江苏沭阳主城区地下水水文地质特征分析

开展水文地质特征分析对本地区建立地下水动态监测网络、地下水资源开发利用与环境保护以及城市工程建设过程中地下水控制具有重要的意义。在分析沭阳主城区自然地质环境及地质特征资料的基础上,结合水文地质勘探与试验以及水质检测资料,分析地下水类型及其富水性分布规律、补给径流排泄条件以及水化学特征等。结果表明:研究区松散岩类孔隙水分为浅层地下水(第Ⅰ含水层组)和深层地下水(第Ⅱ、第Ⅲ含水层组)。浅层地下水富水性较好地段主要分布于研究区西北部淮沭河、新沂河和沭河周边一带,实测单井涌水量754.60 m3/d,其它地段属于富水性较差区,实测单井涌水量183.84~184.75 m3/d,局部水质较差,易受污染。深层地下水水富水性好地段分布于研究区西南及二斗渠以南一带,含水层厚度较大,实测单井涌水量597.77 m3/d,其它地段属于富水性中等,实测单井涌水量422.97~459.56 m3/d,水质良好。研究区地下水补径排条件受地形地貌、人工开采等因素影响明显,深层地下水局部地区已形成了水位降落漏斗。     

鲁中南地区古近系朱家沟组水文地质特征及富水模式

朱家沟组集中分布在鲁中南坳陷盆地边缘地带,为一套陆源碎屑沉积的灰质砾岩。以汶口盆地、新汶盆地朱家沟组为研究对象,通过1∶50000水文地质调查、水文地质钻探、地球物理勘探、抽水试验、水质分析等技术方法,分析其水文地质特征。研究结果表明:朱家沟组裂隙岩溶形态以溶蚀裂隙、溶孔、溶洞为主,主要发育在150 m以浅;富水性受断裂控制明显,裂隙岩溶发育段单井涌水量可超过300 m3/d,具有显著实际供水意义;朱家沟组富水模式为断裂型灰质砾岩裂隙岩溶蓄水构造模式,以断裂构造为主控因素,该模式在鲁中南地区具有普遍性和适用性,对于寻找新的供水目标含水层及找水定井工作具有指导意义。     

梁北二井水文地质特征及充水因素探讨

通过对井田边界条件、主要含水层的富水特征、断层的水文地质特征以及地下水的补给、径流及排泄条件的分析研究,认为二1煤层顶板的直接充水水源为顶板砂岩裂隙水,底板的直接充水水源为石炭系太原组上段石灰岩岩溶裂隙水,底板的间接充水水源为石炭系下段太原组灰岩岩溶裂隙水和寒武系白云质灰岩岩溶裂隙水;矿井充水通道为顶板砂岩、底板灰岩的裂隙和断层带。采用大井法对先期开采地段二1煤层-700m水平的矿井涌水量进行了预算：正常涌水量为947m^3/d,最大涌水量为1140m^3/d。结合邻近矿井的调查,认为计算的涌水量是可靠的,可作为煤矿建井设计和水害防治的依据。     

中黄页铁矿水文地质特征及涌水量预测研究

中黄页铁矿位于河南省卢氏县黄叶村,为水文地质条件中等的岩溶充水矿床。本文通过分析矿区水文地质条件、矿床充水水源和途径,对矿区水文地质参数进行了分析计算,分别采用补给量法和"大井法"开采过程中的涌水量进行了计算预测,结果显示:中黄页铁矿含水层属于岩溶裂隙水含水层,充水含水层富水性较差,渗透性较弱。矿区断裂构造发育,多充填,富水性较弱。根据补给量法预测矿坑平均涌水量为729 m~3/d,大井法预测矿坑最大涌水量为2 508 m~3/d。研究结果将为未来矿山开发设计中防水方案的制订提供了理论依据。     

山东柴汶河下游古近系朱家沟组含水岩组水文地质特征及地下水富集模式

鲁中南地区古近系朱家沟组是一套具“磨拉石建造”特征的沉积地层,岩性以灰质角砾岩为主,受断裂构造影响,其富水性差异明显。在区域水文地质调查的基础之上,利用柴汶河下游古近系朱家沟组地层调查点与钻孔资料,分析其含水层特征、地下水水化学特征及富水性。结果表明:古近系朱家沟组含水层岩性为钙质胶结灰质砾岩,在90 m以浅裂隙岩溶发育,单井涌水量100~300 m³/d,局部>300 m³/d;裂隙水与汶口盆地南侧岩溶水化学特征相似,表明两者水力联系密切;Gibbs图显示区域地下水呈现岩石风化型,趋向蒸发浓缩型;地下水离子成分主要源于岩盐溶解,并受到人类污染活动影响。依据钻孔资料分析区内地下水富集模式为断裂型灰质砾岩岩溶裂隙蓄水构造模式,认为碎屑岩断裂发育段可作为应急找水靶区。     

玄武岩盆地供水前景研究 ——以云南马树盆地为例

本文以云南马树盆地为例,通过水文地质调查、物探、钻探、抽水试验、水质分析测试等手段,查明了马树盆地自上而下的三层水文地质结构:上层(0～9.0m)主要为湖积砂砾及粘土层,富水性差,不具供水意义;中层(9.0～28.5m)为节理裂隙发育的二叠系峨眉山组玄武岩(P3em),富水性好,单井推算最大涌水量可达504.4m3/d,受上覆含砾粘土层的阻隔,水质优良(Ⅰ类),可作为当地居民的饮用水源;下层(28.5～60.0m)峨眉山组玄武岩节理裂隙不发育,为相对隔水底板。本研究对于玄武岩区找水工作具有借鉴意义。     

鲁中南基岩地区水文地质特征及地下水环境地质问题分析

基于在鲁中南低山丘陵基岩地区开展的1∶5万水文地质调查工作,通过水文地质调查、水文地质钻探、地球物理勘探、抽水试验、水质分析等技术方法,分析该区水文地质特征。研究结果表明：区内地下水类型划分为松散岩类孔隙水、碎屑岩类孔隙裂隙水、碳酸盐岩类裂隙岩溶水以及基岩裂隙水4类,并总结了其含水岩组富水性;分析了地下水补给、径流、排泄条件及其演化以及环境水文地质问题。圈定了有集中供水意义的第四系孔隙水富水地段3处,总结了地层阻水型蓄水构造和断层储水构造2种基岩蓄水构造类型。区内地下水质量以Ⅲ类、Ⅳ类和Ⅴ类为主,超过Ⅲ类水标准的组分主要是硝酸盐、总硬度、铁,其次为氟化物等。利用总结的区内找水模型,共施工具有供水意义的水文地质钻孔10眼,总涌水量7017.84 m³/d,可解决近10万人生活和5900多亩农田灌溉用水问题。对于寻找新的供水目标含水层及找水定井工作具有指导意义。     

吐鲁番大草湖矿泉水水源地允许开采量评价研究

以新疆吐鲁番市大草湖水源为研究对象,在对研究区地下水含水层特征、补径排条件以及水文地球化学特征进行分析的基础上,对研究区矿泉水的水质进行评价,并通过泉水流量衰减方程计算大草湖水源地允许开采量,结果可知:研究区内含水层主要为单一结构的孔隙潜水含水层,区内东北部小范围含水层富水性为丰富,单井涌水量在1 000～5 000 m~3/d,其余区域含水层富水性为中等,单井涌水量在100～1 000 m~3/d;矿泉水中锶的含量在0.41～0.44 mg/L之间,含量较稳定,水温在12℃～14℃,符合饮用天然矿泉水水质要求,可定名为锶型饮用天然矿泉水。计算出的大草湖水源地保证程度大于95%的流量为2 710×10~4 m~3/a,而矿泉水厂年取水量10×10~4 m~3/a(273.97 m~3/d)只占剩余水量的1.19%,不会对现状用水户造成影响,保证程度高,可作为矿泉水开发的允许开采量。研究结果为区域后期矿泉水的开发利用提供了水文地质依据。     

西藏林周县水源地水文地质特征分析

根据物探、水文地质钻探及水文地质试验,对林周县水源地水文地质特征进行了研究分析。结果表明:水源地含水层以第四系全新统冲洪积堆积物(Qhalp)为主,冲积砂砾卵石富水性好、渗透性好、具微承压、单井出水量1 000~3 000m3/d;冲洪积含泥砂砾石富水性较差、渗透性较差、单井出水量100~1 000m3/d。水源地地下水主要接受地表水及径流补给,于澎波曲下游排泄。水源地地下水属于Ⅱ类水,质量综合评价结果为良好-优良。地下水锶含量为0.34~0.44mg/L,偏硅酸含量也较高。初步判定地下水富锶与白垩系上统设兴组花岗岩侵入体有关。水源地可开采量为3 614.63 m~3/d,地下水储存量为4 311.00×10~4m~3。通过研究区域水文地质特征,分析林周盆地水源地水文地质特征,初步探讨地下水富锶的成因、分布及利用价值,对合理开发利用、保护地下水资源具有重要意义。     

关于崔庙煤矿矿井水文地质条件的分析

通过综合分析研究,分析了矿井的水文地质条件,对主要充水含水层进行了分析、划分和对比;对断层构造的导水性、富水性进行了分析。依据矿井水文地质类型划分标准,确定本矿水文地质类型-50 m以浅为简单类型,-50 m以深为中等类型,即以底板岩溶裂隙水充水为主的水文地质条件中等的煤矿床类型。采用大井法和比拟法预测了矿井涌水量。提出了防治水害的建议。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.