南北地震带北段近年地壳水平运动

采用中国地震局陆态网络数据,解算并对比南北地震带北段速度场、速度投影、基线时间序列。对比发现：①各点速度矢量呈顺时针旋转;②相对于鄂尔多斯块体,2011-2015年银川地堑各站（银川、盐池、中卫、海原等）沿NNW方向扩张;③祁连断裂表现为左旋剪切和逆冲挤压,2013年起闭锁加强;海原断裂表现为稳定的左旋和逆冲,2013年起剪切加速;六盘山断裂表现为持续并放缓的逆冲和较弱的右旋;西秦岭北缘断裂带西段呈高速且放缓的逆冲以及高速但低应变累积的左旋,东段保持高速稳定的左旋和持续逆冲。     

青藏高原东北缘主要断裂闭锁特征和滑动亏损研究

利用1999—2015年GPS水平速度场, 基于块体-位错模型, 反演了青藏高原东北缘4条主要断裂(海原断裂, 六盘山断裂, 陇县—宝鸡断裂, 西秦岭北缘断裂)的闭锁程度和滑动亏损速率的空间分布, 并分析了各断裂的地震危险性。 结果显示, 六盘山断裂南段、 陇县-宝鸡断裂北段、 西秦岭北缘断裂东段闭锁程度最强, 闭锁深度达到24 km左右; 西秦岭北缘断裂东段滑动亏损速率最大, 平均值达到3 mm/a; 六盘山断裂南段、 陇县—宝鸡断裂北段滑动亏损速率平均值达到1.9 mm/a, 稍弱于西秦岭北缘断裂东段; 海原断裂闭锁程度和滑动亏损速率相对较小, 闭锁程度和滑动亏损都仅分布在浅部。 我们认为现阶段海原断裂的地震危险性相对较小, 六盘山断裂南段、 陇县—宝鸡北段、 西秦岭北缘断裂东段地震危险性高于这些断裂的其他段落。 这些结果对于青藏高原东北缘地震危险性判定和地震灾害评估具有参考意义。     

青藏高原北部地区构造变形特征及与强震关系

通过对1993～1999、1999～2001年青藏高原北部地区GPS水平运动资料的非震负位错模型反演和形变应变场时空演化分析,结合地质构造和有资料积累以来的强震活动,研究块体及边界带的构造变形特征,以及与强震孕育的关系．结果表明：(1)5级以上,特别是6级左右及6级以上地震多发生在区域应变场剪切应变率或面膨胀率高值区、边缘或其附近,尤其是与区域主干断裂构造运动一致的剪切应变率高值区;形变差异显著的块体边界附近;沿块体边界断裂带的高应变积累的闭锁区段及其附近．(2)1999～2001年较1993～1999年大范围的水平运动速率明显减弱,但应变率的减弱幅度不大,可能揭示昆仑山口西8．1大震孕育对北东向的构造应力传递起了某种“阻隔和调制作用”及太平洋板块的西进作用加强．(3)目前应变场分布高值区、块体间差异运动显著的边界带及高应变积累闭锁段有阿尼玛卿断裂中东段与鄂拉山断裂交汇区、祁连山构造带中东段及与海原断裂西段交汇区、日月山一拉脊山断裂与西秦岭北缘断裂交汇区、庄浪河断裂与西秦岭北缘断裂交汇区、六盘山断裂附近．     

西北地区近期地壳水平运动与构造变形特征

利用截止2004年的西北地区GPS和跨祁连-龙首山构造带的红外测距观测资料，借助最小二乘配置、弹性块体边界负位错模型及单一力源反演，研究昆仑山口西8．1级大震前后西北地区水平形变应变场的动态演化特征；尤其是大震3年后，即当前的构造形变与应力场态势；获取活动块体及其边界断裂上可能反映中强以上孕震背景的高应变能积累区、段，以及可能的潜在震源。结果表明：青藏块体北缘地区经8．1级大震后的短期松弛和调整，目前正在恢复印度板块北东向碰撞推挤背景场的主控作用。而北天山构造带中段及其与西段的交汇区、南天山构造带中西段及其与西昆仑构造带的交汇区、阿尔金断裂中段、祁连山构造带中东段及其与海原断裂的交汇区、西秦岭北缘断裂与庄浪河断裂东南延伸线的交汇区域等具有相对高应变能积累背景；临泽与海原这两个地区也反映一定程度的应变能积累状态。     

青藏高原东北缘活动断裂剪切模量及应力状态数值模拟

作为控制断层两盘相对运动的重要因素,断裂带介质力学性能与断层面上的滑动速率及应力状态、区域地壳运动速度场等密切相关.受印度板块北东向推挤以及阿拉善地块和鄂尔多斯地块的阻挡作用,青藏高原东北缘构造变形复杂.本文在综合区域动力学环境、活动断裂空间展布以及下地壳黏滞性结构的基础上构建了青藏高原东北缘三维有限元动力学模型;以GPS速度场为约束模拟研究了断层剪切力学性能对区域地壳运动速度场图像的控制作用,进而在最优模型基础上分析了当前青藏高原东北缘不同断裂的应力状态.结果显示：阿尔金断裂东段和广义海原断裂对区域地壳运动速度场控制作用强烈,但二者剪切力学性能相反,阿尔金断裂东段断层剪切模量与周边地壳介质相当,而广义海原断裂断层剪切模量可低至周边地壳介质剪切模量的1/10000;六盘山断裂和西秦岭北缘断裂对区域地壳运动速度场的控制作用较弱,模拟结果显示二者均具有较强的剪切力学性能.基于最佳模型的应力状态分析指出：阿尔金断裂东段,广义海原断裂西段的木里—江仓断裂、中段的金强河—毛毛山—老虎山断裂、东段的六盘山断裂,以及西秦岭北缘断裂中西段当前应力率水平较高,且与前人给出的青藏高原东北缘高闭锁区域吻合.动力学上的高应力率与运动学上的强闭锁良好吻合,预示着这些断裂是地震危险分析值得关注的区域.     

1999～2001年南北地震带GPS综合观测解的负位错模型

利用1999～2001年中国大陆GPS最优综合观测解资料,借助改进的负位错模型,研究南北地震带及其邻近区域活动块体与其边界断裂的构造变形特征,获取高应力应变积累的闭锁区段及可能与强震孕育有关的背景信息。分析表明：祁连山断裂带与海原断裂和日月山断裂交汇区、日月山断裂南段与拉脊山断裂、宗务隆山-西秦岭北缘断裂交汇部位;盐源-丽江地块及NE向延伸至川滇交界的安宁河、则木河断裂交汇区及其临近区域;鲜水河至安宁河断裂北段以及与龙门山断裂交汇部位、滇西南边界的永德龙陵-澜沧-勐遮断裂及其北段与怒江断裂交汇区域可能具有高应变能积累背景。而阿尔金断裂中段、海原断裂东段、库玛断裂东端、红河断裂中东段与元谋-绿汁江断裂及小江断裂的交汇区域也可能存在一定程度的应变积累背景。     

陇西块体周边断层闭锁程度与滑动亏损特征研究

基于1999~2007年、2009~2013年两期中国大陆GPS水平速度场数据,使用DEFNODE负位错程序反演计算了汶川地震前后陇西块体周边断层——海原—祁连山断裂、六盘山断裂、庄浪河断裂和西秦岭北缘断裂的断层闭锁程度与滑动亏损动态空间分布,并讨论了汶川地震对块体周边断裂的影响和可能存在的强震危险段。结果表明,汶川地震后西秦岭北缘断裂中西段闭锁程度有所减弱、中东段闭锁程度有所增强,地震可能对其有一定影响;在汶川地震前后,其它断裂的断层闭锁程度没有发生明显改变,地震可能对其影响较弱。目前冷龙岭断裂、金强河断裂、庄浪河断裂、六盘山断裂、西秦岭北缘断裂中西段部分区域的闭锁程度较强,闭锁深度约为20~25 km,结合地质尺度的断层地震空区等结果,分析认为上述断裂可能为地震危险段。汶川地震前后陇西块体周边平行断层滑动亏损速率中,除庄浪河断裂为右旋滑动亏损以外,其它断裂均为左旋滑动亏损;陇西块体周边垂直断层滑动亏损速率则均为挤压。     

青藏高原东北缘主要断裂带的库仑应力演化及其强震危险性

自1920年海原发生M8.5地震以来,青藏高原东北缘接连发生了1927年古浪M8.0地震、1932年昌马M7.6地震等一系列大地震,使其进入了强震活动的丛集期。为了探究青藏高原东北缘这一系列地震间的相互作用及区域地震危险性,建立青藏高原东北缘的三维Maxwell黏弹性有限元模型,模拟了区域自1920年以来17次M6.7以上地震的同震及震后库仑应力演化。结果显示：研究区自1920年海原M8.5大地震之后,后续的16次地震中,有13次地震发生在库仑应力变化为正的区域,说明了地震间的相互作用可能是导致区域地震丛集的主要原因之一。系列地震发生后,阿尔金断裂、柴达木盆地断裂西段、东昆仑断裂中段、鄂拉山断裂北段、共和盆地断裂南段、日月山断裂南段、庄浪河断裂、礼县—罗家堡断裂、成县盆地断裂西段、文县断裂西段、龙首山断裂南段、六盘山断裂东段、西秦岭北缘断裂东段、海原断裂西段和祁连断裂东段位于库仑应力变化为正的区域,且大部分断裂或断裂段的累积库仑应力变化超过了0.01 MPa,它们未来的地震危险性较高。     

1999～2001年青藏块体东北缘地壳水平运动的非震反位错模型及变形分析

通过对GPS观测资料的数值模拟，获取1999～2001年青藏块体东北缘地区地壳水平运动的非震反位错模型,结合本区视应变场空间分布，研究活动块体及其边界断裂运动、变形特征及应力应变积累部位和强度．结果表明:① 9个活动块体呈现东向由偏北至偏南的整体性顺时针运动. 以祁连山——海原断裂为界，两侧块体间的左旋相对运动明显，由西向东呈现走滑兼NE-NEE向挤压；② 有20条断层段（多数呈压性）不同程度地阻碍块体间的相对运动，其中祁连山断裂中东段（包括与日月山——拉脊山断裂交汇区）及与海原、庄浪河断裂交汇区更有利于应变积累，日月山——拉脊山断裂与柴达木块体北边界交汇区也可能存在一定程度的应变积累；③ 所得活动块体运动速率及边界断裂对块体相对运动的锁定量较1993～1999年相应结果有所减弱．      

基于GPS数据的海原-六盘山断裂带滑动速率亏损时空分布

利用青藏高原东北缘及周缘地区1999—2007年和2009—2014年2个时段的GPS水平运动速度场做约束,反演获取了海原-六盘山断裂带的闭锁程度和滑动速率亏损的时空分布演化。结果表明,海原断裂带以左旋走滑亏损为主,六盘山断裂北段以逆冲倾滑速率亏损为主,南段则以正向倾滑为主。其中,毛毛山断裂和老虎断裂西段在2个时段的闭锁深度都达到25km,最大左旋滑动亏损为6mm/a。老虎山东段和海原断裂(狭义)闭锁程度低,主要处于蠕滑状态。六盘山断裂2个时段的闭锁深度可达35km,最大逆冲滑动速率亏损为2mm/a。汶川地震后,六盘山断裂上逆冲滑动速率亏损高值区由中段迁移至北段且范围减小,南段则变成正倾滑速率亏损。毛毛山、老虎山西段和六盘山断裂的地震危险性要明显高于海原-六盘山断裂带其他断层段。     

On the synchronism in the events within the core and on the surface of the earth: the changes in the organic world and in the polarity of the geomagnetic field in the phanerozoic

The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes in the organic world.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.     

太平洋中部地磁台11年周期变化的研究

综合APIA、HONOLULU、PAMATAI 3个地磁台三分量的11年周期变化的形态后,可定性地提出该变化源于内场。如内源为核幔边界的电涡流,则其中心点应位于3台之间。     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

On the variation in the geomagnetic dipole over the geological history of the Earth

The global database on the paleointensity, containing determinations of the virtual dipole moment (VDM) for a stable (normal) regime of the geomagnetic field in a time interval of up to 3.5 Ga, is supplemented by new VDM determinations and analyzed. The field generation process started no later than 3–3.5 Ga (earlier data are absent) at the stage of the Earth’s core formation. Since that time, the dipole value has differed from its present value by no more than an order of magnitude, and the deviations that have already been detected tend toward smaller values. The distribution of VDM values in the time interval 0–400 Ma is bimodal, which apparently reflects the presence of two different generation levels of the geomagnetic field distinguished by a relatively large value (close to the present field value) and a relatively small value (approximately half as large as the present value). The total duration of decreased VDM values appreciably exceeds that of increased VDM values (179.1 and 28.6 Myr, respectively). On the whole, data on the paleointensity do not contradict the hypothesis about the dipole nature of the field over the last 400 Myr; however, the number of determinations at high paleolatitudes is too small to draw decisive conclusions on the validity (or invalidity) of the dipole field approximation based solely on paleointensity data.     

Comparison Between the Nutations of the Planet Mars and the Nutations of the Earth

The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.     

Evolutionary Changes in the Configuration of the Magnetic Field of the Solar Corona in the Epoch of the Minimum

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The evolution of the magnetic configuration in the solar corona is studied. The curvature of the K-corona helmets obtained from an analytical approximation of the...