可口革囊星虫(Phascolosoma esculenta)卵子发生的组织学研究

采用组织学方法研究了可口革囊星虫卵巢结构及卵子发生过程的形态学变化,以探究可口革囊星虫卵子发生过程及特征。结果表明,可口革囊星虫的卵巢位于收吻肌基部,由小叶组成的带状或块状组织。卵原细胞在卵巢中发育至早期卵母细胞时期单个或成团脱离卵巢入体腔液中,卵母细胞团细胞很快分离为单个细胞;卵母细胞在体腔液中发育成熟后进入肾管;生发泡破裂是卵母细胞成熟的标志;体腔中卵母细胞无滤泡膜,卵黄膜的形成与发育靠卵母细胞本身;卵径小于60μm的卵母细胞呈圆形,卵径大于60μm的卵母细胞为卵圆形,形态上成熟的卵母细胞短径约115-120μm、长径约140—145μm、卵黄膜厚7—9μm。以卵原细胞与卵母细胞发育的形态学特征为依据,将可口革囊星虫的卵子发生过程划分为：卵原细胞增殖期（卵径〈10μm）、卵母细胞小生长期（卵径10—20μm）、卵母细胞大生长期Ⅰ（卵径20—60μm）、卵母细胞大生长期Ⅱ[大小为（60pm×70μm）-（120μm×145μm）]、卵母细胞成熟期及退化期6个阶段,反映了可口革囊星虫卵子发生过程的动态变化。     

光裸星虫体腔液中卵子发生的超微结构

为探究光裸星虫卵子发生的细胞学特点,利用电镜技术观察了光裸星虫体腔液中卵子发生过程的超微结构变化。结果表明:(1)光裸星虫体腔液中存在游离的卵原细胞和卵母细胞,卵母细胞的发育分为卵黄形成前期、卵黄形成初期、卵黄旺盛合成期和成熟期4个阶段。(2)卵原细胞的细胞器少,核质比大。卵黄形成前期,卵母细胞的细胞器有所增加,大量核仁外排物进入胞质中;出现卵黄膜和胶质膜,卵黄膜遍布微孔。卵黄形成初期卵母细胞核有较多突起,细胞器大量增加,出现分散分布的卵黄粒。卵黄旺盛合成期卵母细胞迅速增大,卵黄大量积累。成熟期卵母细胞核膜突起回缩,胶质膜易于脱落。(3)卵黄分为2种。Ⅰ型卵黄电子密度高,不发生融合,为内源性卵黄;II型卵黄中等电子密度,可融合为无定形卵黄块,为外源性卵黄。(4)成熟卵母细胞卵黄膜为三层,外层为颗粒层,表面具有粒状突;中层初始为均质结构,不断增厚并纤维化;内层致密,厚度不均。胶质膜电子密度极低。(5)卵子外有滤泡细胞,其核质比很大,细胞器少,在卵母细胞成熟期发生凋亡。文章还探讨了胶质膜、卵黄膜、滤泡细胞的功能,以及细胞器在卵黄形成中的作用。研究结果积累了光裸星虫卵子发生细胞学资料,为光裸星虫生殖调控与人工繁育研究提供理论参考。     

青蛤卵母细胞发育过程和卵黄发生的超微结构研究

本文利用电子显微镜术研究青蛤的大生长期卵母细胞形态及各细胞器的超微结构变化,并探讨卵黄粒形成的途径。结果表明,在卵黄合成初期的卵母细胞,细胞核大,线粒体少,高尔基复合体不发达,卵黄膜出现,卵黄粒刚开始合成。在卵黄旺盛合成期,卵母细胞大量合成和积累卵黄物质。细胞核伸出的伪足状突起伸入到细胞质内,核孔孔径变大,细胞核与细胞质交换极其强烈。此期细胞内容物丰富,内质网、高尔基复合体发达,线粒体、核糖体增多。在成熟期,卵母细胞胞体达到最大,细胞器不发达,细胞质充满卵黄粒。电镜下观察还表明,线粒体、高尔基液泡、粗糙型内质网、多泡小体和微吞饮泡等五种细胞组分参与卵黄粒的形成。此外,本文还就卵母细胞发育过程中所需卵黄蛋白的细胞内、外来源进行讨论。     

泥蚶初级卵母细胞发育及卵黄发生的超微结构研究

利用透射电镜技术观察了泥蚶(Tegillarca granosa)初级卵母细胞发育期间各细胞器的特征及卵黄粒的形成过程.结果显示:泥蚶初级卵母细胞的发育过程可以分为卵黄合成前期、卵黄合成期及卵黄合成后期三个时期.在卵黄发生过程中,线粒体、高尔基体、粗面内质网、微吞饮泡等都参与了卵黄粒的形成,且线粒体和粗面内质网是形成卵黄粒的主要胞器.卵黄发生的原料以外源性合成为主,外源性营养物质主要来自消化腺.     

糙海参卵子发生及卵黄发生的超微结构

通过扫描与透射电镜观察了糙海参(Holothuria scabra)卵子发生及卵黄发生的过程。结果表明,糙海参卵子属于均黄卵,其卵子发生经历卵原细胞、卵黄发生前卵母细胞、卵黄发生期卵母细胞3个阶段。其中,卵黄发生期卵母细胞分别包括卵黄发生早期、中期、后期卵母细胞3个阶段。卵原细胞核大且呈椭圆形,胞质中只分布少量的线粒体;卵黄发生前卵母细胞内有一个空泡状的生发泡(卵核);卵黄发生早期,细胞器种类丰富,数量多;卵黄发生中期,卵黄合成旺盛,是内源性卵黄大量形成的阶段,多种细胞器活跃参与形成卵黄;卵黄发生后期,细胞体积最大,细胞核明显,且位于胞质中间或者靠近动物极突。高尔基体、线粒体及核糖体是形成内源性卵黄最主要的细胞器。卵质膜通过胞饮作用参与外源性卵黄的形成。本结果可为糙海参繁殖生物学和人工繁殖提供参考。     

罗氏沼虾初级卵母细胞在卵黄形成期超微结构的变化

对罗氏沼虾初级卵母细胞在卵黄形成期的超微结构变化进行了研究。卵黄形成期早期 ,初级卵母细胞体积和细胞核迅速增大 ,核内核糖体等物质通过核孔复合体活跃地向胞质转移 ,同时滤泡细胞中的营养物质开始进入初级卵母细胞。初级卵母细胞内卵黄形成的主要细胞器是线粒体、高尔基体、粗面内质网和核糖体 ,其合成过程始于卵黄形成期中期 ,并一直延续至后期。在卵黄形成期中期 ,发现滤泡细胞内的线粒体也有类似的卵黄物质合成功能。同时滤泡细胞继续有物质通过指状通道进入初级卵母细胞 ,直接或间接转化为卵黄物质。卵黄形成期后期 ,初级卵母细胞核膜逐渐消失 ,随着卵黄粒在初级卵母细胞中大量沉积 ,滤泡细胞内的营养物质向初级卵母细胞的转移通道变细 ,转移过程也最后停止     

长毛对虾卵子发生的研究Ⅱ.卵黄发生

自1985—1988年,每年4,5月间取厦门海区捕捞的长毛对虾雌虾卵巢为材料,应用光镜和电镜技术并结合细胞化学方法,研究长毛对虾的卵黄发生。结果表明,卵黄粒在卵黄发生的卵母细胞核外围的卵质中最早出现;卵黄粒的形成有多种途径,最先参与卵黄粒形成的细胞器是线粒体;随后高尔基液泡、内质网膜囊、溶酶体及核糖体等细胞组分参与了卵黄粒的形成。还讨论了滤泡细胞与卵黄蛋白来源之间的关系。     

甲壳动物卵黄发生及其激素调控研究进展

卵黄发生是指各种卵黄物质(蛋白质、脂类、碳水化合物等)的形成及其在卵母细胞中的积累,是卵母细胞发育成熟的必要前提,也是雌性甲壳动物生殖周期的决定性时期,它以血淋巴中卵黄蛋白原浓度的大量增加和卵巢的发育为特征。目前,甲壳动物卵黄发生的研究绝大多数集中在卵黄蛋白的产生和积累上。     

可口革囊星虫(Phascolosoma esculenta)胚胎及幼虫发育研究

采用人工授精的方法获得受精卵,在人工培育条件下观察了可口革囊星虫胚胎及幼虫发育过程及其盐度和pH对胚胎发育的影响,探究可口革囊星虫胚胎及幼虫发育规律.结果表明,可口革囊星虫胚胎及幼虫发育过程为:受精卵→卵裂→囊胚→原肠胚→担抡幼虫→海球幼虫→稚虫.在水温28-29℃、盐度23、pH 8.1-8.2条件下,受精后7h 1...     

鲎的卵黄发生

本文利用光学显微术和电镜显微术研究中国鲎(Tachypleus tridentatus Leach)的卵黄发生,概述了中国鲎的卵子发生并探讨卵黄粒形成的途径。中国鲎的卵子发生可划分为卵原细胞、早期卵母细胞、卵黄发生前的和卵黄发生的卵母细胞4个阶段。卵黄粒是在卵黄发生的卵母细胞中出现。5种细胞组分为:线粒体、平滑内质网膜囊、高尔基液泡、多泡小体和微吞饮泡参与了卵黄粒的形成。本文还讨论了卵黄粒的形成与细胞器的代谢之间的关系,比较了中国鲎与美洲鲎之间卵黄发生的差异。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.