基于潜标观测的吕宋海峡以东深海潮流特征研究

本文使用吕宋海峡以东的潜标观测的长达1年的海流数据,重点对该海域海流的高频波动(潮流)的垂向分布及其时间变化特征进行了分析,结果表明:该海域次表层(100～160 m)的潮动能比中层(1 550 m)和深层(2 560 m)大1～2个数量级,近底层(4 040 m)的潮动能略大于中、深层;次表层为不正规半日潮流,中、深层为不正规全日潮流;各层次潮动能均在夏季(6?9月)和冬季(2?3月)增强,与M₂分潮和K₁分潮在夏季和冬季的增强相对应;各层次海流的高频波动以顺时针旋转为主,次表层海流近惯性周期接近当地理论惯性周期,中、深层略小于当地理论惯性周期。     

浙江近海夏季流场特征分析

为了揭示浙江近岸流场特征及沿程变化规律,于2006年和2009年夏季在浙江岸外3个固定点利用ADCP潜标进行了多个潮周期分层海流流速、流向观测。研究结果表明:(1)浙江沿岸流在中北部海域(A和B站位)为旋转流,流向呈顺时针方向旋转,在南部(C站位)涨潮流方向基本为北向,落潮方向为东偏北向;各站位海流在垂向上流向较一致。(2)3个站位垂线平均流速相近(44.4~51.1 cm/s),但平均流速的垂向分布差异明显;各站的最大流速均大于110 cm/s,且均出现在大潮涨急时刻。(3)观测期间,A(北部)、B(中北部)和C(南部)站位平均余流的大小分别为21.9,12.3和22.3 cm/s;受长江冲淡水影响,A和B站位中上层余流为西南向,从中层向底层流向呈逆时针方向偏转,下层流向呈东南向,可能为台湾暖流牵引所致,C站位余流流向在垂向较为一致,均为东北向,主要受季风影响。(4)夏季浙江沿岸流在沿浙江沿岸北上的过程中,在浙江中部(B和C站位中间)逐渐向东偏转(可能受台湾暖流的牵引),流经海域水深变大。(5)在夏季长江径流量偏小时段,浙江中北部近岸海域也存在向南的沿岸流(同冬季),其范围从长江口以南一直至浙江中北部。浙江近岸海流受季风、长江冲淡水和台湾暖流共同制约,但各区域的主要受控因素不同。     

连续层化流体中内波破碎的动力学机制的数值研究

对单频内波在白噪声的干扰下引起的不稳定现象进行了数值研究,分析了不同振幅和不同Pr数(Prandtl number)对静力不稳定、剪切不稳定、对流不稳定出现的时间、地点及持续时间的影响.结果显示,静力不稳定总是比其它2种不稳定先出现,其持续时间也是最长的;振幅越大(Pr＝0.72)时,内波越不稳定,导致3种不稳定出现的时间明显提前;Pr数增大(A＝0.256)时,3种不稳定出现的时间也略有提前.     

基于潜标观测的吕宋海峡以东深海海流的低频变异

本文利用在菲律宾海布放的一套锚系潜标获取的长时间海流和水温观测数据,分析了吕宋海峡以东的深海海洋环境特征,着重阐释了该海域海流的全水深垂向结构及其低频变化特征。研究表明,表层(100～160 m)平均流向为西偏北,流速约为12.5 cm/s;中层(810 m)的平均流为西向,流速为2.6 cm/s;深层(1 550 m和2 560 m)的平均流速在1 cm/s以内,近底(4 040 m)的流向为较稳定的西南向,流速为2.3 cm/s。上层海流的动能比中层和深层大1～2个量级,总动能、平均动能、涡动动能均在表层最大,中层次之、深层最小,各层次涡动能均大于平均动能。中上层海流的低频变化具有极高的相似性,全年为81～85 d的周期振荡;近底层海流则不同,变化周期约为51 d。     

黑潮延伸体海域海平面年际变化及其与海流的关系

利用黑潮延伸体海域海平面异常(SLA)数据和SODA海流资料,分析海平面和海流的年际变化特征,以及两者之间的关系。分析发现黑潮延伸体SLA的第二模态是黑潮大弯曲模态,存在29个月的准两年显著振荡。该海域海平面具有显著的年际变化,且与ENSO和PDO密切相关,2002-2004年的黑潮大弯曲期间,海平面与Nino3指数的相关系数为0.74。海平面年际变化和海流关系密切,黑潮延伸体主轴两侧海平面具有显著的季节和年际变化,急流呈大弯曲路径(1993-1996、2002-2004)时,流轴稳定流速大,流轴影响深,急流主轴南侧海平面较高,达到年际变化的最大值,主轴两侧海面高度梯度大。非弯曲期间,急流主轴南压,海流强度减弱,此期间海平面低,主轴两侧海面高度梯度较小。黑潮延伸体上游区海平面变化受黑潮大弯曲影响更为显著。上下游区的海平面和比容海平面的年际变化较为相似,黑潮延伸体海域海流和比容效应共同调控该区域海平面变化。     

南黄海近表层实测流速谱研究

南黄海浅水陆架区是我国重要经济海域之一,对该海域海流结构的研究是研究陆架环流的一个重要环节。虽然关于这项研究的论著颇多。但根据描述统计学方法研究中国海海流结构的论述至今却极少。本文根据我国海洋地质调查局较长时间的海流观测资料，以描述统计学的分析方法,对南黄海实测流速的统计特征进行了初步分析。 文中引用的实测流速数据的观测站分布于偏近我国的南黄海陆架上。共选取三个观测站,分别以A,B,C标示,三者近似地呈等腰三角形分布,A,B站的连线近似地与经线平行。观测日期颇长,分别是1975年4-5月。1976年4-8月和1977年4-7月。本文着重研究南黄海近表层(5米层)4-6月实测流速谱的特性,所以,统计分析结果反映的是南黄海近表层海流在春夏交替季节的特性。实测流速数据的采样时间间隔均取每15分钟一次。观测仪器系国产HLP1-1印刷海流计。各观测站上截取的观测数据组数见表1。     

凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannanamei)不同世代养殖群体的遗传多样性分析

采用微卫星位点对凡纳滨对虾的海南群体(进口亲虾繁育的第1世代:G1)、山东和饶平群体(G2)、湛江2和湛江3群体(G3)、湛江1和上海群体(G4)共4个世代7个养殖群体的遗传多样性进行了分析.从21对微卫星引物中筛选出12对有效扩增引物,对7个群体共280个个体进行扩增,得到10个多态位点,共获得等位基因数63个.各位点的等位基因数在2-15个之间,各群体的平均等位基因数在4.70-5.80之间.平均观测(期望)杂合度在0.36-0.43(0.53-0.65)之间.杂合子偏离指数(D)为负值,表明存在杂合子缺失现象.对7个群体、10个多态位点进行Hardy-wleinberng平衡检测,共有54个偏离平衡.对7个群体间的遗传分化水平进行检测,得到近交系数FIS在9个多态位点均为正值,两两群体间的固定指数FST值在0.149-0.375之间.FST显著性检验表明,各群体之间的遗传分化极显著(P<0.01).分子方差分析结果显示,大部分遗传变异(72.17%)来自于群体内,来自于群体间的遗传变异(27.83%)较小.凡纳滨对虾不同世代间遗传变异大,随着繁育世代的增加,遗传多样性降低.     

河口海岸测流仪器比测研究

通过对直读式海流计、ENDECO海流计和ADP测流结果的对比分析表明,ENDECO所测流速比直读式海流计偏小约4.2%,流向偏小2.4%;ADP测得的流速比直读式海流计偏大6.1%,流向偏大3.6%,但ADP测量数据更稳定;由三种仪器测得的涨落潮平均流速相对偏差均在10%左右。三种仪器的观测数据可比性强,同时使用时完全能够相互对比分析。流速小于30 cm/s时,由于仪器的摩擦阻力作用,直读式海流计精度变低;流速大于30 cm/s时,三种仪器测得的结果相差较小。与直读式海流计和ADP相比,ENDECO海流计对流向变化较敏感。     

沿岸物质搬运现场观测与模拟的比较

过去 3 0年间 ,研究者提出了许多用于计算波浪和海流条件下沉积搬运的公式和模型。目前研究对象是具预测能力的 6个沉积物迁移搬运的公式 ,它们用于计算沉积物的离岸分布和沿岸沉积速率。这些公式在预测沿岸沉积搬运速率计算上已被世人公认。1　公式简述此次调查的 6个公式见表 1 ,表中列出了公式及公式所应用的系数值、浪和海滩条件。表 1　沉积物沿岸搬运公式公式沉积物沿岸搬运公式系数核实数据D/ mm tanβ实验条件Bijkerqb,B=Ad50 VC gexp - 0 .2 7(s- 1) d50 ρgμτb,wcqs,B=1.83qb,B I1ln 33hr +I2A=1～ 5(非破波—破波 )0 .2 3…     

杭州湾地波雷达观测的海流数据取样率分析

根据杭州湾口区两台地波雷达5个半月观测的资料,对其中的3 189个有效观测时次的海流数据取样率(CSR)在空间和时间上的变化规律进行了分析,结果表明,在两台雷达波交叉观测的中心区域各测点的地波雷达观测的海流数据取样率高于外围区域,在中心区域海流数据取样率可达98%以上,向外围区域海流数据取样率逐渐平缓递减,到边缘区域海流数据取样率仅在20%以下;地波雷达观测的海流数据取样率有明显的日变化,白天海流数据取样率明显低于夜间;17时海流数据平均取样率达到最低值(约49%),然后很快上升,至02时达最高值(约74%),然后再缓慢下降至17时为止。同时在10时和20时地波雷达观测的海流数据取样率呈现两个相对低值点,可能与人们在这两个时段通讯繁忙所造成的干扰有一定的关系。海流流速对地波雷达观测的海流数据取样率也有较大影响,呈负相关,流速大时海流数据取样率比流速小时的要低,在海流数据取样率大于98%的中心区域,流速和海流数据取样率的相关系数小于-0.8,在海流数据取样率大于60%的区域,流速和海流数据取样率的相关系数小于-0.6,体现明显的相互关联。地波雷达观测的海流数据取样率和潮汐有着每日4次的良好相干,而似乎和风没有显著的关系。希望这些分析对地波雷达以后的推广使用能积累一些经验和参考意见。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.