. Soil pH ranges from 6.5 to 7.3 increasing with depth, and organic carbon ranges from 3.9% in the A horizon to 0.8% in the C horizon. The soils display significant input from Cascade volcanic ash infall and eolian influx from the weathered marble nearby. It is postulated that the ash content in the soils originates from Mazama Ash deposits. Though Eagle Cap soils have developed for the most part on granodiorite, the strong influence of the volcanic ash on pedogenesis leads to a preliminary classification of Andisols, most probably Typic and Lithic Haplocryands. [Key words: Alpine soils, Andisols, Wallowa Mountains.]     

2013 年春季华南师范大学石牌校区大气冷凝水的化学特征与来源

通过人工制冷的方法收集2013 年华南师范大学石牌校区大气冷凝水52 个样品,对其进行pH 值和阴阳离子分析。结果表明：2013 年春季石牌校区绝大多数冷凝水样品的pH 值分布范围为5.00~6.47,平均值为5.97,已不属于酸雨。冷凝水的阴阳离子总质量浓度（TDS）介于57.87~484.38 μeq/L 之间,平均值为154.53 μeq/L;各离子质量浓度高低依次为2-4 SO ＞Ca2+＞ -3 NO ＞Na+＞Cl-＞NO2-＞Mg2+≈K+＞F-。石牌校区冷凝水的这种离子质量浓度分布特征显示：其清洁程度较优于2011 年春季该校区和同期上海大气冷凝水,而较差于云南丽江的大气降水,与广东鹤山和青海瓦里关山等地的大气降水相当。其污染来源除部分属自然源外,还主要与建筑活动、工业生产、汽车尾气等人类活动等有密切关系。     

The role of dew as a moisture source for sand microbiotic crusts in the Negev Desert, Israel

Dew and fog were measured periodically during the years 1992–1995 at the Hallamish dune field, western Negev Desert (average annual rain precipitation ca. 95 mm). A major portion of the dunes are covered by cyanobacterial and moss-dominated microbiotic crusts. Chlorophyll- a measurements and microscopic examination were carried out in order to detect the possible changes in crust biomass and phenological changes of the mosses following the occurrence of dew and fog. Dew and/or fog were present in over 50% of the late summer and fall mornings with an average yield of 0·1 mm on cloth attached to glass plates. This corresponds to ca. 0·03 mm for the upper 0·5 cm of the crust, and is less than the 0·1 mm threshold which implies liquid water and which was also found necessary for net photosynthesis of the cyanobacterial crust. This threshold was met only during heavy dew or fog events, during which 10–40% of the crust surface area was moistened. It was estimated that dew and fog could account for upto 3·2–9·4% of the total annual time of crust wetness and consequently activity due to liquid water. Nevertheless, microscopic examination of the dominant moss species at Nizzana, Bryum dunense, disclosed phenological changes, mainly resulting in growth of vegetative reproduction organs (bulbils), and sexual organs, gametangia (antheridia and archegonia). B.dunense may thus be adapted to the utilization of dew and fog precipitation for the production of nearly mature sexual organs. The moss may thus be capable of already utilizing the first winter rains for fertilization and sporophyte formation.     

毛乌素沙地南缘固沙灌丛下地表凝结水特征

尽管凝结水在干旱生态系统中所发挥的重要作用已被广泛关注,但对其在固沙灌丛下时空变化特征的研究仍然比较薄弱。为探明固沙灌丛对地表凝结水的影响,在毛乌素沙地南缘沙区选择3种典型固沙灌丛（沙柳Salix psammophila、柠条Caragana korshinskii和油蒿Artemisia ordosica）,以无固沙灌丛影响的裸沙作为对照,用微型蒸渗仪测定了固沙灌丛下不同位置（根部、1/2冠幅和外缘）和不同方向（东、南、西、北）上地表凝结水的形成和蒸发特征。结果表明：（1）与对照相比,固沙灌丛的存在显著降低了地表凝结水量,沙柳、油蒿和柠条灌丛下凝结水量分别降低了29%、32%和33%;(2)不同类型固沙灌丛下地表凝结水量由里向外均呈显著增加的趋势,但不同方向上地表凝结水量差异不显著;（3）固沙灌丛的存在减缓了凝结水的形成和蒸发过程,即凝结水自19:00开始形成,到次日08:00基本结束,至13:00—15:00蒸发殆尽,其形成过程整体上表现出增加—平缓—增加的趋势,柠条和油蒿灌丛下地表凝结水在03:00—05:00甚至有少量蒸发,而蒸发过程呈稳定下降趋势;（4）凝结水的形成过程与空气...     

Measurement and Analysis of Formation Conditions of Dew in Carex lasiocarpa Marsh

In order to investigate the dew amounts and analysis formation conditions of dew by examining the correlations between dew amounts and meteorological factors in Carex lasiocarpa marsh in the Sanjiang Plain, the dew amounts and several meteorological factors were monitored during the growing season from June to September in 2005 and 2008 at the Sanjiang Mire Wetland Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Dew was collected by woodstick made by poplar tree in Carex lasiocarpa marsh and the amounts were estimated by subtraction method. The results indicated that average daily accumulated dew amounts reached the peak in August. The highest dew amounts in Carex lasiocarpa marsh were 0.201 mm/d, and the most frequent dew volume ranged from 0.08 mm/d to 0.14 mm/d. The amounts correlated positively with relative humidity, dew point temperature, and water vapor pressure. Whereas it correlated negatively with wind speed. The dew production in Carex lasiocarpa marsh more frequently occurred under the conditions of wind speed around 2.0 m/s, the water vapor pressure above 9 hPa; the relative humidity between 90% and 95% and dew point temperature above 6 ℃.